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Drawing insights from strategic management and international business literature, the present study develops an integrated model to explain the competitive actions between multinational firms in a global context. Accordingly, two research questions are addressed: What key factors explain the competitive actions of multinational firms? What key factors moderate the competitive tensions experienced by different pairs of multinational firms? Using structured content analysis to identify competitive actions, the empirical findings of the present study suggest that subsidiary control, MNE size, national culture, government regulations and multimarket contact are all likely to exert important impact on a multinational firm's motivation and capability to compete and therefore influence its competitive aggressiveness in foreign markets.

The aim of the paper is to discuss how the enterprise chooses its optimal location of the affiliate when its exports to the foreign market are subject to a high tariff rate. We want to know whether the enterprise chooses a third country, which is subject to a lower tariff, and sets an affiliate in there. Because the model contains the multinational enterprise, we take the transfer pricing into consideration. Assume that the factory will not be established on the foreign market, we show that the enterprise would like to move the factory to the third country then export to the market. Furthermore, when the headquarter moves to the third country, it will induce the decrease of the tax revenue of the host country. Then, we try to discuss how the governments¡¦ tax policy affects the tax revenue. Assume the enterprise moves its factory to the third country where selects the double taxation. We show that when the government chooses a looser tax policy, then it will have more opportunity to receive more tax revenue.

Drawing insights from strategic management and international business literature, the present study develops an integrated model to explain the competitive actions between multinational firms in a global context. Accordingly, two research questions are addressed: What key factors explain the competitive actions of multinational firms? What key factors moderate the competitive tensions experienced by different pairs of multinational firms? Using structured content analysis to identify competitive actions, the empirical findings of the present study suggest that subsidiary control, MNE size, national culture, government regulations and multimarket contact are all likely to exert important impact on a multinational firm's motivation and capability to compete and therefore influence its competitive aggressiveness in foreign markets.

No / A two-step modelling strategy is applied to a panel of 5,861 foreign-invested and 7,697 indigenous Chinese firms for the period 1998¿2001 to investigate whether export spillovers may represent a mechanism underpinning Dunning¿s Trade Development Path hypothesis. ¿ Such spillovers are found, and the results emphasize the importance of a wide spectrum of spillover channels involving labour mobility, spatial agglomeration, technological imitation and the diffusion of exporting experience. ¿ Multinational enterprises in China positively affect local Chinese firms¿ exports through various spillover channels, and inward FDI brings significant, indirect spillovers.

Title: Enhancing Swedish Large MNEs’ Strategies in Chinese Market -By Analyzing the Perspectives of Consumers in Sweden and China Authors: Cheng Han and Xiaojing Gu Supervisor: Svante Andersson Level: Master Dissertation in International Marketing, 15 credits Keywords: Consumer behavior, Multinational enterprise, Marketing strategy, Swedish and Chinese market Background: With the trend of globalization, multinational enterprises noticed the potential market in China. Base on previous research, researchers indicated consumer behaviors have a sort of relationship and influence on MNEs’ strategies. Purpose: Investigate the distinctions between Swedish and Chinese consumer behaviors, due to the distinction, explore the way to enhance MNEs’ strategies in Chinese market. Research Questions: Q1: What are the differences between Chinese consumers and Swedish consumers evaluating same enterprises? Q2: How Swedish large MNEs develop their strategies for adapting the distinctions of Chinese consumers? Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework includes theories regarding what factors of consumer behaviors are considered as influencing on enterprises’ strategies and the theories of general enterprise strategies. Methodology: This dissertation is a quantitative study accompany with case study. Empirical Framework: The empirical framework presents case descriptions and statistics. Analysis: The five hypotheses are analyzed and critical examined. Conclusion: Since consumers from different countries have different consumer behaviors, enterprises need to alter their strategies by adapting the distinctions of consumers.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os determinantes do processo de internacionalização das empresas brasileiras do setor de carne bovina, tendo como fundamentação teórica os modelos de internacionalização disponíveis na literatura econômica. O trabalho baseia-se na hipótese de que as empresas brasileiras do setor de carne bovina adotaram estratégias bem sucedidas de internacionalização, evidenciadas pela posição de destaque que atingiram nos rankings de internacionalização em menos de uma década. A estrutura do estudo consiste no desenvolvimento de um modelo analítico de Estudo de Caso, aplicado às três maiores empresas multinacionais de carne bovina do Brasil, conforme identificado em rankings de internacionalização de multinacionais brasileiras: JBS, Marfrig e Minerva. A partir de informações coletadas via entrevistas aplicadas às empresas e dados levantados em relatórios disponíveis nos respectivos websites, artigos acadêmicos, revistas e periódicos, conclui-se que essas empresas possuíam diversas vantagens específicas em um setor que o Brasil apresenta vantagem comparativa de produção. Tais vantagens, alinhadas à busca por matéria-prima, acesso a novos mercados e fortalecimento das vendas em mercados considerados estratégicos, foram os principais determinantes para o seu processo de internacionalização. Apesar de a JBS e Marfrig se beneficiarem, por meio de aporte de capital do BNDES, de uma política ativa do governo para promover a consolidação e expansão da liderança brasileira no mercado internacional de proteína animal, não se pode dizer que este foi o único determinante da internacionalização, uma vez que a Minerva não se utilizou desse instrumento e, mesmo assim, conquistou posição de destaque no ranking de multinacionais brasileiras. O trabalho busca, também, identificar prováveis impactos da internacionalização sobre alguns indicadores das empresas. Conclui-se, ainda, que as estratégias de internacionalização adotadas pelas três empresas estão em linha com os principais modelos de internacionalização da literatura econômica, com destaque para os de Dunning (1977) e de Cuervo-Cazurra (2007), que combina o modelo de Uppsala e Dunning. / The current paper aims at analyzing the main drivers for the internationalization process of the Brazilian beef muntinationals enterprises, based on the internationalization teoretichal models available in the economic literature. The paper relies on the hypothesis that these enterprises have adopted successful internationalization strategies, whice are evidenced by the leading position that the companies have reached in the internationalization rankings in less than one decade. The structure of the paper is comprised of the development of a Case Study analytical model, which is applied to the three largest muntinational beef companies from Brazil, as identified in internationalizion rankings of Brazilian multinationals: JBS, Marfrig and Minerva. Based on information collected via enterview with the companies, data rose in reports available in ther respective websites, papers, journals, academic magazines and articles, it was possible to conclude that these companies had several specific advantages in a sector that Brazil already presents comparative advangate regarding production. Such advantages, in line with the search for raw-material supply, access to new markets and for strengthening the sales in strategic markets, were the main drivers for the internationalization process of the companies aforementioned. Although JBS and Marfrig benefited, via capital injection from BNDES, of an active policy of the Brazilian government to promote the consolidation and expansion of Brazil\'s leadership in the international animal protein market, it\'s not possible to infer that this was the only driver for the internationalization, given that Minerva didn\'t rely on these resources and still managed to acquire a leading position in the Brazilian internationalizion ranking. The paper also analyzes likely impacts of the internationalization on some indicators of the companies studied. On top of that, the current paper concludes that the internationalization strategies adopted by the three companies are in line with the main internationalation models available in the literature, highlighting the one from Dunning (1977) and Cuervo-Cazurra (2007), which combines both the Uppsala and Dunning model.

This study examined customers¡¦ service quality expectations in three different countries to discuss how employee training programs should be designed and enacted in accordance with the different expectations in multinational enterprises. By using the dimensions in the SERVQUAL scale, brought up by Parasuraman et al., this study designed a set of questionnaire and distributed those to three different countries to see how different customers, under different cultural background, of targeted Japanese multinational enterprise evaluate each dimension in SERVQUAL. Results of this study suggests that different customers in different countries graded the level of importance of service items in dimension assurance and reliability differently, indicating that when setting up employee training programs, it is necessary for international HR managers to put these two dimensions into consideration and design various employee training program according to different cultural backgrounds to answer diverse customer needs.

Abstract When multinational enterprise invested into the worldwide with its huge economic scale, well-organized structure and excellent skill of Supply Chain Management were used as competed resources in the global economic environment. It helps business growing and profit increasing. However, a capable skill of Supply Chain Management relay on a precise Procurement Management System, especially the ability of evaluation and management. The purposes of this study are to discover the key factors for the multinational enterprise evaluated suppliers, summarize those key factors and offer a bunch mark as reference for the Taiwanese enterprise. To be a top supplier of those multinational enterprise not only bring the rich profit, strong business foundation and fast growing, but also got a very good learning chance to become a multinational enterprise. This research discovered several important factors when a multinational enterprise evaluated their suppliers; 1.Technical Skill - Suppliers own a Research and Development team. 2. Quality - Certifications is necessary. 3. Feed Back and Service - Customer requirements response within 24 hours. 4. Delivery - Reduce the lead-time of delivery products. 5. Cost - Reduce the cost from the product re-design. 6. Environment Protection - Products contain environment protection concept. 7. Business Management - Supply the products steadily. 8. Globalization - Globalization of supply services. 9. Politics and Culture - Steady politics and diligent people.