京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第20652号 / 経博第552号 / 新制||経||282(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒澤 隆文, 教授 渡辺 純子, 准教授 COLPAN Meziyet Asli / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DFAM

La prolifération des acteurs non étatiques, favorisée par la mondialisation, est un phénomène marquant de notre histoire contemporaine. Rassemblés sous le vocable de «société civile», ils ont contribué à créer un foisonnement de normes sur le plan international allant, pour certains commentateurs, jusqu'à concurrencer l'État sur sa capacité de dire le droit. Parmi ces acteurs privés, les organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) et les entreprises multinationales jouent un rôle prépondérant. Notre imaginaire collectif oppose cependant trop souvent l'ONG, symbole du désintéressement, à la multinationale assoiffée de profit. Le présent mémoire vise à relativiser ce constat manichéen et simplificateur. En analysant, dans une perspective de droit international, les moyens d'action des ONG et des multinationales, on se rend compte que les passerelles entre les deux «mondes» sont en réalité nombreuses. ONG et multinationales se retrouvent d'ailleurs dans leur aspiration commune à être reconnues formellement sur la scène internationale. L'opportunité d'une reconnaissance juridique de la société civile sera discutée. / The multiplication of non state actors that emerged as a consequence of globalization is a striking phenomenon of contemporaneous history. These actors otherwise referred to under the concept of «civil society», have contributed to a proliferation of norms in the international arena. Some commentators even convey the idea that the State is being overtly rivalled in this respect. Among these private actors, non governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational firms play a significant role. In this regard, a common assumption is that NGOs are the symbol of selflessness, while multinationals would be profit-thirsty monsters. This master's thesis aims at relativizing this over-simplification. Under an international law perspective, the analysis of NGOs and multinationals' means of action, leads to the realization that many links do exist, between these two supposedly closed «worlds». Moreover, NGOs and multinationals share a common quest for formaI recognition on an international scale. The potential for legal recognition will be discussed.

A relação entre internacionalização e desempenho tem sido estudada desde a década de 1970. Contudo, os resultados têm sido divergentes. Estudos indicam que se deve concentrar mais fortemente em identificar as variáveis moderadoras promissoras dessa relação. Uma vez que a sustentabilidade é percebida como um fator estratégico que é capaz de interferir, de alguma forma, no desempenho e na vantagem competitiva das empresas multinacionais (EMNs), este estudo tem como objetivo compreender se as ações sustentáveis realizadas pelas EMNs moderam a relação entre o grau de internacionalização e o desempenho das mesmas. As ações sustentáveis são entendidas por meio de dois fatores. O primeiro é a divulgação de ações sustentáveis que envolve a elaboração e disponibilização de relatórios de sustentabilidade aos stakeholders. Esses relatórios são baseados em diretrizes de divulgação que abarcam informações nos pilares: econômico, ambiental e social. O segundo é a gestão da sustentabilidade que envolve a adoção de sistemas de gestão ambiental/social - que representa, por meio das certificações angariadas, uma legitimidade da existência de ações socioambientais; e a geração de inovação sustentável - que representa, por meio do desenvolvimento de produtos e/ou processos que lidam com desafios socioambientais, a existência de preocupações reais quanto à sustentabilidade. A amostra do trabalho foi composta por EMNs que constam na base de dados da Thomson Reuters Eikon entre as maiores empresas de capital aberto do mundo. Os dados foram levantados para o período de 2006 a 2015. As hipóteses do trabalho foram testadas com a aplicação da técnica de dados em painel, com regressões pelo método de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO). Por fim, os principais resultados encontrados foram: a) a relação entre internacionalização e desempenho é moderada por ações sustentáveis, adotando um resultado não-linear em forma de U-invertido; b) divulgar a sustentabilidade é uma ação sustentável realizada pelas EMNs que apresenta ter um papel moderador da relação entre internacionalização e desempenho, demonstrando um efeito não-linear em forma de J-invertido; c) adotar sistemas de gestão ambiental/social é uma ação sustentável realizada pelas EMNs que apresenta um papel moderador da relação entre internacionalização e desempenho, demonstrando um efeito não-linear em forma de U-invertido; e d) realizar inovação sustentável não influencia na relação entre internacionalização e desempenho. / The relationship between internationalization and performance has been studied since the 1970s. However, the results have been divergent. Studies indicate the need to focus on identifying the promising moderating variables of this relationship. As sustainability is perceived as a strategic factor that is capable of interfering in the performance and competitive advantage of multinational companies (MNEs), this study aims to understand if the sustainable actions carried out by MNEs moderate the relationship between internationalization degree and their performance. Sustainable actions are understood through two factors. The first one is the sustainable disclosure that involves the preparation and provision of sustainability reports to stakeholders. These reports are based on disclosure guidelines that cover information in the economic, environmental and social pillars. The second is the sustainability management that involves the adoption of environmental/social management systems - which represents, through the accredited certifications, a legitimacy of the socio-environmental actions existence; and the sustainable innovation generation - which represents, through the products and/or processes development that deal with socio-environmental challenges, the existence of real concerns about sustainability. The study sample was composed by MNEs that are included in the Thomson Reuters Eikon database among the largest publicly traded companies in the world. Data were collected for the period from 2006 to 2015. The hypotheses were tested using the panel data technique, with regressions by the method of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Finally, the main results were: a) the relationship between internationalization and performance is moderated by sustainable actions, adopting a U-inverted shape; b) sustainability disclosure is a sustainable action carried out by MNEs, which has a moderating role in the relationship between internationalization and performance, adopting a J-inverted shape; c) the environmental/social management systems adoption is a sustainable action carried out by MNEs that play a moderating role in the relationship between internationalization and performance, adopting a U-inverted shape; and d) achieving sustainable innovation does not influence the relationship between internationalization and performance.

Durant les dernières décennies, la globalisation de l’économie mondiale s’est non seulement développée à une vitesse accélérée et inattendue, mais elle s’est également complexifiée de manière inédite. Ce processus a induit des changements considérables dans l’organisation de la production industrielle au niveau mondial. Parallèlement au renforcement de la globalisation a émergé le phénomène de la régionalisation. Les firmes multinationales, organisées aujourd’hui en firmes réseaux, sont devenues les acteurs économiques principaux et semblent façonner l’économie mondiale au point d’en déterminer l’évolution future. Elles peuvent également être des moteurs puissants de rattrapage et de mise à niveau du secteur industriel dans une économie donnée. Pour démontrer le développement à la fois global et régional des firmes multinationales, nous avons choisi l’industrie automobile qui, par son étendue et son intensité technologique, permet d’illustrer plus concrètement les principales évolutions économiques de ces dernières années. L’analyse des principaux pays d’Europe Centrale et Orientale et de la Chine permet de montrer le rôle qu’ont joué les firmes multinationales de la construction automobile dans la transition d’une économie planifiée socialiste à un système d’économie de marché, ainsi que de mettre en évidence le processus d’intégration des territoires dans la stratégie globale et régionale des constructeurs. / During the last decades, the globalization of the world economy has not simply developed at an accelerated and unexpected pace, but it has also become more complex than ever before. This process led to significant changes in the organization of industrial production at the world level. Parallel to the globalization, the phenomenon of regionalization has emerged. Today multinational firms organized as network enterprises, became the principal actors of the world economy and they seem to shape the direction of its future evolution. They can also serve as the engine for industrial upgrading and catching up for a given economy. To demonstrate the global and regional development of multinational enterprises, we have chosen the automotive industry since it is a wide and technology-intensive sector and can highlight the main stages and changes of the last decades’ economic evolution. The analysis of the main Central and Eastern European Countries and of China enables to shed light on the role that multinational enterprises within the automobile manufacturing sector have played in the transition from a socialist planned economy to a market economy and on the process of integration of these territories in the global and regional strategy of the vehicle manufacturers.

Après une orientation privilégiant l’exportation et les IDE entrants, la Chine continue à poursuivre son intégration à l’économie mondiale en abordant une projection accélérée de son économie vers l’international marquée par les investissements directs à l’étranger des entreprises chinoises. En très peu de temps, la Chine est devenu la principale source de flux d’IDE parmi les pays en développement. Ce phénomène présente des caractéristiques spécifiques et a pris une ampleur inattendue. L’économie étatique de la Chine nous amène à conclure souvent qu’il existe derrière ces mouvements les motivations politiques et la mise en place d’une stratégie d’État au sein de ces activités. Néanmoins, le gouvernement n’a pas vraiment joué un rôle décisif dans ce phénomène. Le comportement du gouvernement du pays d’origine est en fait un des facteurs exogènes qui peuvent affecter la configuration OLI! [Dunning, 1993a] de ses entreprises et donc les caractéristiques des activités d’investissement à l’étranger de ses entreprises. Le dynamisme et les spécificités des investisseurs chinois sont plutôt à l’origine d’une forte volonté entrepreneuriale qui coïncide avec une maturation des entreprises chinoises grâce au développement économique du pays. Une étude approfondie sur les motivations des entreprises chinoises nous montre que la recherche du marché a été la motivation principale des entreprises chinoises et qu’elles possèdent des avantages spécifiques ex ante qui sont à l’origine de sa nationalité, tels que l’imperfection du marché de capital, la flexibilité et le réseautage des entreprises chinoises. / After an orientation focusing on export and inward FDI, China continues its integration into worldeconomy by an accelerated projection of its economy to the world, which is demonstrated by Chinesecompanies’ outward direct investment. In a very short time, China has become the main source of FDI flow among developing countries. This phonomenon has shown particular characteristics and has taken off at an unexpected scale and speed. The state economy of China leads us to conclude usually that there is any political motivation and national strategy behind these activities. Nevertheless, the government didn’t play a decisive role in this phenomenon. The behaviors of home country’s government is in fact one of the exogenious factors that can affect the OLI configuration [Dunning, 1993a] of its companies and therefore the characteristics of the outward investment activities of its companies. The dynamic and the specificities of Chinese investors are rather derived from a strong entrepreneurial desire which coincides with a maturation of Chinese companies thanks to the economic development of China. An in-depth study on Chinese companies’ motivations has shown us tha! t market-seeking is the principal motivation of Chinese companie’ outwart investment and they possess ex ante specific advantages derived from their nationality,such as capital market imperfection, flexibility and networking capacity.

在企業追求最大利潤之經濟法則不變下，世界資源最有效之分配便成為企業不斷地向世界各地擴張之主要原因。當企業之發展形式從一國轉為多國的型態時，多國籍企業於焉產生。多國籍企業的發展，對勞動者之影響究竟是好是壞，端賴於母國與地主國以及影響層面之角度而定。至於多國籍企業對於勞動者之其他影響則集中在勞資關係之課題上。而影響勞資關係的背後因素，則包括了多國籍企業中央決策系統、選擇性之供給來源、財務資源之優勢、強而有力之國際投資移轉能力、內部化交易模式、以及專業之管理者與顧問群等等經營特質。最後則實際表現出其勞資關係策略選擇上。 　　工會面對多國籍企業時，其思考前提是勞資關係權力之不對等。也因此，工會為追求權力之平衡，唯有增加工會自身之權力以及削弱多國籍企業之優勢二種策略。 　　增加力量方面，在國內層級上，依各國工會本身之力量與之對抗基本上已經證明是失敗的。惟有要求國家在勞動法令上賦予勞工參與的權利，工會之力量才有可能增加。在國際層級上，雖然國際工會組織陸續之出現，提出對多國籍企業之宣示（如ICFTU的「多國籍企業憲章」），以及工會聯合之需求，並在為達成跨國性集體協商的目標下，訂定有關的行動計畫或步驟（如ITS），但基本上，跨國性集體協商例子尚未出現。這也表示了工會在這一層面上的努力有限。而無法得到有效成果的主要原因，仍在於工會許多結構性因素（組織結構、意識形態、權力分配、利益衝突等）無法一一克服。 　　至於削弱多國籍企業的優勢方面，在國內層級上，國家對多國籍企業單一面向之規範基本上之限制是非常少的。值得注意的是，工會透過國際組織對多國籍企業之規範，基本上已經具有某種削弱多國籍企業優勢之意義。包括OECD的準則、ILO的宣言以及歐體的Vredeling法案，均是針對多國籍企業行為的國際性規範。這些規範基本上均承認工會組織的存在，並且具有與多國籍企業進行集體協商的權利。最重要的是，這些規範也鼓勵多國籍企業主要決策者與工會進行協商，及協商時提供企業之經營活動的資訊給勞動者、以及諮詢溝通之管道建立。對工會而言，雖然規範並不具有強制性的法律效力，但卻成為多國籍企業有關勞資關係行為上的道德約束力。就長遠的觀點來看，這些國際性規範無非是未來削弱多國籍優勢之主要方向。並且從國際性自願性質的角度，提出多國籍企業工會未來的發及其勞資關係的可能型態。

In the past several decades research has emphasized innovation development and transfer as key issues when investigating the multinational enterprise (MNE). This thesis focuses on the question of what factors make headquarters involve itself in innovation transfer projects taking place between a sending and a receiving subsidiary within the MNE. This relates to headquarters active participation and role in the organization of resources (structure) and flows (processes) within the MNE. Using a database covering 169 innovation transfer projects the empirical analysis reveals that distances influence headquarters involvement, albeit in different directions. Systematic differences based on subsidiary and innovation characteristics and headquarters involvement is found. Not only subsidiary characteristics are of importance for headquarters involvement, but also the embeddedness of the subsidiary hosting the innovation transfer project. More specifically, physical and cultural distance between the sending and receiving subsidiaries influence headquarters involvement in the transfer negatively, whereas linguistic and economic distance between the subsidiaries conducting the transfer have a positive influence on headquarters involvement in innovation transfer. Looking more closely at the innovations subject to transfer the results suggests that innovations perceived as complex and important are favored for headquarters support. The same is true for innovations that are related to the core business of the subsidiary. At a subsidiary level, powerful subsidiaries initially receive more of headquarters support, but as subsidiary power increase, headquarters becomes less involved, i.e., a curvilinear effect of power is found. Acquired subsidiaries tend to become favored for headquarters involvement in transfer relative to greenfield subsidiaries. Finally, the results indicate that headquarters involves itself in transfer projects when the subsidiaries hosting the transfer projects have been relationally embedded during the innovation development phase. Theoretically, headquarters involvement can be conceptualized as orchestration of innovations within the MNE, and as a form of resource allocation. Thus, this thesis contributes to the understanding of what influences intra-MNE resource allocation, as well as what factors capture the attention of headquarters leading to innovation orchestration. Headquarters involvement in innovation transfer has implications for setting subsidiaries on evolutionary trajectories.

The privileges of integration with the global economy have led developing countries to embark on a path of liberalisation and globalisation. This resulted in rapid growth of inward and outward foreign direct investment from developing countries. In the last two decades there is an increasing trend of outward FDI from developing countries to both developed and developing countries. This dissertation focuses on exploring the literature on outward FDI from developing countries, and internationalisation process of developing country multinationals which are considered to be carriers to investment across international borders. The study has examined the two main strands of literature on outward FDI from developing countries – determinants of outward FDI and internationalisation process. Findings of the systematic review show that there is a dearth of studies in this area of research. Except a number of studies on China and countries of East and South East Asia, there is very limited evidence on outward FDI from developing countries. There is a set of studies on Africa that examine South-South investment flows. Studies on other major developing countries are either non-existent or lack in comprehensiveness. Some studies resulted in contradictory findings about the determinants of outward FDI. This raises the question of sensitivity of variables across geographical locations and time periods, which has not been researched before. Studies on outward FDI also do not make a clear distinction between South-South and South-North FDI flows. Other aspects like sovereign wealth funds and commodity price boom have been ignored in the literature. It is important to investigate outward FDI flows from the major developing economies because of its sheer scope to contribute to academic literature, its policy implications, and also because of its potential to bring development to some of the most impoverished parts of the world.

La prolifération des acteurs non étatiques, favorisée par la mondialisation, est un phénomène marquant de notre histoire contemporaine. Rassemblés sous le vocable de «société civile», ils ont contribué à créer un foisonnement de normes sur le plan international allant, pour certains commentateurs, jusqu'à concurrencer l'État sur sa capacité de dire le droit. Parmi ces acteurs privés, les organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) et les entreprises multinationales jouent un rôle prépondérant. Notre imaginaire collectif oppose cependant trop souvent l'ONG, symbole du désintéressement, à la multinationale assoiffée de profit. Le présent mémoire vise à relativiser ce constat manichéen et simplificateur. En analysant, dans une perspective de droit international, les moyens d'action des ONG et des multinationales, on se rend compte que les passerelles entre les deux «mondes» sont en réalité nombreuses. ONG et multinationales se retrouvent d'ailleurs dans leur aspiration commune à être reconnues formellement sur la scène internationale. L'opportunité d'une reconnaissance juridique de la société civile sera discutée. / The multiplication of non state actors that emerged as a consequence of globalization is a striking phenomenon of contemporaneous history. These actors otherwise referred to under the concept of «civil society», have contributed to a proliferation of norms in the international arena. Some commentators even convey the idea that the State is being overtly rivalled in this respect. Among these private actors, non governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational firms play a significant role. In this regard, a common assumption is that NGOs are the symbol of selflessness, while multinationals would be profit-thirsty monsters. This master's thesis aims at relativizing this over-simplification. Under an international law perspective, the analysis of NGOs and multinationals' means of action, leads to the realization that many links do exist, between these two supposedly closed «worlds». Moreover, NGOs and multinationals share a common quest for formaI recognition on an international scale. The potential for legal recognition will be discussed.

A relação entre internacionalização e desempenho tem sido estudada desde a década de 1970. Contudo, os resultados têm sido divergentes. Estudos indicam que se deve concentrar mais fortemente em identificar as variáveis moderadoras promissoras dessa relação. Uma vez que a sustentabilidade é percebida como um fator estratégico que é capaz de interferir, de alguma forma, no desempenho e na vantagem competitiva das empresas multinacionais (EMNs), este estudo tem como objetivo compreender se as ações sustentáveis realizadas pelas EMNs moderam a relação entre o grau de internacionalização e o desempenho das mesmas. As ações sustentáveis são entendidas por meio de dois fatores. O primeiro é a divulgação de ações sustentáveis que envolve a elaboração e disponibilização de relatórios de sustentabilidade aos stakeholders. Esses relatórios são baseados em diretrizes de divulgação que abarcam informações nos pilares: econômico, ambiental e social. O segundo é a gestão da sustentabilidade que envolve a adoção de sistemas de gestão ambiental/social - que representa, por meio das certificações angariadas, uma legitimidade da existência de ações socioambientais; e a geração de inovação sustentável - que representa, por meio do desenvolvimento de produtos e/ou processos que lidam com desafios socioambientais, a existência de preocupações reais quanto à sustentabilidade. A amostra do trabalho foi composta por EMNs que constam na base de dados da Thomson Reuters Eikon entre as maiores empresas de capital aberto do mundo. Os dados foram levantados para o período de 2006 a 2015. As hipóteses do trabalho foram testadas com a aplicação da técnica de dados em painel, com regressões pelo método de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO). Por fim, os principais resultados encontrados foram: a) a relação entre internacionalização e desempenho é moderada por ações sustentáveis, adotando um resultado não-linear em forma de U-invertido; b) divulgar a sustentabilidade é uma ação sustentável realizada pelas EMNs que apresenta ter um papel moderador da relação entre internacionalização e desempenho, demonstrando um efeito não-linear em forma de J-invertido; c) adotar sistemas de gestão ambiental/social é uma ação sustentável realizada pelas EMNs que apresenta um papel moderador da relação entre internacionalização e desempenho, demonstrando um efeito não-linear em forma de U-invertido; e d) realizar inovação sustentável não influencia na relação entre internacionalização e desempenho. / The relationship between internationalization and performance has been studied since the 1970s. However, the results have been divergent. Studies indicate the need to focus on identifying the promising moderating variables of this relationship. As sustainability is perceived as a strategic factor that is capable of interfering in the performance and competitive advantage of multinational companies (MNEs), this study aims to understand if the sustainable actions carried out by MNEs moderate the relationship between internationalization degree and their performance. Sustainable actions are understood through two factors. The first one is the sustainable disclosure that involves the preparation and provision of sustainability reports to stakeholders. These reports are based on disclosure guidelines that cover information in the economic, environmental and social pillars. The second is the sustainability management that involves the adoption of environmental/social management systems - which represents, through the accredited certifications, a legitimacy of the socio-environmental actions existence; and the sustainable innovation generation - which represents, through the products and/or processes development that deal with socio-environmental challenges, the existence of real concerns about sustainability. The study sample was composed by MNEs that are included in the Thomson Reuters Eikon database among the largest publicly traded companies in the world. Data were collected for the period from 2006 to 2015. The hypotheses were tested using the panel data technique, with regressions by the method of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Finally, the main results were: a) the relationship between internationalization and performance is moderated by sustainable actions, adopting a U-inverted shape; b) sustainability disclosure is a sustainable action carried out by MNEs, which has a moderating role in the relationship between internationalization and performance, adopting a J-inverted shape; c) the environmental/social management systems adoption is a sustainable action carried out by MNEs that play a moderating role in the relationship between internationalization and performance, adopting a U-inverted shape; and d) achieving sustainable innovation does not influence the relationship between internationalization and performance.