Multiple hydrocarbon phases are observed during miscible gas floods. The possible phases that result from a gas flood include a vapor phase, an oleic phase, a solvent-rich phase, a solid phase, and an aqueous phase. The solid phase primarily consists of aggregated asphaltene particles. Asphaltenes can block pore throats or change the formation wettability, and thereby reduce the hydrocarbon mobility. The dissolution of injected gas into the aqueous phase can also affect the gas flooding recovery because it reduces the amount of gas available to contact oil. This is more important in CO₂ flooding as the solubility of CO₂ in brine is much higher than hydrocarbons. In this research, we developed efficient and fast multi-phase equilibrium calculation algorithms to model phase behavior of asphaltenes and the aqueous phase in the compositional simulation of gas floods. The PC-SAFT equation of state is implemented in the UTCOMP simulator to model asphaltene precipitation. The additional computational time of PC-SAFT is substantially decreased by improving the root finding algorithm and calculating the derivatives analytically. A deposition and wettability alteration model is then integrated with the thermodynamic model to simulate dynamics of precipitated asphaltenes. Asphaltene deposition is shown to occur with pressure depletion around the production well and/or with gas injection in the reservoir domain that is swept by injected gas. It is observed that the profile of the damaged area by asphaltene deposition depends on the reservoir fluid. A general strategy is proposed to model the phase behavior of CO₂/hydrocarbon/water systems where four equilibrium phases exist. The developed four-phase reduced flash algorithm is used to investigate the effect of introducing water on the phase behavior of CO₂/hydrocarbon mixtures. The results show changes in the phase splits and saturation pressures by adding water to these CO₂/hydrocarbon systems. We used a reduced flash approach to reduce the additional computational time of the four-phase flash calculations,. The results show a significant speed-up in flash calculations using the reduced method. The computational advantage of the reduced method increases rapidly with the number of phases and components. We also decreased the computational time of the equilibrium calculations in UTCOMP by changing the sequential steps in the flash calculation where it checks the previous time-step results as the initial guess for the current time-step. The improved algorithm can skip a large number of flash calculation and stability analyses without loss of accuracy. / text

Not available / text

Not available / text

The thermal evolution of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) is the result of entrainment of ambient air, particle concentration, and initial eruptive temperature, which all impact PDC dynamics and their hazards, such as runout distance. The associated hazards and opaqueness of PDCs make it impossible for in-situ entrainment efficiencies or concentration measurements that would provide critical information on the thermal evolution and physical processes of PDCs. The thermal evolution of explosive eruptive events such as volcanic plumes and pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) is reflected in the textures of the material they deposit. A multiscale model is developed to evaluate how the rinds of breadcrust bombs can be used as a unique thermometer to examine the thermal evolution of PDCs. The multiscale, integrated model examines how bubble growth, pyroclast cooling, and dynamics of PDC and projectile pyroclasts form unique pyroclast morphology. Rind development is examined as a function of transport regime (PDC and projectile), transport properties (initial current temperature and current density), and pyroclast properties (initial water content and radius). The model reveals that: 1) rinds of projectile pyroclasts are in general thicker and less vesicular than those of PDC pyroclasts; 2) as the initial current temperature decreases due to initial air entrainment, the rinds on PDC pyroclasts progressively increase in thickness; and 3) rind thickness increases with decreasing water concentration and decreasing clast radius. Therefore, the modeled pyroclast’s morphology is dependent not only on initial water concentration but also on the cooling rate, which is determined by the transport regime. The developed secondary thermal proxy is then applied to the 2006 PDCs from the Tungurahua eruption to constrain the entrainment efficiency and thermal evolution of PDCs. A three-dimensional multiphase Eulerian-Eulerian-Lagrangian (EEL) model is coupled to topography and field data such as paleomagnetic data and rind thicknesses of collected pyroclasts to study the entrainment efficiency and thus the thermal history of PDCs at Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador. The modeled results that are constrained with observations and thermal proxies demonstrate that 1) efficient entrainment of air to the upper portion of the current allows for rapid cooling, 2) the channelized pyroclastic density currents may have developed a stable bed load region that was inefficient at cooling and 3) the PDCs had temperatures of 600-800K in the bed load region but the upper portion of the currents cooled down to ambient temperatures. The results have shown that PDCs can be heterogeneous in particle concentration, temperature, and dynamics and match observations of PDCs down a volcano and the thermal proxies. Lastly, the entrainment efficiencies of PDCs increases with increasing PDC temperature and entrainment varies spatially and temporally. Therefore, the assumption of a well-mixed current with a single entrainment coefficient cannot fully solve the thermal evolution and dynamics of the PDC.

Η συνεχής μείωση των διαστάσεων των ψηφιακών κυκλωμάτων σε συνδυασμό με την ολοένα αυξανόμενη πολυπλοκότητά τους, έχει οδηγήσει στην απαίτηση για αξιοπιστία και συνεπώς στην εφαρμογή τεχνικών ελέγχου για την εξασφάλιση της ορθής λειτουργίας τους. Οι βασικοί τρόποι εφαρμογής του ελέγχου σε ένα κύκλωμα μετά την κατασκευή του και την τοποθέτησή του στη συσκευασία είναι ο εξωτερικός (off-chip – εξολοκλήρου χρήση εξωτερικού ελεγκτή ATE), ο BIST (Built-In Self Test – μηδενική χρήση ATE) και ο ενσωματωμένος (embedded – συνδυασμός χρήσης ATE με ενσωματωμένες δομές ελέγχου). Η συγκεκριμένη διπλωματική εργασία επικεντρώνεται στη χρήση του ενσωματωμένου ελέγχου και συγκεκριμένα σε μια κατηγορία αυτού που ονομάζεται εμφώλευση συνόλου δοκιμής (test set embedding) στην οποία το σύνολο δοκιμής ενσωματώνεται σε μια μεγαλύτερη ακολουθία καταστάσεων ενός κυκλώματος παραγωγής διανυσμάτων δοκιμής. Σε αυτή τη διπλωματική εργασία προτείνεται μια νέα μέθοδος για ενσωματωμένο έλεγχο που κάνει χρήση της ανατροφοδότησης (reseeding) για έλεγχο με χρήση ολισθητή γραμμικής ανάδρασης (LFSR). Η μέθοδος αυτή χρησιμοποιείται είτε σε απλές αρχιτεκτονικές ελέγχου με LFSR, είτε σε πολυφασικές αρχιτεκτονικές, πάντα για κυκλώματα με πολλαπλές αλυσίδες. Στην πολυφασική αρχιτεκτονική εκμεταλλευόμαστε τις ακολουθίες από bits που εξάγονται από διάφορες βαθμίδες ενός LFSR, το οποίο χρησιμοποιείται για την παραγωγή διανυσμάτων δοκιμής, για να κωδικοποιήσουμε το σετ ελέγχου της υπό δοκιμή λειτουργικής μονάδας. Παρουσιάζεται ένας νέος αλγόριθμος, ο οποίος περιλαμβάνει τέσσερα κριτήρια για την αποδοτική επιλογή νέων αρχικών καταστάσεων και των βαθμίδων του LFSR. Τέλος παρουσιάζεται και μια μεθοδολογία μείωσης του μήκους της παραγόμενης ακολουθίας δοκιμής. Στη συνέχεια και για να συγκρίνουμε τα αποτελέσματα που εξάγονται από την παραπάνω μέθοδο υλοποιήθηκε μια νέα τεχνική που έχει προταθεί πρόσφατα στη βιβλιογραφία. Η μέθοδος αυτή καλείται REusing Scan chains for test Pattern decompressIoN (RESPIN) και έχει κύριο χαρακτηριστικό την εμφώλευση του συνόλου δοκιμής. Σύμφωνα με τη μέθοδο αυτή η αποσυμπίεση των διανυσμάτων που ελέγχουν μια λειτουργική μονάδα γίνεται με τη χρήση αλυσίδων ελέγχου μιας δεύτερης λειτουργικής μονάδας που βρίσκεται μέσα στο chip και που τη στιγμή του ελέγχου είναι σε αδρανή κατάσταση. Έπειτα από εκτενή σύγκριση των δυο προαναφερθέντων τεχνικών καθώς και άλλων τεχνικών που αναφέρονται στη βιβλιογραφία καταλήξαμε στο συμπέρασμα ότι ο συνδυασμός του αλγόριθμου επιλογής νέων αρχικών καταστάσεων ενός LFSR με την τεχνική μείωσης των ακολουθιών ελέγχου αποτελεί ελκυστική λύση και παρέχει καλύτερα αποτελέσματα τόσο ως προς το πλήθος των δεδομένων που αποθηκεύονται στο ΑΤΕ, όσο και ως προς το μήκος των ακολουθιών δοκιμής. / The continual reduction of digital systems’ size in combination to the increase of their complexity, leads to the need of reliability. Consequently it is necessary to apply testing techniques in order to ensure the right functionality. The ways to apply the testing in an in package circuit is the external (off-chip – total use of the external ATE), the BIST (Built-In Self Test – no use of ATE) and the embedded (use of external ATE in combination to embedded test structures). This diploma thesis focus in the embedded testing and particular in test set embedding. In this technique the test set is embodied in a larger state sequence of a test pattern generator circuit. In this diploma thesis we suggest a new method of embedded testing which uses the reseeding of a LFSR. This method is used either in simple architectures with LFSR, or in multiphase architectures, always for circuits with multiple scan chains. In the multiphase architecture we take advantage of the sequence of bits that are driven by the various stages of a LFSR, which is used to generate test patterns, in order to embody the test set of the circuit under test. We present a new algorithm, which include four standards for the efficient selection of new seeds and states of the LFSR. Finally, we present a new method for test sequence length reduction. After that and in order to compare the results of the above method we implement a new technique, which has been suggested recently in the bibliography. This method is called REusing Scan chains for test Pattern decompressIoN (RESPIN) and its main characteristic is the test set embedding. According to this method, the decompression of test patterns is accomplished using the scan chains of another on-chip module, which is in idle state during the test. After a thorough comparison of these two techniques we conclude that the combination of the seed selection algorithm with the test sequence length reduction technique comprise an attractive solution and gives better results for the amount of data to be stored in the external ATE and for the test sequence length.

The aim of this thesis is to use differential analysis and finite volume method (FVM) to model and analyze a continuous pulp digester in order to create a detailed picture of the flow behaviour and chemical reactions in the digester. This information will be used to optimize wood chip flow and reactions and to diagnose and avoid faults such as hang-ups and channelling. As digesters increase in size, the importance of control of the liquor flow in the wood chip bed also increases. Pulping reactors are often faced with production disturbances that cause reduced fibre quality, non-uniform chemical reactions and damaging channelling phenomena. The models that are proposed in this thesis aim to consider the fluid dynamics, thermodynamics and chemical reactions together in order to create a model with more detail than has been previously reported. The digester is of the continuous type and has a circular cross-section, with a height of 60 m and a diameter that increases stepwise from 6 m at the top to 7 m at the bottom. The geometry of the digester, including an internal pipe with three different diameters, three inlet flows at three levels of the digester, inlets and outlets at the top and bottom, and a number of peripheral circulation pipes connected to the screens at three levels, is represented in simulations by a 2D axisymmetric model constructed in Gambit. The interactions between the two phases - the wood chips and the alkaline liquor - are studied using the finite volume method (FVM). Eulerian and Mixture numerical methods are evaluated for solving a mass transfer multiphase model with a porous matrix, species transport and reaction system in FLUENT. Variable porosity is used to model channelling in the digester. Comparisons of the results of simulations with real digester data indicate that the multiphase model, with the species transport and mass transfer modules accurately predict the pulping chemical reactions inside the digester and are able to evaluate pulp quality. The species transport model with reaction scheme is able to predict the mass balance equation and stoichiometry of the pulping reaction. The porous media scheme complements this approach to give a more complete view of pulp production, including the effect of faults in the process. The approaches to the FVM described in this thesis enable an accurate view of the pulping process which can contribute to improved control and optimization of the process. / CFD modellering av hydrodynamiska och kemiska reaktioner i massakokare Huvudsyftet med denna avhandling har varit att utveckla en numerisk modell som kan användas för att simulera och styra massatillverkningsprocessen. En finit volym metod har tillämpats, med hjälp av CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) programmet FLUENT. Även om den kontinuerliga sulfatprocessen är den dominerande kemiska massaprocessen, så är vår kunskap om vad som händer i kokaren med avseende på hydraulik och de kemiska reaktionerna på en relativt låg nivå. Anledningen är att det är mycket svårt att ta ett prov från vilken punkt som helst i kokaren för att göra olika mätningar. Speciellt, hängningar och kanalbildning i kokaren är inte väl förstådd trots att dessa fenomen orsakar betydande produktions- och kvalitetsförluster. Det finns varken en entydig förklaring till eller lösning för hur man skall kunna undvika hängning och kanalbildningar ännu. Genom CFD-simuleringar som utvecklats i denna avhandling kan vi simulera vad som kan antas hända, och hur dessa fenomen kan upptäckas genom att mäta temperaturer, tryck och Kappatal i olika positioner. CFD-modellerna kan beskriva vad som kan hända i kokaren och indirekt skapa en bild av massaprocessen. Förhoppningsvis kan simuleringarna också användas för att undersöka hur man kan motverka störningarna. Storleken på kokare ökar kontinuerligt för att tillgodose högre produktionstakt men storleksökningen gör det samtidigt ännu svårare att hantera kemiska processer inne i kokaren. Det finns både satsvis- och kontinuerliga kokare, men de modernaste är kontinuerliga kokare. Dessa har ofta komplicerade cirkulationsloopar för att kunna hålla rätt förhållande med avseende på temperatur och kemikaliekoncentrationer i olika delar av kokaren.  Problemen med kokare är bland annat ojämn fördelning av vätskeflödet genom flisen, trycket från flispelaren, fliskomprimering, flisrörelse i olika riktningar, heterogena träflisformer (och storlek på bitarna), tvättningseffektivitet, swing mellan olika vedkvaliteter och hängningar av flis längs väggarna. I denna avhandling har en matematisk 3-D modell utvecklats där alla dessa faktorer och fenomen undersöks för att förbättra kunskapen om flödet och de kemiska processerna som gör det möjligt för oss att hantera och optimera produktionen. Genom att simulera olika driftproblem och jämföra simuleringarna med processdata kan vi försöka analysera kemiska processen inne i kokaren. För att kunna kombinera en verklighetsnära simulering med en rimlig tid för att lösa problemet har en Axisymetrisk 2-D struktur använts. Det betyder att man antar att kokaren ser likadan ut i alla riktningar från centrum och utåt.

Seeds are complex entities, within which the intricate processes of germination and early growth occur. We describe here a novel technique of our group in 2012 which is capable of simultaneous solution-, gel-, and solid-state analysis. CMP-NMR was applied to intact seeds where all components are studied and differentiated in situ. Characterization, germination and early growth of seeds were studied by variety of 1D and 2D 1H and 13C CMP-NMR experiments. Various metabolites, lipids, carbohydrate biopolymers and structural carbohydrates were first identified and further studied in germination and early growth stages. This research demonstrates the utility of CMP- NMR as a powerful tool to better understand the composition of seeds and processes underlying early seed growth.

Seeds are complex entities, within which the intricate processes of germination and early growth occur. We describe here a novel technique of our group in 2012 which is capable of simultaneous solution-, gel-, and solid-state analysis. CMP-NMR was applied to intact seeds where all components are studied and differentiated in situ. Characterization, germination and early growth of seeds were studied by variety of 1D and 2D 1H and 13C CMP-NMR experiments. Various metabolites, lipids, carbohydrate biopolymers and structural carbohydrates were first identified and further studied in germination and early growth stages. This research demonstrates the utility of CMP- NMR as a powerful tool to better understand the composition of seeds and processes underlying early seed growth.

The increasing concentration of CO_(2) has been linked to global warming and changes in climate. Geologic sequestration of CO_(2) in deep saline aquifers is a proposed greenhouse gas mitigation technology with potential to significantly reduce atmospheric emissions of CO_(2). Feasibility assessments of proposed sequestration sites require realistic and computationally efficient models to simulate the subsurface pressure response and monitor the injection process, and quantify the risks of leakage if there is any. This study investigates the possibility of obtaining closed form expressions for spatial distribution of CO_(2) injected in brine aquifers and gas reservoirs. Four new semi-analytical solutions for CO_(2) injection in brine aquifers and gas reservoirs are derived in this dissertation. Both infinite and closed domains are considered in the study. The first solution is an analysis of CO_(2) injection into an initially brine-filled infinite aquifer, exploiting self–similarity and matched asymptotic expansion. The second is an expanding to the first solution to account for CO_(2) injection into closed domains. The third and fourth solutions are analyzing the CO_(2) injection in infinite and closed gas reservoirs. The third and fourth solutions are derived using Laplace transform. The brine aquifer solutions accounted for both Darcyian and non-Darcyian flow, while, the gas reservoir solutions considered the gas compressibility variations with pressure changes. Existing analytical solutions assume injection under constant rate at the wellbore. This assumption is problematic because injection under constant rate is hard to maintain, especially for gases. The modeled injection processes in all aforementioned solutions are carried out under constant pressure injection at the wellbore (i.e. Dirichlet boundary condition). One major difficulty in developing an analytical or semi-analytical solution involving injection of CO_(2) under constant pressure is that the flux of CO_(2) at the wellbore is not known. The way to get around this obstacle is to solve for the pressure wave first as a function of flux, and then solve for the flux numerically, which is subsequently plugged back into the pressure formula to get a closed form solution of the pressure. While there is no simple equation for wellbore flux, our numerical solutions show that the evolution of flux is very close to a logarithmic decay with time. This is true for a large range of the reservoir and CO_(2) properties. The solution is not a formation specific, and thus is more general in nature than formation-specific empirical relationships. Additionally, the solution then can be used as the basis for designing and interpreting pressure tests to monitor the progress of CO_(2) injection process. Finally, the infinite domain solution is suitable to aquifers/reservoirs with large spatial extent and low permeability, while the closed domain solution is applicable to small aquifers/reservoirs with high permeability.

No description available.