Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

This dissertation examines aspects of the interaction of multiple coherent light fields for the two-photon two-level model. In this model the interacting energy levels are not connected by an atomic dipole and a two-photon transition between them is necessary. We employ the density matrix formalism allowing easy comparison between the one- and two-photon two-level models. Significant differences are found due to dynamic Stark shifts and conjugate scattering off the pump-induced two-photon coherence. Averages over Doppler broadening are performed and the new upper-level relaxation mechanisms of decay to an intermediate nonresonant level and ionization from the upper state are included. The new relaxation mechanisms, introduced to the theory to better model experiments, are similar except that ionization is intensity dependent. They cause the resulting probe absorption spectra to become more complex and in general asymmetric. Doppler broadening is also important in experiments using gases. We analytically average over a Lorentzian velocity distribution for both co- and counterpropagating pump and probe beams. For copropagating fields the results are similar to those for the one-photon case averaged over inhomogeneous broadening, whereas counterpropagating pump and probe fields yield the so-called Doppler-free configuration that is normally only modelled to third order in the pump amplitude. We consider the pump field amplitude to all orders and find that as long as the width of the Doppler velocity distribution is significantly larger than the two-photon Rabi frequency the results are Doppler-free. The final part of the dissertation treats the question of two-photon squeezed states. This requires quantized sidemodes. Squeezed states are minimum uncertainty states with unequal variances in the two quadratures of the electromagnetic field amplitude. One way to generate these states is via multiwave mixing and we present here the first calculation for nondegenerate two-photon multiwave mixing as it applies to squeezed states. We find that in general two-photon squeezed states require lower intensities and detuning than those predicted by the one-photon model.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Christopher Reiser. / Ph.D.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Not available / text

To understand the chemistry of life processes in detail is largely a challenge of resolving them in their native, cellular environment. Cell culture, first developed a century ago, has proven to be an essential tool for reductionist studies of cellular biochemistry and development. However, for the technology of cell culture to move forward and address increasingly complex problems, in vitro environments must be refined to better reflect the cellular environment in vivo. This dissertation work has focused on the development of methods to define cellular microenvironments using the high resolution, 3D capabilities of multiphoton lithography. Here, site-specific photochemistry using multiphoton excitation is applied to the photocrosslinking of proteins, providing the means to organize bioactive species into well-defined 3D microenvironments. Further, conditions have been identified that enable microfabrication to be performed in the presence of cells -- allowing cell outgrowth and motility to be directed in real time. In addition to the intrinsic chemical functionality of microfabricated protein structures, 3D protein matrices are shown to respond mechanically to changes in the chemical environment, enabling new avenues for micro-scale actuation to be explored. Complex 2D and 3D protein photocrosslinking is further facilitated by integrating transparency and automated reflectance photomasks into the fabrication system. These advances could be transformative in efforts to fabricate precise cellular scaffolding that replicates the morphological (and potentially biochemical) features of in vivo tissue microenvironments. Finally, these methods are applied to the study of microorganism behavior with single-cell resolution. Microarchitectures are designed that allow the position and motion of motile bacterial to generate directional microfluidic flow -- providing a foundation to develop micro-scale devices powered by cells. / text

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--McMaster University (Canada), 1990. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 62-13, Section: A, page: 0000.