A linear programming model for multiple use was developed for the High Knob Unit of the Jefferson National Forest. The model was intended to be a pilot study for the development of similar models for other units in the Appalachians. The model was developed to provide information about trade-offs between timber, recreational activities, and budgets during the 10 year planning period. Currently used estimates and "rules of thumb" were used as the means for relating the activities considered in the model. The objective function used was timber maximization and it was constrained by the activity and budget constraints. The maximum possible timber volume that could be cut was found for the High Knob Unit by using only acreage constraints on the objective function. Then the constraints for the other activities were added, each of which being tied to the timber variables. An initial optimal solution was found which not only gave values for the amounts of the activities that would be best to produce but also where they were to occur on the ground. To provide information about trade-offs, a sensitivity analysis was done to provide a series of solutions for the High Knob Unit. These solutions were evaluated and recommendations were made for the High Knob Unit. Benefits and limitations of the model were discussed as were the problems encountered in developing the High Knob LP. Suggestions for future study were also made. / Master of Science

Throughout northern Fennoscandia, reindeer husbandry is a central part in the cultural heritage of the Sámi people. In its history, Sámi culture and reindeer husbandry have undergone significant adaptations to environmental, social and political challenges. Landscape changes on the winter grazing grounds were mainly driven by resource exploitation, especially by industrialized forestry. Important grazing resources were lost, i.e. terrestrial and arboreal lichens that constitute essential key elements in the herding year. In my thesis, I explore the consequences of these transformations in Swedish boreal forests for reindeer husbandry. The multi-disciplinary approach integrates interview studies, ecological fieldwork and theoretical modeling of forest development. I emphasize the understanding of landscapes as multi-dimensional concepts with ecological, social and economic components. They interact in determining the amount of landscape fragmentation in physical or administrative ways, or in enabling reindeer herders to move between different landscape elements. These elements, e.g. forest stands of different ages, can react differently to winter weather. Thus, they enable reindeer herders to adjust their grazing grounds according to the availability of forage, mediated by snow conditions. However, forestry practices have reduced the abundance of old-growth forests, and therewith the functionality of the landscape. By comparing snow conditions in different forest types, I show that multi-layered canopies can offer a more diverse pattern of snow hardness. However, the interaction between forest characteristics with snow is strongly dependent on weather conditions, e.g. the timing and intensity of warm spells. The prevalence of single-layered forest stands therefore can lead to a reduction in snow variability and potentially restricts the availability of suitable grazing grounds for reindeer. If snow conditions hinder reindeer in foraging on terrestrial lichens, old forests formerly supplied reindeer with arboreal lichens. I show how industrial forestry has reduced the availability of this emergency forage by the reduction of old forests and increased landscape fragmentation and analyze the consequences of different management strategies on future habitat availability for arboreal lichens. By integrating these results into a model of forest management, I offer insights into consequences arising from different priorities that either favor timber production or the development of lichen-rich grazing grounds. In conclusion, I emphasize the importance of landscape diversity, as well as the ability to make use of this diversity, as a source of adaptability of reindeer husbandry to changes in grazing conditions by e.g. winter weather dynamics. A shared future of reindeer husbandry and forestry could be fostered by encouraging the social-ecological co-evolution of multiple use landscapes and the enhancement of the cultural and biological significance of the Swedish boreal forests.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 W542 / Master of Arts / Geography

<p>In 2004, a report from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy documented a broad range of ecological problems in U.S. ocean waters, including declining fish stocks, changes in marine biodiversity, coastal habitat loss, and hypoxic "dead zones," as well as related governance problems, such as uncoordinated and contradictory laws, underfunded programs, and conflicts between local, state, and federal priorities. The Commission's recommendations for improvement revolved around the themes of ecosystem-based management, improved agency coordination, and regional flexibility.</p><p>One recommendation in particular stated that, "Congress ... should establish a balanced, ecosystem-based offshore management regime that sets forth guiding principles for the coordination of offshore activities." Five years later, President Obama instructed an interagency taskforce to develop a "framework for effective coastal and marine spatial planning" to help achieve the goals of that recommendation and, in 2012, nine Regional Planning Bodies were established to begin the planning process.</p><p>Not everyone has embraced marine spatial planning (MSP) as a desirable next step in ocean management. Some ocean industries worry that MSP could interfere with economic priorities. New users, such as offshore windfarm developers, fear that extended planning will further delay their activities. Members of Congress have complained that MSP policy lacks adequate legislative underpinnings. Still others worry</p><p>that MSP may be a solution in search of a problem, diverting money and attention away from more immediate ocean challenges. Equally worrisome, the policy research community has yet to provide solid theoretical or historical support for the presumed efficacy of MSP in U.S. ocean waters. In light of the recent, rapid adoption of MSP and the questions surrounding it, more rigorous examination is in order.</p><p>This study contributes to that examination in two ways. First, it places MSP within the broader context of research and practice in fields such as policy analysis, common-pool resource theory, institutional analysis, planning and design, community engagement, and conflict resolution. Second, it looks at the history of U.S. public lands--a public space that has been accommodating multiple uses and conservation for over a century--as a comparative model. </p><p>This approach results in three research questions:</p><p>1) Are U.S. public lands and the U.S. EEZ sufficiently similar, based on characteristics most relevant to policy analysis, that successes and failures in one arena might be relevant to the other?</p><p>2) If so, has over a hundred years of active public land management in the U.S. produced any lessons for success that might be applicable to the more recently developing field of ocean management, particularly with respect to multiple-use planning and management? and</p><p>3) If the settings are similar in meaningful ways, and if lessons can be distilled from public lands management, how might these be transposed, or operationalized to inform the current drive for more integrated ocean management, particularly through the tool of marine spatial planning?</p><p>A critical review and synthesis of U.S. public land studies, particularly regarding the history of the National Forests, comprises one important element of the study. This is supplemented with case studies, site visits, detailed analyses of government documents related to both land and ocean management, and extensive formal and informal interviews with key informants in the National Forest and ocean management communities.</p><p>The study results answer the first two questions in the affirmative and conclude that sustainable, multiple-use management of government-controlled spaces and resources inevitably requires tradeoffs between numerous competing objectives. These tradeoffs can rarely be resolved through objective decision analysis and will rely implicitly or explicitly on value judgments. Using forest history as a model, it appears that the most significant choices to be made by ocean policy makers will revolve around: 1) the scale of problem definition and resolution; 2) the relative emphasis on political, technocratic, judicial, or participatory decision-making; and 3) the extent of flexibility allowed. Specific suggestions are made for how elected officials, agency staff, environmental organizations, industry, and academia can approach ocean management in a way that reflects a variety of interests, advances understanding, and achieves sustainable and productive ocean ecosystems.</p> / Dissertation

This study is a content analysis examining coverage of the use/preservation debate in the National Park Service's internal magazine (Courier) and in the magazine (National Parks) of the National Parks and Conservation Association (an environmental lobbying group). The premise of this study is that under a Democratic, as opposed to a Republican, President, the Courier's coverage of the debate will have a similar level of pro-preservation/anti-use spin as the National Parks.A chi-square analysis of coded data derived from selected articles from the January to October 1979 and 1987 issues of the magazines demonstrated that although both magazines were predominantly neutral, National Parks had a significantly greater amount of propreservation/anti-use spin in both 1979 and 1987. The researcher suggested that the Courier's consistently neutral coverage was a condition of the NPS's role as compromiser in the use/preservation debate. / Department of Journalism

Lic.-avh. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2008. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Patrícia Teixeira Leite Asano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2017. / As consequências do desenvolvimento econômico, em especial, o aumento da intensidade e variedade dos usos dos recursos hídricos promove o desequilíbrio entre a demanda e a oferta de água, ocasionando conflitos entre usuários. O presente estudo investigou o desempenho do Reservatório Billings, que está inserido na bacia do Alto Tietê no Estado de São Paulo, e foi criado inicialmente, em 1927, para atender o abastecimento de energia elétrica de origem hidráulica, e que atualmente também é utilizado para atendimento do abastecimento público. Baseado neste contexto, buscou-se verificar o seu desempenho quanto ao atendimento do seu recurso água para atender as demandas de abastecimento urbano e de geração de energia concomitantemente. Sendo assim, para análise do desempenho do sistema Reservatório, foram adotados três cenários de operação para o Reservatório. No primeiro cenário, foram considerados diferentes valores de transferência de água para o Reservatório Billings, e adotou-se demanda consuntiva fixa. Para o segundo cenário, foram consideradas diferentes demandas consuntivas baseados nos valores adotados pelo Operador Nacional do Sistema elétrico brasileiro com ano-base 2016, e não se considerou a transferência de água. O terceiro cenário, foi considerada a proposta de utilização do reúso potável indireto da água, a fim de auxiliar na recarga do reservatório, e considerou diferentes demandas consuntivas, de modo semelhante ao segundo cenário. Com base nesses cenários, foram calculados os indicadores de desempenho estatísticos: confiabilidade, resiliência, vulnerabilidade, e o Índice de Sustentabilidade Hídrica para esse sistema. Os resultados obtidos para o desempenho do Reservatório Billings no Cenário 1, demonstraram que a medida que houve um incremento na transferência de águas, a confiabilidade, a resiliência e o índice de sustentabilidade hídrica do Reservatório aumentaram, e a vulnerabilidade no atendimento as demandas reduziram. Com o Cenário 2, o aumento da demanda hídrica, aliada a suspensão do bombeamento, levam a baixa confiabilidade, resiliência e redução da sustentabilidade hídrica, e consequentemente apresentou um aumento da vulnerabilidade do sistema. Por fim o Cenário 3, com o aumento do aporte de água advindo da água de reúso, trouxe uma melhoria no desempenho do Reservatório, de modo semelhante ao Cenário 1, aumento da confiabilidade, resiliência e sustentabilidade hídrica, com redução da vulnerabilidade, e com o benefício da redução dos impactos ambientais provindos do lançamento dos esgotos a Billings. Finalizando, pode-se observar a necessidade do aporte hídrico para o Reservatório Billings, no que tange ao atendimento às suas demandas e a sustentabilidade hídrica quando se adota o uso múltiplo da água. / The consequences of economic development, especially the increase in the intensity and variety of uses of water resources, promote the imbalance between demand and water supply, causing conflicts among users. The present study investigated the performance of the Billings Reservoir, which is located in the Alto Tietê basin in the State of São Paulo, and was initially created in 1927 to meet the supply of electric energy of hydraulic origin, Supply. Based on this context, it was sought to verify its performance regarding the attendance of its water resource to meet the demands of urban supply and energy generation concomitantly. Thus, to analyze the performance of the Reservoir system, three operating scenarios were adopted for the Reservoir. In the first scenario, different values of water transfer were considered for the Billings Reservoir, and fixed consumptive demand was adopted. For the second scenario, different consumptive demands were considered based on the values adopted by the National Operator of the Brazilian Electrical System with base year 2016, and water transfer was not considered. The third scenario was considered the proposal to use the indirect drinking water reuse in order to help recharge the reservoir, and considered different consumptive demands, similar to the second scenario. Based on these scenarios, the statistical performance indicators were calculated: reliability, resilience, vulnerability, and the Water Sustainability Index for this system. The results obtained for the performance of the Billings Reservoir in Scenario 1, showed that as the water transfer increment increased, the reliability, resilience and water sustainability index of the Reservoir increased and the vulnerability in meeting the demands reduced. With Scenario 2, the increase in water demand, coupled with the suspension of pumping, leads to low reliability, resilience and reduction of water sustainability, and consequently increased vulnerability of the system. The Scenario 3, with the increase of the water supply coming from the reuse water, brought an improvement in the performance of the Reservoir, similar to Scenario 1, increasing reliability, resilience and water sustainability, with reduction of vulnerability, and with The benefit of reducing environmental impacts from the sewage system to Billings. Finally, it is possible to observe the need of the water supply to the Billings Reservoir, in terms of meeting its demands and water sustainability when adopting the multiple use of water.

Depuis le milieu des années 2000, le champ lexical du discours public de défense et de légitimation du pastoralisme pyrénéen s’est enrichi de notions « empruntées » aux sciences économiques et aux arènes de discussion internationales. Le pastoralisme est depuis lors qualifié de producteur « d’externalités » par certains agents de développement pastoral et représentants de la profession agricole. Le cœur de ce travail de recherche-action est d’interroger l’irruption de ce nouveau paradigme à une échelle locale, en analysant la manière dont les usagers de l’espace montagnard eux-mêmes appréhendent les effets multiples du pastoralisme sur leurs espaces de pratiques. Malgré son utilité potentielle pour la justification d’une action publique dirigée spécifiquement vers l’activité pastorale, l’utilisation de la notion d’externalités en tant que catégorie analytique ne permet pas d’appréhender la réalité des rapports entre la multiplicité d’acteurs investis dans l’utilisation et dans la gouvernance des estives pyrénéennes. En revanche, le recours à une approche relationnelle des effets du pastoralisme permet de reconnecter ces phénomènes à leur contexte spatial, social et temporel d’émergence, mais aussi de faire apparaître la place des acteurs et des organisations locales dans la régulation de la coprésence et des nouvelles proximités. A l’échelle locale, l’étude des effets multiples du pastoralisme renvoie ainsi aux thématiques du multi-usage de l’espace montagnard et à l’action collective des acteurs divers impliqués dans sa gestion et dans son utilisation. La capitalisation et l’interprétation des modalités de gestion collective innovantes des estives ainsi que le transfert des connaissances fondamentales et méthodologiques peuvent alors inciter les acteurs du développement à une prise en compte plus intégrée de l’élargissement et de la complexification de l’espace social constitué par les estives pyrénéennes. / Since the early 2000’s, the political discourse about defense and legitimization of pastoralism has contained economical terms. Some agriculture representatives and development agents qualify pastoralism as an « externalities producer ». This action-research aims at questioning the appearance of this new paradigm on the local scale by studying the manner by which mountain space users themselves consider the multiple effects of pastoralism on their spaces and practices. Despite their potential utility to justify a specific public action directed to pastoral activity, “externalities” used as an analytical category don’t allow to understand the links between the multiple stakeholders invested in pastures utilization and governance. On the other hand, relational approach of pastoralism multiple effects enables to reconnect these phenomena to their spatial, social and temporal context of emergence. This theoretical approach also reveals the position of local stakeholders and organizations in the proximity regulation. Studying pastoralism multiple effects on the local scale refers to multiple-use of mountain areas and to collective action of those who use and manage Pyrenean pastures. Capitalization and interpretation of innovative forms of governance, but also transfer of scientific and methodological knowledge can lead development agents to a better consideration of the enlargement and the complexification of the social space constituted by Pyrenean pastures.

Rural water systems (RWS) are commonly used to provide water to households for domestic uses (drinking, cleaning, washing, and sanitation) in developing countries. Water supply practitioners often classify these systems as single-use water systems (SUS) or multiple-use water systems (MUS). Smallholder farming communities in rural western hills of Nepal typically use such systems for both domestic and income-generating productive activities (e.g., agriculture, livestock, dairy, bio-gas, Rakshi), regardless of whether they were designed for single or multiple water uses. Therefore, this research frames both systems as providing multiple-use water services that enhance the productive activity and livelihoods of small- holders. Little is known on the factors that influence the productive activity of households in the western middle hills of Nepal and the impact these activities have on the technical performance of water systems (measured by duration of system breakdowns). This research identifies the extent of water-related productive activities in rural Nepali households supported by single-use water systems (SUS) vs. multiple-use water systems (MUS), and explores the factors that enables households to engage in high-levels of productive activity. The vast majority of households were found to engage in small-scale productive activities no matter what the rural water systems were designed to support, and more than half of them earned an income from water-based activities. Households engaged in high-levels of productive activity farm as a primary occupation, use productive technologies, are motivated to pursue productive activities, have received water-related productive activity training, and have received external support related to productive activities. A multinomial regression was used to predict the factors associated with high levels of productive activities undertaken by small farms. A hierarchical regression model was then used to examine both household- and system-level variables that contribute to the breakdown of rural water systems, focusing on the duration of breakdowns. The predictors of water system breakdowns include social factors (household involvement in decision-making during water system planning and construction and a household's sense of ownership toward the water system), technical factors (the management capacity of the water user committee and activity level of the system operator), economic factors (income earned from water-based productive activities), and geographic factors (the distance from the village to the water source). Finally, a conceptual model was developed to help identify strategies for implementing and scaling-up MUS. Scaling-up strategies for MUS begin with community participation in lo- cal government planning and budgeting. Under a new Constitution that went into effect in January 2017, newly formed local governments are to be provided with the funding and budget authority to determine local service priorities and how these services will be funded, designed, and implemented. The scaling-up of MUS would require local government officials, water system users, and private actors to develop the technical and institutional capacity needed to build and manage MUS, including the many support services needed by small- holder growers to realize its benefits. This research also examines the potential approaches that could enable subsistence farmers to become viable commercial producers. While growers are typically risk-adverse producers, this research identifies the mediating factors that could expand the long-term engagement of these producers in commercial agricultural production. These factors include adequate access to year-round irrigation, the use of improved production technologies and practices, improved access to rural markets, and improved production skills. The findings of this research will also be of value to Governmental, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and private sector actors who are looking to effectively mobilize their resources and expertise in support of smallholder farming in the hills of Nepal. / Doctor of Philosophy / A vast majority of farmers in the western middle hills of Nepal are smallholders who often use family labor and follow traditional agricultural and water use practices. They have been traditionally using rural water systems to meet their multiple water needs alongside domes- tic uses (drinking, cleaning, washing, and sanitation). There is growing interest for these systems to also be used for small-scale productive activities such as growing vegetables and livestock production. Evidence shows that these activities are an important source of income for farming families. However, little is known on the conditions that are needed to expand these activities and improve livelihoods. This research identifies the conditions under which rural water systems can become productive and technically sound, and outlines the strategies that can be deployed to scale-up productive activities. The research examines a broad range of perspectives (from rural farmers to development experts) on the limited commercialization of rural agriculture in the rural middle hills of Nepal and the potential approaches to promoting agricultural growth and commercialization among small landholders. The substance farmers were found to require both the means and motivation (i.e., extensive support services such as access to markets, input suppliers, irrigation and agricultural technologies, and production training) to become commercial farmers. Second, more than 90% of households were engaged in small-scale water-based production activities and more than half of them earned an income from these activities. The research revealed the conditions that enabled these households to engage in high levels of productive activities. Further, the factors that affect water system breakdowns were investigated. Since farmers are engaged in small-scale production, the interlinkages between productive income and system performance were examined. Finally, the research explores how multiple-use water services have the potential to be scaled-up in the middle hills of Nepal and beyond. Successful scaling-up strategies begin with community participation in local government planning and budgeting. This activity needs to be supported by substantial capacity building among government officials, water system users, and private actors on the factors needed to expand the productive use of water. Broad implementation of multiple-use water systems also requires careful documentation and dissemination of their benefits to key state and non-state actors. The results from this research can be used to identify appropriate households, communities, and water systems for programs focused on expanding water and agricultural productivity. Therefore, this research will have important implications for the Nepali government with regards to what policy, capacity development, and institutional arrangements need to be addressed to implement productive and sustainable rural water systems. This research can also be of special interest to Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and private sector actors looking to effectively mobilize their resources and expertise relating to a smallholder farming in Nepal.

Thesis (PhD (Forest and Wood Science))—University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Developing sustainable mechanisms for use-management of forest products by user communities has been suggested as a possible solution to the often-observed conflict between forest use and the conservation of protected forests. In Zimbabwe, the use of forest products in protected forests by local communities has a long history, but few studies have explored both the socio-economic and ecological aspects of this use. This study was conducted in the Baikiaea plurijuga forests and woodlands in and around Fuller Forest in western Zimbabwe, protected since 1943. It explored the characteristics and dynamics of forest products use by communities surrounding this protected forest. Further, the demography and dynamics of commonly harvested woody species was examined in order to establish the present status of populations of these species. This examination, focusing on diameter class distributions, was aimed at informing whether species populations were expanding, stable or declining in view of their capacity to continue providing required goods and services. Results indicated that all households, rich and poor, were harvesting at least some forest resources from the protected forest, with the most frequently harvested resources being firewood, wood for curios, thatch grass, wild fruits, timber for construction and fencing and those who owned livestock used the forest for livestock grazing. The extraction and use of 23 different products was recorded across the villages. The top five harvested forest products in terms of the mean proportion of households using them were fuelwood, building poles, thatch grass, wild fruits and broom grass. Forest products were harvested both for own consumption and for sale. At present Baikiaea plurijuga, Colophospermum mopane, Brachystegia spiciformis, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Commiphora mocambicensis and Bauhinia petersiana out of 14 commonly harvested species appear to have relatively stable populations as indicated by their inverse J-shaped diameter class distribution profiles. Preliminary indications from this baseline information point towards the successful integration of local use of forest products and conservation objectives noting that there is need for caution until further studies as recommended in this study are taken.