The significance of this work is that it bridges the powerful multispectral capabilities of single-point confocal microscopy and the speed and gentle imaging characteristics of multipoint confocal. This will be a powerful technique for acquiring full spectral datasets while preventing photobleaching and phototoxicity. This will enable multilabel measurements to be conducted using a single highly sensitive detector and carve a path to the integration of next-generation time-resolved sensors for multispectral multipoint confocal FLIM microscopy at 1Hz imaging rates. The technology will also have a broader significance to the world as it will reduce the complexity and cost of high-speed multispectral confocal microscopy. Using only a single sensor for readout reduces the financial impact of adopting the technology, as traditional multispectral multipoint microscopy ties the number of spectral bands acquired to the number of sensors used. / Capturing cellular dynamics is key to understanding cell behavior, but this task is challenging due to the weak fluorescence signal in live cells. This signal scarcity becomes more pronounced when divided across multiple contrast dimensions, pushing the boundaries of detector sensitivity. This complexity of measurement is essential for revealing the intricate mechanisms governing cellular function. By using spatial, spectral, and fluorescence lifetime imaging contrasts, we can more precisely isolate species and interactions, uncovering previously hidden aspects of cellular behavior. In this work, we present the development of multiple prototypes for multi-dimensional multipoint confocal microscopy, designed to optimize the use of these faint signals and advance the study of cellular dynamics. Our prototype systems, unmatched in speed and spectral resolution, utilize a pinhole array for efficient confocal multiplexing and dense time-resolved detectors, such as a gated optical intensifier, to measure multipoint confocal time-resolved fluorescence spectra. We demonstrate an enhanced optical design using a 32x32 pinhole array and a SPAD array to capture 960x960 pixel images at a frame rate of 4 Hz. Additionally, we present a 10x10 point multispectral FLIM system, representing the first highly multiplexed multispectral confocal FLIM microscope. A novel optical design further improves the acquisition rate by reducing the sensor readout rate requirements from a quadratic sampling problem to a linear sampling problem. This new optical system can capture 22 spectral bands simultaneously across the 450 nm to 650 nm spectral range at a 1Hz frame rate with a final image resolution of 960x1920. These advancements mark a significant step towards realizing a high-speed multipoint multispectral confocal FLIM microscope and lay the groundwork for future improvements and research. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Microscopes are essential tools in biology that allow scientists to visualize microscopic structures and processes within cells. Scientists use glowing molecules called fluorophores to color the different parts of the cell to better understand its function. One function of interest is how proteins interact with each other, as this is one of the core processes of a cell's function in life. To measure these interactions, scientists need to make many measurements over time, but these glowing molecules only work for a short period of time before they fade. Building a microscope that can carefully take these measurements all at once and fast enough to see changes would allow careful measurement and might help explain what is happening within the cell. The different methods of measurement are spatial (3D), spectral (Color), dynamic (time), and a special temporal quantum measurement known as the fluorescence lifetime. Together, these measurements form a multidimensional description of the protein’s behavior. In this thesis, I present the tools developed to address these issues and create a fast, multi-dimensional microscope.

<p>For multispectral Remote Sensing (RS) image analysis, a big problem is that original dataalways include Clouds-Interference (CI). Especially in the bad weather conditions, the CI is evidentin RS image. So during the pre-processing of RS image, the CI should be reduced as much aspossible. In this paper, reducing CI is researched as the central problem, so that much Ground-Objects Feature (GOF) can be obtained. An analysis about the clouds reflection in differentSpectral-Bands (SBs) was done based on optical theory and early researches. Moreover, therelationships between clouds reflection and ground-objects reflection are presented to understandwhat the Digital Number (DN) represented in each SB, and to reduce the impact of CI the Same DNSpectral Matching Method (SDN-SMM) based on the multispectral application is applied. Finally,two cases are tested using Matlab Programme to indicate the rationality and practicability of SDNSMM.About SDN-SMM, some advantages and disadvantages are concluded through discussion onfinal results. The method can be used in any kind of multispectral sensors image with simplecalculation, while, the original data of clouds-free region will not be changed. However, the qualityof CI reduction depends on the precision of clouds identification and the SB which is used forspectral position relationship creating. In the end of this paper, the improvement is also presentedfor the future work.</p>

Thesis (M.A.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Humanities, Classics, and Comparative Literature, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-83).

For multispectral Remote Sensing (RS) image analysis, a big problem is that original dataalways include Clouds-Interference (CI). Especially in the bad weather conditions, the CI is evidentin RS image. So during the pre-processing of RS image, the CI should be reduced as much aspossible. In this paper, reducing CI is researched as the central problem, so that much Ground-Objects Feature (GOF) can be obtained. An analysis about the clouds reflection in differentSpectral-Bands (SBs) was done based on optical theory and early researches. Moreover, therelationships between clouds reflection and ground-objects reflection are presented to understandwhat the Digital Number (DN) represented in each SB, and to reduce the impact of CI the Same DNSpectral Matching Method (SDN-SMM) based on the multispectral application is applied. Finally,two cases are tested using Matlab Programme to indicate the rationality and practicability of SDNSMM.About SDN-SMM, some advantages and disadvantages are concluded through discussion onfinal results. The method can be used in any kind of multispectral sensors image with simplecalculation, while, the original data of clouds-free region will not be changed. However, the qualityof CI reduction depends on the precision of clouds identification and the SB which is used forspectral position relationship creating. In the end of this paper, the improvement is also presentedfor the future work.

Not available / text

Development of wavelength selective detection, tunable multi-spectral capability with functionality in the infrared spectral region is highly desirable for a variety of applications such as thermography, chemical processing and environmental monitoring, spectroradiometry, medical diagnosis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, night vision, mine detection, military defense and astronomy. Infrared detector with wavelength selective functionality have emerged as next generation infrared detectors. This study presents fabrication and characterization of wavelength selective Germanium dielectric coated Salisbury screen and novel 3D stacked microbolometer for multispectral infrared detection. This novel fabrication process helps produce much flatter, more robust device structure by using an un-patterned sacrificial layer to produce device legs that hold the central structural layer above the reflective mirror supported by a completely flat sacrificial layer with sufficient thermal isolation to allow microbolometer operation. For the fabricated wavelength selective Germanium dielectric coated Salisbury screen microbolometer using self aligned process, the FTIR measured spectral responses and numerical simulation results show excellent agreement with wavelength selectivity (9[mu]m, 10[mu]m, 11[mu]m) in long wave infrared (LWIR) region. To achieve multicolor infrared detection, recently a few device concepts using uncooled detectors have been reported. However, none of the proposed device designs have demonstrated fabrication. Moreover, Commercial Fabry-perot resonant cavity based uncooled microbolometers (Air gap: 2 to 2.5μm) have limited design parameters due to multicolor narrow band spectral response. In this study, a feasible device fabrication method for novel 3D stacked microbolometer is demonstrated for multispectral uncooled infrared detector that can achieve tunable narrowband absorption in mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) spectral regions. / text

This dissertation documents the development of a new illumination technique for use in the studies of retinal oximetry and fundus spectroscopy. Intravitreal illumination is a technique where the back of the eye is illuminated trans-sclerally using a scanning monochromator coupled into a fiber optic illuminator. Retinal oximetry is the processof measuring the oxygen saturation of blood contained in retinal vessels by quantitative measurement of the characteristic color shift seen as blood oxygen saturation changes from oxygenated blood (reddish) to deoxygenated blood (bluish). Retinal oximetry was first attempted in 1963 but due to a variety of problems with accuracy and difficulty of measurement, has not matured to the point of clinical acceptabilityor commercial viability.Accurate retinal oximetry relies in part on an adequate understanding of the spectral reflectance characteristics of the fundus. The use of intravitreal illumination allows new investigations into the spectral reflectance properties of the fundus. The results of much research in fundus reflectance and retinal oximetry is detailed in thisdocument, providing new insight into both of these related fields of study.Intravitreal illumination has been used to study retinal vessel oximetry and fundus reflectometry resulting in several important findings that are presented in this document. Studies on enucleated swine eyes have provided new insight into the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of the fundus. Research on live swine hasshown accurate measurement of retinal vessel oxygen saturation and provided the first in vivo spectral transmittance measurement of the sensory retina. A secondary discovery during this research suggests that vitrectomy alters the retinal vasculature,a finding that should spawn new research in its own right.

Thesis (M.S)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references.

The digital conservation of cultural heritage has received significant attention in recent years. This active area of research endeavors to digitally conserve culturally significant items. The digital archives produced serve as an important resource for conservators. These records allow the accurate tracking of the degradation of the materials used in the construction of these artefacts.This project outlines the digital conservation and subsequent presentation of a historically significant tapestry held by the Royal Collection at Hampton Court Palace. The tapestry is one of The Story of Abraham set constructed by Willem de Kempeneer in Brussels in the 1540s. These tapestries were commissioned by King Henry VIII and were displayed as a reflection of his wealth and power. The materials used in their construction included wool, silk, silver and gold threads. The objectives of the Thesis are as follows:1) To digitally conserve the tapestry, the Oath and Departure of Eliezer.2) To produce a colorimetrically accurate projection system. This system will be used to project an accurate representation of the original tapestry colours onto the current photofaded version.3) To investigate the photo-fading properties of the natural dyes used to produce the Oath and Departure of Eliezer and their interactions with the metallic threads woven within the tapestry.The work presented in this Thesis contributed to a visitor exhibition called "Henry VIII's Tapestries Revealed" held at Hampton Court Palace between April 2009-October 2010 as part of Historic Royal Palaces' celebrations of the 500th anniversary of Henry VIII's accession to the throne.

The spectral separability of southern pines is a perplexing issue due to limited variance of spectral reflectance in species with similar morphological characteristics. Understory vegetation reflectance may exacerbate the ability to accurately identify various overstory tree species, specifically those of longleaf and loblolly pines in the southeastern US. In this study, identification of target level overstory crowns with varying degrees of understory vegetation cover based on fire return frequency was used to assess the role of understory reflectance on target crown species discernment. Seasonal variations of understory vegetation in late dormant and late growing seasons were compared for disparities in potential reflectance contribution from understory vegetation. Overall, the impact of understory vegetation was considered negligible in the spectral separability of longleaf and loblolly pines based on discriminant analysis results. Classification of WorldView-2 relative spectral profiles resulted in overall accuracies of 92% for dormant season and 96% for growing season imagery.