<p>According to recent research the basics for a good body posture is balance between the muscles, if unbalance originates this can be strengthen by gymnastics when most of the practise performs only in one direction. Because of limited research in the area was an explorative study conducted. The purpose of the study was to inquire if exercise adjusted to the individual contributes for balanced muscles and if it contributes for a positive or negative development for the team.</p><p>On the basics of that the team is not equable an other team in the area has the results for two different periods been measured, during the first period the exercise continued as usual but during the second period each gymnast (n=9) received an individual strength- and stretch program that was performed during the teampractise twice a week. </p><p>The gymnasts were tested in areas that are imported for them as body posture, balance between the muscles, vigour, range of movement, balance, the running and coordination. The results showed on that the difference is largest between test two and three, except the coordination and balance which did not show any particular change. The same result came on the balance between the muscles, nearly no change, but the test of the body posture showed a great difference between test two and three.</p>

According to recent research the basics for a good body posture is balance between the muscles, if unbalance originates this can be strengthen by gymnastics when most of the practise performs only in one direction. Because of limited research in the area was an explorative study conducted. The purpose of the study was to inquire if exercise adjusted to the individual contributes for balanced muscles and if it contributes for a positive or negative development for the team. On the basics of that the team is not equable an other team in the area has the results for two different periods been measured, during the first period the exercise continued as usual but during the second period each gymnast (n=9) received an individual strength- and stretch program that was performed during the teampractise twice a week. The gymnasts were tested in areas that are imported for them as body posture, balance between the muscles, vigour, range of movement, balance, the running and coordination. The results showed on that the difference is largest between test two and three, except the coordination and balance which did not show any particular change. The same result came on the balance between the muscles, nearly no change, but the test of the body posture showed a great difference between test two and three.

The main aim of this thesis was to examine hamstrings anatomy and its influence on knee flexor muscle function in healthy young men. A secondary aim was to better understand the implications of hamstrings anatomy and function, and their variability, in relation to the risk of strain injury. The functional and conventional H:Q ratios (examined up to high angular velocities) as well as the knee joint angle-specific isometric H:Q ratio exhibited good test-retest reliability at joint positions that closely replicated the conditions of high injury risk. Football players did not exhibit any differences in angle-specific or peak torque H:Q ratios compared to recreationally active controls. Knee extensor and flexor strength, relative to body mass, of footballers and controls was similar for all velocities, except concentric knee flexor strength at 400° s-1 (footballers +40%; P < 0.01). Muscle volume explained 30-71% and 38-58% of the differences between individuals in knee extensors and flexors torque respectively across a range of velocities. A moderate correlation was also found between the volume of these antagonistic muscle groups (R2= 0.41). The relative volume of the knee extensors and flexors explained ~20% of the variance in the isometric H:Q ratio and ~31% in the high velocity functional H:Q ratio. Biceps femoris long head exhibited a balanced myosin heavy chain isoform distribution (47.1% type I and 52.9 % total type II) in young healthy men, while BFlh muscle composition was not related to any measure of knee flexor maximal or explosive strength. Biceps femoris long head proximal aponeurosis area varied considerably between participants (>4-fold) and was not related to biceps femoris long head maximal anatomical cross-sectional area (r= 0.04, P= 0.83). Consequently, the aponeurosis:muscle area ratio exhibited 6-fold variability (range, 0.53 to 3.09; CV= 32.5%). Aponeurosis size was not related to isometric or eccentric knee flexion strength. The findings of this thesis suggest that the main anatomical factor that contributes to knee flexors function in vivo is hamstrings muscle size, while muscle composition and aponeurosis size do not seem to have a significant influence. The high inter-individual variability of the biceps femoris long head proximal aponeurosis size suggests that a disproportionately small aponeurosis may be a risk factor for strain injury. In contrast, biceps femoris long head muscle composition does not seem to explain the high incidence of strain injuries in this muscle. Quadriceps and hamstrings muscle size imbalances contribute to functional imbalances that may predispose to strain injury and correction of any size imbalance may be a useful injury prevention tool. Finally, regular exposure to football training and match-play does not seem to influence the balance of muscle strength around the knee joint.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o equilíbrio de força muscular e o tempo de retardo eletromecânico na articulação do ombro entre atletas de diferentes modalidades esportivas, os quais utilizam predominantemente rotações internas e externas de ombro durante as suas práticas esportivas. Fizeram parte do estudo 41 sujeitos do sexo masculino, sendo 15 atletas profissionais de Voleibol (24,07 ± 5,13 anos; 91,60 ± 11,67 kg; 198,47 ± 5,90 cm), 14 atletas profissionais de Judô (26,64 ± 7,30 anos; 87,36 ± 15,20 kg; 178,07 ± 6,90 cm) e 12 atletas universitários de Handebol (23,17 ± 4,70 anos; 84,75 ± 13,50 kg; 182,08 ± 6,20 cm). Para a mensuração de força máxima, de diferença contralateral (i.e. lados direito vs. esquerdo) e para o cálculo das razões entre rotação interna e externa de ombro, os participantes realizaram testes de dinamometria isocinética em condições isométricas e isocinéticas. Durante os testes isométricos foi realizada a coleta do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos peitoral maior e infraespinal, o que possibilitou o cálculo do retardo eletromecânico. Os resultados demonstram que atletas de Judô possuem força isométrica de rotação interna de ombro significativamente (p<0,01) maior quando comparados com atletas de Voleibol e de Handebol. Atletas de Judô apresentam valores de razão agonista/antagonista isométrica de membro direito significativamente (p<0,03) inferiores aos grupos Voleibol e Handebol, bem como significativamente (p<0,01) inferiores ao grupo Voleibol em relação ao membro esquerdo O tempo de retardo eletromecânico apresentou diferenças entre os grupos somente na rotação externa, em que o grupo Voleibol apresentou valores do membro direito significativamente (p<0,01) mais curtos quando comparados com o grupo Handebol e valores de membro esquerdo significativamente (p<0,01) mais curtos quando comparados com os grupos Handebol e Judô. Picos de torque isocinéticos apresentaram diferença somente para rotação interna de membro direito, em que o grupo Judô apresentou valores significativamente (p<0,001) maiores quando comparados com o grupo Voleibol. Já para membro esquerdo, detectou-se diferença significativa (p<0,01) no ângulo de pico de torque de rotação interna de membro esquerdo entre o grupo Judô e Handebol. Os resultados do estudo permitem concluir que a prática de cada modalidade esportiva avaliada neste estudo promoveu adaptação dos músculos do ombro, de acordo com a demanda da modalidade esportiva. Assim, atletas de Judô necessitam realizar reforço dos músculos rotadores externos do ombro, tanto concêntrica quanto excentricamente, visto o desequilíbrio muscular causado pela especificidade da modalidade. Por outro lado, atletas de Voleibol apresentam satisfatório equilíbrio muscular na articulação do ombro por conta de altos níveis de força excêntrica de rotação externa exigidos na prática deste esporte; além disso, os curtos períodos de tempo de retardo eletromecânico apresentados por estes atletas reforçam a constatação de equilíbrio desta articulação. Atletas de Handebol apresentam satisfatório equilíbrio muscular na articulação do ombro, entretanto apresentam valores altos de retardo eletromecânico, sendo indicado que estes atletas realizem reforço de rotação externa de ombro, sobretudo em velocidade elevada, com o objetivo de diminuir o tempo necessário para ativar estes grupos musculares. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the muscular balance and the electromechanical delay time of the shoulder joint between athletes of different sports modalities who use predominantly internal and external rotations of the shoulder. The study consisted of a total of 41 male subjects, of whom 15 were professional Volleyball players (n = 15, 24.07 ± 5.13 years, 91.60 ± 11.67 kg, 198.47 ± 5.90 cm), 14 professional Judo athletes (26.64 ± 7.30 years, 87.36 ± 15.20 kg, 178.07 ± 6.90 cm) and 12 university Handball athletes (23.17 ± 4.70 years, 84.75 ± 13.50 kg, 182.08 ± 6.20 cm). To evaluate peak torque, upper limb side-to-side asymmetry and for the calculation of conventional and functional ratios, all subjects performed isokinetic dynamometry tests under isometric and dynamic conditions. During the isomeric tests, the electromyographic signal was collected from the pectoralis major and infraspinal muscles, which allowed the calculation of the electromechanical delay. The results demonstrate that Judo athletes have internal shoulder rotation isometric strength significantly (p<0.01) higher when compared to Volleyball and Handball athletes. Judo athletes presented isometric agonist/antagonist ratio of right limb significantly (p<0.03) lower than the Volleyball and Handball groups, as well as significantly (p<0.01) lower than the Volleyball group in relation to the left limb. The electromechanical delay time presented differences between the groups only in the external shoulder rotation, which the Volleyball group presented significantly lower values of right limb (p<0.01) when compared to the Handball group and left limb times significantly (p<0.01) shorter when compared with the Handball and Judo groups Dynamic peak torque presented difference only for internal shoulder rotation of the right limb, which the Judo group presented values significantly (p<0.001) higher when compared to the Volleyball group. For the left upper limb, a significant difference (p<0.01) was detected in the peak torque angle of internal shoulder rotation between the Judo and Handball groups. The results of the study allow to considering that the practice of each evaluated sports modalities adapts the shoulder of its athletes in different ways. Judo athletes need to perform external shoulder rotation muscular strengthening, both in concentric and eccentric modes due to muscle imbalance caused by the specificity of the modality. Volleyball athletes have reasonable muscle balance in the shoulder joint due to the high levels of eccentric strength of external rotation, in addition the short time periods of electromechanical delay presented by these athletes reinforce even more the balance of this joint. Handball athletes have reasonable muscle balance in the shoulder joint; however, they presented high values of electromechanical delay, so it is indicated that these athletes need to perform muscular strengthening of external rotation of the shoulder in order to reduce the time required to activate these muscles.

Masters of Science - Msc (Physiotherapy) / Extrinsic factors like terrain, hard running surfaces or incorrect shoes have been known to be contributing factors to injury, and intrinsic factors such as poor flexibility, mal-alignment anthropometry, previous injury and running experience have been identified in playing a role too. Little is known about the factors associated with injuries among marathon runners in Eldoret, Kenya. It is therefore important to identify the possible risk factors associated with running injuries in order to prevent further injury and severe long-term complications

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o equilíbrio de força muscular e o tempo de retardo eletromecânico na articulação do ombro entre atletas de diferentes modalidades esportivas, os quais utilizam predominantemente rotações internas e externas de ombro durante as suas práticas esportivas. Fizeram parte do estudo 41 sujeitos do sexo masculino, sendo 15 atletas profissionais de Voleibol (24,07 ± 5,13 anos; 91,60 ± 11,67 kg; 198,47 ± 5,90 cm), 14 atletas profissionais de Judô (26,64 ± 7,30 anos; 87,36 ± 15,20 kg; 178,07 ± 6,90 cm) e 12 atletas universitários de Handebol (23,17 ± 4,70 anos; 84,75 ± 13,50 kg; 182,08 ± 6,20 cm). Para a mensuração de força máxima, de diferença contralateral (i.e. lados direito vs. esquerdo) e para o cálculo das razões entre rotação interna e externa de ombro, os participantes realizaram testes de dinamometria isocinética em condições isométricas e isocinéticas. Durante os testes isométricos foi realizada a coleta do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos peitoral maior e infraespinal, o que possibilitou o cálculo do retardo eletromecânico. Os resultados demonstram que atletas de Judô possuem força isométrica de rotação interna de ombro significativamente (p<0,01) maior quando comparados com atletas de Voleibol e de Handebol. Atletas de Judô apresentam valores de razão agonista/antagonista isométrica de membro direito significativamente (p<0,03) inferiores aos grupos Voleibol e Handebol, bem como significativamente (p<0,01) inferiores ao grupo Voleibol em relação ao membro esquerdo O tempo de retardo eletromecânico apresentou diferenças entre os grupos somente na rotação externa, em que o grupo Voleibol apresentou valores do membro direito significativamente (p<0,01) mais curtos quando comparados com o grupo Handebol e valores de membro esquerdo significativamente (p<0,01) mais curtos quando comparados com os grupos Handebol e Judô. Picos de torque isocinéticos apresentaram diferença somente para rotação interna de membro direito, em que o grupo Judô apresentou valores significativamente (p<0,001) maiores quando comparados com o grupo Voleibol. Já para membro esquerdo, detectou-se diferença significativa (p<0,01) no ângulo de pico de torque de rotação interna de membro esquerdo entre o grupo Judô e Handebol. Os resultados do estudo permitem concluir que a prática de cada modalidade esportiva avaliada neste estudo promoveu adaptação dos músculos do ombro, de acordo com a demanda da modalidade esportiva. Assim, atletas de Judô necessitam realizar reforço dos músculos rotadores externos do ombro, tanto concêntrica quanto excentricamente, visto o desequilíbrio muscular causado pela especificidade da modalidade. Por outro lado, atletas de Voleibol apresentam satisfatório equilíbrio muscular na articulação do ombro por conta de altos níveis de força excêntrica de rotação externa exigidos na prática deste esporte; além disso, os curtos períodos de tempo de retardo eletromecânico apresentados por estes atletas reforçam a constatação de equilíbrio desta articulação. Atletas de Handebol apresentam satisfatório equilíbrio muscular na articulação do ombro, entretanto apresentam valores altos de retardo eletromecânico, sendo indicado que estes atletas realizem reforço de rotação externa de ombro, sobretudo em velocidade elevada, com o objetivo de diminuir o tempo necessário para ativar estes grupos musculares. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the muscular balance and the electromechanical delay time of the shoulder joint between athletes of different sports modalities who use predominantly internal and external rotations of the shoulder. The study consisted of a total of 41 male subjects, of whom 15 were professional Volleyball players (n = 15, 24.07 ± 5.13 years, 91.60 ± 11.67 kg, 198.47 ± 5.90 cm), 14 professional Judo athletes (26.64 ± 7.30 years, 87.36 ± 15.20 kg, 178.07 ± 6.90 cm) and 12 university Handball athletes (23.17 ± 4.70 years, 84.75 ± 13.50 kg, 182.08 ± 6.20 cm). To evaluate peak torque, upper limb side-to-side asymmetry and for the calculation of conventional and functional ratios, all subjects performed isokinetic dynamometry tests under isometric and dynamic conditions. During the isomeric tests, the electromyographic signal was collected from the pectoralis major and infraspinal muscles, which allowed the calculation of the electromechanical delay. The results demonstrate that Judo athletes have internal shoulder rotation isometric strength significantly (p<0.01) higher when compared to Volleyball and Handball athletes. Judo athletes presented isometric agonist/antagonist ratio of right limb significantly (p<0.03) lower than the Volleyball and Handball groups, as well as significantly (p<0.01) lower than the Volleyball group in relation to the left limb. The electromechanical delay time presented differences between the groups only in the external shoulder rotation, which the Volleyball group presented significantly lower values of right limb (p<0.01) when compared to the Handball group and left limb times significantly (p<0.01) shorter when compared with the Handball and Judo groups Dynamic peak torque presented difference only for internal shoulder rotation of the right limb, which the Judo group presented values significantly (p<0.001) higher when compared to the Volleyball group. For the left upper limb, a significant difference (p<0.01) was detected in the peak torque angle of internal shoulder rotation between the Judo and Handball groups. The results of the study allow to considering that the practice of each evaluated sports modalities adapts the shoulder of its athletes in different ways. Judo athletes need to perform external shoulder rotation muscular strengthening, both in concentric and eccentric modes due to muscle imbalance caused by the specificity of the modality. Volleyball athletes have reasonable muscle balance in the shoulder joint due to the high levels of eccentric strength of external rotation, in addition the short time periods of electromechanical delay presented by these athletes reinforce even more the balance of this joint. Handball athletes have reasonable muscle balance in the shoulder joint; however, they presented high values of electromechanical delay, so it is indicated that these athletes need to perform muscular strengthening of external rotation of the shoulder in order to reduce the time required to activate these muscles.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o equilíbrio de força muscular e o tempo de retardo eletromecânico na articulação do ombro entre atletas de diferentes modalidades esportivas, os quais utilizam predominantemente rotações internas e externas de ombro durante as suas práticas esportivas. Fizeram parte do estudo 41 sujeitos do sexo masculino, sendo 15 atletas profissionais de Voleibol (24,07 ± 5,13 anos; 91,60 ± 11,67 kg; 198,47 ± 5,90 cm), 14 atletas profissionais de Judô (26,64 ± 7,30 anos; 87,36 ± 15,20 kg; 178,07 ± 6,90 cm) e 12 atletas universitários de Handebol (23,17 ± 4,70 anos; 84,75 ± 13,50 kg; 182,08 ± 6,20 cm). Para a mensuração de força máxima, de diferença contralateral (i.e. lados direito vs. esquerdo) e para o cálculo das razões entre rotação interna e externa de ombro, os participantes realizaram testes de dinamometria isocinética em condições isométricas e isocinéticas. Durante os testes isométricos foi realizada a coleta do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos peitoral maior e infraespinal, o que possibilitou o cálculo do retardo eletromecânico. Os resultados demonstram que atletas de Judô possuem força isométrica de rotação interna de ombro significativamente (p<0,01) maior quando comparados com atletas de Voleibol e de Handebol. Atletas de Judô apresentam valores de razão agonista/antagonista isométrica de membro direito significativamente (p<0,03) inferiores aos grupos Voleibol e Handebol, bem como significativamente (p<0,01) inferiores ao grupo Voleibol em relação ao membro esquerdo O tempo de retardo eletromecânico apresentou diferenças entre os grupos somente na rotação externa, em que o grupo Voleibol apresentou valores do membro direito significativamente (p<0,01) mais curtos quando comparados com o grupo Handebol e valores de membro esquerdo significativamente (p<0,01) mais curtos quando comparados com os grupos Handebol e Judô. Picos de torque isocinéticos apresentaram diferença somente para rotação interna de membro direito, em que o grupo Judô apresentou valores significativamente (p<0,001) maiores quando comparados com o grupo Voleibol. Já para membro esquerdo, detectou-se diferença significativa (p<0,01) no ângulo de pico de torque de rotação interna de membro esquerdo entre o grupo Judô e Handebol. Os resultados do estudo permitem concluir que a prática de cada modalidade esportiva avaliada neste estudo promoveu adaptação dos músculos do ombro, de acordo com a demanda da modalidade esportiva. Assim, atletas de Judô necessitam realizar reforço dos músculos rotadores externos do ombro, tanto concêntrica quanto excentricamente, visto o desequilíbrio muscular causado pela especificidade da modalidade. Por outro lado, atletas de Voleibol apresentam satisfatório equilíbrio muscular na articulação do ombro por conta de altos níveis de força excêntrica de rotação externa exigidos na prática deste esporte; além disso, os curtos períodos de tempo de retardo eletromecânico apresentados por estes atletas reforçam a constatação de equilíbrio desta articulação. Atletas de Handebol apresentam satisfatório equilíbrio muscular na articulação do ombro, entretanto apresentam valores altos de retardo eletromecânico, sendo indicado que estes atletas realizem reforço de rotação externa de ombro, sobretudo em velocidade elevada, com o objetivo de diminuir o tempo necessário para ativar estes grupos musculares. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the muscular balance and the electromechanical delay time of the shoulder joint between athletes of different sports modalities who use predominantly internal and external rotations of the shoulder. The study consisted of a total of 41 male subjects, of whom 15 were professional Volleyball players (n = 15, 24.07 ± 5.13 years, 91.60 ± 11.67 kg, 198.47 ± 5.90 cm), 14 professional Judo athletes (26.64 ± 7.30 years, 87.36 ± 15.20 kg, 178.07 ± 6.90 cm) and 12 university Handball athletes (23.17 ± 4.70 years, 84.75 ± 13.50 kg, 182.08 ± 6.20 cm). To evaluate peak torque, upper limb side-to-side asymmetry and for the calculation of conventional and functional ratios, all subjects performed isokinetic dynamometry tests under isometric and dynamic conditions. During the isomeric tests, the electromyographic signal was collected from the pectoralis major and infraspinal muscles, which allowed the calculation of the electromechanical delay. The results demonstrate that Judo athletes have internal shoulder rotation isometric strength significantly (p<0.01) higher when compared to Volleyball and Handball athletes. Judo athletes presented isometric agonist/antagonist ratio of right limb significantly (p<0.03) lower than the Volleyball and Handball groups, as well as significantly (p<0.01) lower than the Volleyball group in relation to the left limb. The electromechanical delay time presented differences between the groups only in the external shoulder rotation, which the Volleyball group presented significantly lower values of right limb (p<0.01) when compared to the Handball group and left limb times significantly (p<0.01) shorter when compared with the Handball and Judo groups Dynamic peak torque presented difference only for internal shoulder rotation of the right limb, which the Judo group presented values significantly (p<0.001) higher when compared to the Volleyball group. For the left upper limb, a significant difference (p<0.01) was detected in the peak torque angle of internal shoulder rotation between the Judo and Handball groups. The results of the study allow to considering that the practice of each evaluated sports modalities adapts the shoulder of its athletes in different ways. Judo athletes need to perform external shoulder rotation muscular strengthening, both in concentric and eccentric modes due to muscle imbalance caused by the specificity of the modality. Volleyball athletes have reasonable muscle balance in the shoulder joint due to the high levels of eccentric strength of external rotation, in addition the short time periods of electromechanical delay presented by these athletes reinforce even more the balance of this joint. Handball athletes have reasonable muscle balance in the shoulder joint; however, they presented high values of electromechanical delay, so it is indicated that these athletes need to perform muscular strengthening of external rotation of the shoulder in order to reduce the time required to activate these muscles.

The purpose of this present study was to assess the feasibility and determine the potential short-term efficacy of implementing a specific 9-week “Yoga for Rowers” (ROWGA) program on male varsity rowers during a competitive training season. Sixteen competitive male varsity rowers (20.6 ± 2.1 years) were recruited to participate, using a single group, pre-test-post-test, quasi-experimental research design. All participants performed two 60 min ROWGA sessions per week for 9 weeks during their fall competitive season. The primary objectives were to test the efficacy of a ROWGA program in a real-world context by evaluating: 1) the feasibility of implementing the program during the training and competitive season as measured by program adherence; 2) its potential effect on strength by evaluating hip muscle strength acting in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes as well as on hip muscle strength ratios between the agonist versus antagonist muscle groups; and 3) its potential effect on hip flexion range of motion (ROM). Two pre-test baseline measurements were performed on all participants over 1- week prior to initiating the ROWGA sessions while a single post-test was conducted following the ROWGA intervention. Intraclass correlation coefficients for ROM and strength were used to determine reliability of measurements by taking the two pre-intervention test scores. Outcome measures included hip flexion range of motion, peak isometric hip muscle forces normalized to body weight, including hip flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, both internal and external rotators as well as peak isometric agonist-antagonist hip muscle strength ratios. Pre and post peak isometric hip strength measurements were calculated for agonist-antagonist muscle groups within each plane by dividing flexors by extensors, adductors by abductors, and internal by external rotators. Feasibility of the ROWGA program was determined from program attendance and adherence rates. The adherence rate was considered high with 89% attending all sessions, after adjusting for compulsory competitions. Significant improvements in peak isometric strength were demonstrated for hip flexors, extensors, abductors, and adductors, and external rotators, while a significant reduction for hip flexion ROM was observed. No significant changes in isometric hip muscle strength agonist-antagonist ratios were demonstrated. The results from this research support the feasibility of the ROWGA program in terms of rower’s acceptance, adherence, and the ability to accommodate the time requirements within their schedule as well as potential strength benefits gained. This research could help provide a platform for future large-scale research related to injury prevention in rowing. / Graduate / 2021-04-06

Title: Determination of the occurrence of poor posture and muscle imbalance of female students agend 15-19 and possibilities of influencing that by elements of health physical education. Objectives: The aim of this study is determination of change in posture and muscle imbalance due to regural health exercise for the period of 3 months Methods: Klein, Thomas and Mayer test method was used to determine posture of each proband. Functional tests of muscles with tendency to shorten were performed according to Bursová (2005), Hošková and Matoušová (2000), Pernicová et al. (1993). Functional tests of muscles with a tendency to become flabby were tested according to Hošková and Matoušová (2000). The method of theoretical analysis and synthesis was used for the chapter "Piece of knowledge" (Štumbauer, 1990). The chapter "Knowledge of data" was processed by Microsoft Office Excel. One-piece non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used to verify the results. Results: In the chapter "Results" we find detailed information about probands, which we have gained from the questionnaire and from a personal interview. Each proband is discussed and evaluated by means of testing posture and muscle imbalance. Keywords: posture, muscle imbalance, muscle balance, testing, tight muscles, flabby muscles, health physical education,...