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No description available.

Although the integrated relationship that exists between the lumbar spine and hip joints is frequently acknowledged in scientific journals and by medical professionals, specific functional and injury relationships, are speculative and have not been substantiated. Lumbar spine and hip dysfunctions are suspected to be associated with inhibition of the surrounding extensor musculature, particularly the gluteal muscles, and facilitation of the flexor musculature. This phenomenon has been observed in other joints following effusion and is often termed ‘arthrogenic inhibition’. Its apparent occurrence about the hip has never been validated. The primary objective of this thesis was to investigate whether arthrogenic inhibition occurred about the hip. If inhibition was found to exist, its relationship with volume vs pressure was investigated to determine if either of these factors were a more appropriate predictor of inhibition. Finally, compensatory motor patterns in response to apparent inhibition were of interest. Participants were allocated to the following groups: 1) Control 2) Intervention I (magnetic resonance arthrogram) or 3) Intervention II (therapeutic arthrogram). Electromyography was collected on the rectus abdominis, erector spinae, gluteus maximus and semimenbranosis bilaterally during hip rehabilitation exercises prior to and following the intervention. Intra-capsular pressure was measured during the intervention. The findings provided support for the presence of extensor-inhibition in the hip following infusion of intra-articular fluid with intra-capsular pressure being the most appropriate predictor of the magnitude of inhibition. Hip extensor inhibition appeared to be compensated for by lumbar spine extensors during the selected tasks. Arthrogenic inhibition should be considered in the clinical evaluation and management of patients with hip joint effusions and/or elevated intra-capsular pressure.

Although the integrated relationship that exists between the lumbar spine and hip joints is frequently acknowledged in scientific journals and by medical professionals, specific functional and injury relationships, are speculative and have not been substantiated. Lumbar spine and hip dysfunctions are suspected to be associated with inhibition of the surrounding extensor musculature, particularly the gluteal muscles, and facilitation of the flexor musculature. This phenomenon has been observed in other joints following effusion and is often termed ‘arthrogenic inhibition’. Its apparent occurrence about the hip has never been validated. The primary objective of this thesis was to investigate whether arthrogenic inhibition occurred about the hip. If inhibition was found to exist, its relationship with volume vs pressure was investigated to determine if either of these factors were a more appropriate predictor of inhibition. Finally, compensatory motor patterns in response to apparent inhibition were of interest. Participants were allocated to the following groups: 1) Control 2) Intervention I (magnetic resonance arthrogram) or 3) Intervention II (therapeutic arthrogram). Electromyography was collected on the rectus abdominis, erector spinae, gluteus maximus and semimenbranosis bilaterally during hip rehabilitation exercises prior to and following the intervention. Intra-capsular pressure was measured during the intervention. The findings provided support for the presence of extensor-inhibition in the hip following infusion of intra-articular fluid with intra-capsular pressure being the most appropriate predictor of the magnitude of inhibition. Hip extensor inhibition appeared to be compensated for by lumbar spine extensors during the selected tasks. Arthrogenic inhibition should be considered in the clinical evaluation and management of patients with hip joint effusions and/or elevated intra-capsular pressure.

Two aspects of teleost respiration have been emphasised in this investigation. Firstly the gill filaments themselves were observed in order to determine whether or not they played an active role in the ventilation of the gill lamellae. The musculature of the filaments was studied, using visual and electronic methods, and continual muscular activity was noted. Two possible functions of these muscles of the gill filaments have been proposed. Secondly, the brain centres which initiate and maintain the respiratory rhythm were investigated. The neural mechanism was found to be much more complex than had hitherto been suspected in the literature. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

We describe two new species of Phrynopus from cloud forests in Cochabamba, Bolivia. The new species are assigned to the P. peruanus group and are characterized by the presence of basal webbing, distinctive coloration, and by having the first finger shorter than the second. The first of these new species was collected near Montepunko in Parque Nacional Carrasco and is known from eight males and six females. Among its distinctive characteristics are round cream-colored glands on its flanks. A second species is known from one male and one female collected near "Zona de Aguirre" near the northwest border of the park. V and X-shaped blotches and a dorsum that is smooth except for dorsolateral and scapular folds characterize this species. Musculature has rarely been described for species of Phrynopus. The species from Montepunko has unusual gular and thigh musculature that is quite unlike other species of the genus.

The major cell types in the canine colon musculature are interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), circular muscle (CM) cells and longitudinal muscle (LM) cells. In isolated muscle strip studies, spontaneous membrane potential oscillations (slow waves) are generated in the submucosal border of the circular muscle where a gap junctionally well-coupled network of ICC and CM is found. CM devoid of LM and submucosal pacemaker region (CM preparations) are spontaneously quiescent. The research undertaken was to understand the mechanism of slow wave propagation into the circular muscle and to investigate the consequences to the electrical activity in CM after coupling with different electrical activities from different cells types. Our results show that CM cells, although spontaneously quiescent because of high K+ conductance, are excitable and can actively participate in slow wave generation. The electrical oscillations induced in the CM preparations could easily be potentiated by an L-type Ca2+ channel activator, Bay K 8644, and abolished by a L-type Ca2+ antagonist, D600, suggesting involvement of the conductance in the induced activity. The induced oscillations are similar to the SLAPs in the longitudinal muscle which shows that it is not necessary to have a specialized pacemaker cells for generating SLAPs. Using a cross sectioned preparation with all intact muscle layers, we also showed that the heterogeneity in the electrical activity of CM, such as: the resting membrane potential gradient, depolarization of plateau potential in the myenteric border and "apparent" decay in slow wave amplitude, is due to electrical interactions between different intrinsic activities from different cell types. Morphological evidence was obtained for the possible communication pathways in the submucosal and the myenteric borders of the circular muscle. Different coupling mechanisms in different areas were hypothesized. In addition, the 3-dimensional aspects of the submucosal ICC network in the ca.nine colon were clarified. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

Physical examination of the articulations between the dorsal vertebrae and the dorsal ribs of the sauropod dinosaur Camarasaurus (Upper Cretaceous, Wyoming or whatever) shows that the dorsal vertebral column has a slight double curve and the torso is more narrow and volumetrically smaller than previously reconstructed. The shape of the dorsal vertebrae series was based upon the position of the zygopophyses and centrum spacing. The dorsal ribs were placed on the vertebrae based upon the position of tuberculum/diapophysis, capitulum/parapophysis, and the lateral edge of the rib head. Comparisons between the articulated torso of Camarasaurus and extant relatives allowed for the first attempt in reconstructing the three intercostal muscle groups. The newly defined torso shape in combination with the presence of scapular facets on the ribs allowed the scapulocoracoid to be placed upon the torso at an angle of 20-30°.

No presente estudo foi examinado em detalhe a anatomia da musculatura dorsal dos arcos branquiais de 70 espécies, pertencentes a 64 gêneros, representando todas as famílias atualmente reconhecidas de Characiformes. Um total de 22 músculos foram descritos e documentados para cada espécie examinada, e com base nas variações observadas foram propostos 33 caracteres exclusivos da musculatura dorsal dos arcos branquiais. De modo geral, muitos dos estados de caracteres observados estão amplamente distribuídos em espécies representantes de diversas famílias, variando muitas vezes em representantes da mesma família, com um número menor de caracteres restritos a alguns táxons. Uma análise filogenética incluindo apenas os caracteres de musculatura dorsal dos arcos branquiais resultou em 18829 cladogramas igualmente mais parcimoniosos (157 passos, IC=16 IR=34) com consenso estrito muito pouco resolvido devido não só ao reduzido número de caracteres em relação ao número de táxons, mas também há grande incongruência na distribuição dos estados de caracteres. Contudo, a discussão da variação observada neste complexo anatômico, em um contexto filogenético, tomando por base hipóteses já disponíveis na literatura sobre relações de parentesco na ordem Characiformes evidencia a presença de caracteres que corroboram a hipóteses baseadas em outros complexos de caracteres, em diversos níveis supraespecíficos / In the present study the anatomy of the dorsal gill-arch muscles of 70 species, comprising 64 genera, representing all currently recognized families of the Characiformes was examined in detail. A total of 22 muscles were described and documented for each examined species, and based on the variation observed 33 characters of the dorsal musculature of the gill arch were proposed. Overall, many of the observed character states are widely distributed across species in different families, and in many instances they vary within a single family, and a smaller number of characters states restricted to a few taxa. A phylogenetic analysis including only characters derived from the dorsal gill-arch musculature resulted in 18829 most parsimonious cladograms (157 steps, CI=16 RI=34), with a poorly resolved strict consensus, due not only to the reduced number of characters relative to the number of taxa, but also to the high level of incongruence in the distribution of characters states. However, the discussion of the variation observed in this anatomical complex, in the context of hypotheses available in the literature about phylogenetic relationships within the Characiformes, highlights the presence of various character states from the dorsal gill arch muscles that corroborate hypotheses based on different character complexes, at various supraespecific levels within the order

A musculatura esquelética representa um dos principais complexos anatômicos dos vertebrados, contudo, esta fonte de informação é escassamente estudada em alguns grupos de peixes, com o conhecimento atual limitado em observações de aspectos superficiais da musculatura de poucas espécies ou descrições sucintas de componentes miológicos pontuais. Este cenário ilustra o conhecimento em dois importantes grupos de Ostariophysi (Teleostei), os Gymnotiformes e os Siluriformes. Os estudos anatômicos nestas ordens acompanham a tendência dos esforços em outros grupos de Teleostei e apresentam uma ênfase excessiva na osteologia. Outros complexos anatômicos relevantes, como os miológicos, permanecem amplamente desconhecidos. O presente estudo foi concebido objetivando preencher a lacuna no conhecimento da musculatura dorsolateral da cabeça em Gymnotiformes e Siluriformes. Cada ordem é tratada em um capítulo separado, incluindo seções descritivas, comparativas e filogenéticas. O capítulo 1 descreve e ilustra os músculos faciais de 83 espécies de Gymnotiformes. As descrições são acompanhadas por uma análise comparativa destinada a estabelecer relações de homologia. As conclusões nessa parte do estudo estão resumidas em uma lista nomenclatural, incluindo 15 músculos, e os respectivos nomes válidos, mais 18 sinônimos. O estudo anatômico comparativo identificou 56 caracteres miológicos discretos que foram analisados com metodologia filogenética. A topologia resultante da árvore, baseada exclusivamente em caracteres mitológicos, concorda com muitas hipóteses de relacionamentos anteriormente propostas para Gymnotiformes. Em uma segunda análise, os caracteres derivados da miologia foram concatenados com uma matriz fenotípica maior, que inclui caracteres de várias fontes diferentes. Os resultados das análises concatenadas demonstram que os caracteres de miologia facial são altamente informativos para os relacionamentos em Gymnotiformes, especialmente para grupos mais inclusivos. O Capítulo 2 oferece o mesmo tipo de estudo que o Capítulo 1, mas desta vez aplicado a Siluriformes, um grupo muito maior e mais complexo. Uma análise comparativa abrangente dos músculos dorsolaterais da cabeça dos Siluriformes é oferecida, com descrições detalhadas e ilustrações dos músculos faciais de 124 espécies em 39 famílias da ordem. Inúmeros problemas de homologia e nomenclatura são identificados e resolvidos, com a lista sinônima resultante contendo 215 nomes para 44 músculos válidos. Conforme feito para Gymnotiformes, a informação comparativa é organizada em 67 caracteres miológicos. Esses caracteres foram concatenados com um banco de dados morfológico disponível e resultaram em um conjunto de novas sinapomorfias em Siluriformes e discussões sobre novas evidências para os relacionamentos na ordem. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo compreendem na síntese do conhecimento da miologia facial dos Gymnotiformes e Siluriformes através da documentação detalhada dos principais grupos e subgrupos destas ordens. A padronização nomenclatural dos componentes musculares, bem como a proposição de novos caracteres oriundos da miologia, fornecem base para investigações futuras sobre a detecção de potenciais sinais filogenéticos oriundos deste complexo anatômico, além de estimular contribuições direcionadas para a busca em fontes de informações ainda inexploradas em Gymnotiformes e Siluriformes. / Skeletal musculature is among the most important anatomical complexes of vertebrates, however, this source of information is barely explored in most groups of fishes, with knowledge restricted to superficial features in a few species or brief descriptions of specific muscles. Such is the case in two of the most important groups of freshwater fishes, Gymnotiformes and Siluriformes. Anatomical studies in those orders have followed the usual trend in Teleostei, with an inordinate emphasis on osteology. Other relevant anatomical systems, such as myology, remain mostly unknown. The present study attempts to fill this gap by focusing on the head musculature Gymnotiformes and Siluriformes. Each order is treated in a separate chapter, including descriptive, comparative and phylogenetic sections. Chapter 1 describes and illustrates the facial muscles of 83 gymnotiform species. The descriptions are accompanied by a comparative analysis intended to establish relationships of homology. The conclusions in that portion of the study are summarized in a nomenclatural list including 15 muscles and respective valid names, plus 18 synonyms. The comparative anatomical study identified 56 discrete myological characters which were analyzed with phylogenetic methodology. The resulting tree topology, based exclusively on myological characters, agrees with many previously-proposed hypotheses of relationships for Gymnotiformes. In a second analysis, characters derived from myology were concatenated with a larger phenotypic matrix including characters from several different sources. Results of the concatenated analyzes demonstrate that facial myological characters are highly informative for relationships of Gymnotiformes, especially for more inclusive groups. Chapter 2 offers the same kind of study as Chapter 1, but this time applied to Siluriformes, a much larger and more complex group. A comprehensive comparative analysis of the myological components of the dorsolateral head muscles of the Siluriformes is offered, with detailed descriptions and illustrations of the facial muscles of 124 species in 39 families of the order. Countless homology and nomenclatural problems are identified and resolved, with the resulting synonymic list containing 215 names for 44 valid muscles. As done for Gymnotiformes, comparative information is organized into 67 discrete myological characters. Those characters were concatenated with a previously-available morphological database, and resulted in a set of new synapomorphies within Siluriformes and discussions about new evidences for relationships within the order. Results presented herein comprise the synthesis of the knowledge of the facial myology of Gymnotiformes and Siluriformes through the detailed documentation of the main groups and subgroups of these orders. The nomenclatural standardization of muscles, as well as the proposition of new characters form the myology, provide the basis for future investigations on potential phylogenetic signals from this anatomical complex, in addition to motivating contributions directed to the search in sources of information unexplored in Gymnotiformes and Siluriformes.