Thesis (M.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-160). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1980. / Title from title page screen, viewed Feb. 17, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Herman Brockman (chair), Arlan Richardson, David Weber, Alan Katz, Brian Wilkinson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-166) and abstract. Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1995. / Title from title page screen, viewed May 2, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Anthony J. Otsuka (chair), Herman E. Brockman, David W. Borst, H. Tak Cheung, Radheshyam K. Jayaswal. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-187) and abstract. Also available in print.

Orientadores: Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro, Vitor Rafael Coluci / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T12:15:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Honorio_JaquelineGoncalves_M.pdf: 1809951 bytes, checksum: 7885a8cfa050d72f934edad04cce0f92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Nanomateriais, tais como nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (MWCNT) têm apresentado potencial para remediação de águas e solos poluídos por compostos orgânicos devido a sua área superficial elevada, que pode melhorar a capacidade dos NTC em adsorver compostos orgânicos. Embora o tratamento de MWCNT com ácido nítrico possa aumentar a capacidade de dispersão do material em água através da introdução de grupos oxigenados sobre a superfície dos NTC, como ácidos carboxílicos, a diminuição da capacidade de MWCNT de interagir com moléculas orgânicas pode ocorrer como consequência não intencional. Para investigar esta possibilidade, foi avaliada a capacidade de MWCNT tratados com ácido de adsorver um poluente ambiental comum, 1-Nitropireno (1-NP), que é um nitro-hidrocarboneto policíclico aromático altamente mutagênico e carcinogênico. Diferentes doses de MWCNTs caracterizados foram testadas com diferentes doses de 1-NP, e a detecção do 1-NP não adsorvido foi avaliada pelo ensaio de mutagenicidade Salmonella/microssoma, usando a linhagem TA98 que é altamente sensível a 1-NP. Assim, apenas 1-NP não adsorvido aos MWCNT são absorvidos pelas bactérias e causam mutagenicidade. Encontramos uma relação inversa entre a oxidação por tratamento ácido dos MWCNT e a mutagenicidade da mistura. Os dados obtidos sugerem que o tratamento ácido de MWCNT pode, de fato, reduzir a capacidade de poluentes orgânicos se ligarem a MWCNT, reduzindo a eficácia na remediação / Abstract: Nanomaterials, such as multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been shown potential to remediate soil or water polluted with organic compounds because of their high specific-surface area, which can enhance the ability of the CNT to adsorb organics. Although treatment of MWCNT with nitric acid can increase the water solubility of MWCNT by introducing oxygenated groups such as carboxylic acids onto the surface, it may have the unintended consequence of decreasing the ability of MWCNT to interact with organic molecules. To investigate this possibility, we evaluated the ability of acid-treated MWCNT to absorb a common environmental pollutant, 1- nitropyrene (1-NP), which is a highly mutagenic and carcinogenic nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Different doses of well-characterized MWCNTs were tested with different doses of 1-NP, and the detection of the non-adsorbed 1-NP was assessed by the Salmonella mutagenicity assay in strain TA98, which is highly sensitive to 1-NP. Thus, only free 1-NP not bound to the MWCNT was able to enter the bacteria and induce mutagenesis. We found an inverse association between the amount of oxidation by nitric-acid treatment of the MWCNT and the amount of mutagenicity of the reaction mixture. Our data suggest that acid treatment of MWCNT may, in fact, reduce the ability of MWCNT to bind organic pollutants, reducing their effectiveness for remediation / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

Gastric aspirate specimens were collected from patients w~th clinically diagnosed gastric carcinoma and from non-carcinoma patients. The nitrite concentration and pH values of the aspirates were measured, the microorganisms present in selected specimens were isolated and identified, and the mutagenicity ratios of the aspirates were determined. The median nitrite concentration of the gastric aspirates from the carcinoma patients was significantly higher than that obtained for the non-carcinoma patients. A positive correlation was found between the nitrite concentration and the pH values of all the specimens tested, and a marked increase in nitrite levels at pH values above 6,0 was evident in specimens from the coloured ethnic "normal" subgroup. Gastric aspirate nitrite concentrations did not correlate with salivary values. The presence of microorganisms in gastric aspirates was shown to be pH dependent. Gastric aspirates with a pH < 2,0 were sterile, below pH 4,0 only acidophilic bacteria survived, whereas above pH 4,0, numerous species, predominantly members of the oral microflora, were isolated. The mean mutagenicity ratio of the gastric aspirates from the carcinoma patients was found to be significantly higher than that found for the control group. There was a positive correlation between the mutagenicity ratios of all the gastric specimens and pH with a maximum at a pH value of approximately 6,0.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 355-382).

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Antimutagenic activity of aqueous extracts of fermented and unfermented Cyclopia spp., i.e. C. intermedia, C. subternata, C. genistoides and C. sessiliflora against metabolically activated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with tester strain TA100, was compared to that of fermented and unfermented Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and Camellia sinensis (black, oolong and green) teas. Possible mechanisms involved in in vitro antimutagenic activity of these teas were investigated, i.e. the stabilising effect of the unfermented Cyclopia spp., unfermented rooibos and green tea on rat liver cytochrome P450 in the S9 fraction from Aroclor 1254 treated rats and their modulation of aniline-induced Type II difference spectra in the microsomal fraction. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat liver S9, by the teas, was assessed to determine whether protection against lipid peroxidation may play a role in cytochrome P450 stability in vitro. Correlation of the antimutagenic activity of the teas with their stabilising effect on cytochrome P450 and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, provided insight into possibly related mechanisms. Antimutagenic activity correlated weakly with a decreased stabilising effect of the teas on cytochrome P450 (r = 0.411, P = 0.013) and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (r = 0.475, P = 0.003). Decreased stability of cytochrome P450 was associated with substantial lipid peroxidation occurring in rat liver S9. Effective inhibition of lipid peroxidation and stabilising of cytochrome P450 in S9 was evident in the presence of the teas, but no correlation (r = 0.018, P = 0.915) existed for the effect of unfermented teas on cytochrome P450 stability with inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Black tea exhibited the highest protection against AFB1-induced mutagenesis and fermented C. intermedia offered the least protection. “Fermentation” resulted in increased antimutagenic activity of Camellia sinensis and rooibos teas, while the antimutagenic activity of Cyclopia spp. decreased with fermentation except for C. genistoides. Unfermented teas significantly (P < 0.05) stabilised cytochrome P450, with rooibos more effective (P < 0.05) than green tea, but similar (P < 0.05) to Cyclopia spp. Green tea demonstrated the highest inhibition of lipid peroxidation, while the inhibition exerted by rooibos was similar (P > 0.05) to unfermented Cyclopia spp., except for C. genistoides exhibiting the least inhibition. Total polyphenol, flavanol and flavonol/flavone contents of the respective teas were correlated with activity in terms of antimutagenicity, stabilising of cytochrome P450 and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Antimutagenic activity of Cyclopia spp. correlated with its total polyphenol (r = 0.805, P < 0.0001) and flavanol (r = 0.653, P < 0.0001) contents, while a weak negative correlation (r = -0.456, P = 0.026) was observed for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by unfermented Cyclopia spp. with the flavonol/flavone content. Antimutagenicity of Cyclopia spp. correlated weakly (r = 0.363, P = 0.012) with its hesperidin content. Antimutagenic activity of rooibos tea correlated moderately (r = 0.751, P < 0.005) with its flavonol/flavone content and specifically the flavones orientin (r = 0.674, P < 0.023) and iso-orientin (r = 0.728, P < 0.011). A strong negative correlation (r = -0.918, P < 0.0001) of antimutagenicity of rooibos with its aspalathin content was observed. Antimutagenic activity of Camellia sinensis teas did not correlate with their total polyphenol, flavanol or flavonol/flavone contents. The flavanol content of green tea showed a good, but marginal (P < 0.1) correlation (r = 0.824, P = 0.086) with decreased cytochrome P450 stability. The modulation of aniline-induced Type II binding to microsomal cytochrome P450 by green tea differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the modulation exhibited by rooibos and Cyclopia spp. Flavonoid glycosylation appeared to influence antimutagenic activity, stabilising of cytochrome P450 and modulation of substrate binding of selected phenolic compounds. The present study indicates that rooibos and Cyclopia spp. have in vitro antimutagenic activity against AFB1, suggesting that consumption of these two herbal teas may have beneficial health effects. It is also suggested that stabilising of cytochrome P450 by tea, and interaction of tea constituents with cytochrome P450, may influence their in vitro antimutagenic activity.

Orientador: Ana Lúcia Tasca Gois Ruiz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T08:33:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DellaTorre_Adriana_M.pdf: 5760504 bytes, checksum: f3ad129dc63417ce4365252cefc87c39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A "carqueja", Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. (Asteraceae), é uma espécie vegetal característica de regiões tropicais, muito utilizada na medicina popular como anti-inflamatória, no tratamento de problemas hepáticos e renais, bem como para disfunções estomacais e intestinais. Recentemente, estudos demonstraram potencial atividade esquistossomicida sobre vermes adultos de Schistosoma mansoni (linhagem BH) para o óleo essencial (OE). Assim, este projeto teve por objetivo avaliar as atividades antiproliferativa e mutagênica, além da composição química do OE de B. trimera cultivada no campo experimental do CPQBA/UNICAMP. Coletas mensais (Janeiro/2012 a Dezembro/2012) das partes aéreas de B. trimera foram realizadas para a preparação do OE. Além disso, na época de floração em Julho, foram coletadas amostras das partes aéreas de indivíduos machos e fêmeas de B. trimera, diferenciadas morfologicamente pelas inflorescências. Todos os OEs preparados por hidrodestilação foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a detector de massas (CG/EM) e avaliados quanto à atividade antiproliferativa in vitro e quanto à mutagenicidade no modelo de indução de micronúcleos com bloqueio da citocinese, com e sem ativação metabólica. A análise por CG/EM indicou que os compostos majoritários dos OEs foram biciclogermacreno, E-cariofileno, germacreno D, ?-pineno, globulol, ?-mirceno e ?-cadineno. Também foi observada uma variação na proporção relativa dos compostos presentes nos OEs obtidos das plantas fêmeas em relação aos machos. No teste de atividade antiproliferativa, em linhagens tumorais e não-tumorais, observou-se um perfil de atividade citostática semelhante para todas as amostras, independente da época de coleta, com valores de GI50 maiores que 25 ?g/mL. No teste do micronúcleo (MN) sem ativação metabólica, os OEs coletados no inverno (Jul/2012) e primavera (Out/2012) induziram um aumento na frequência de MNs, em relação ao controle de células sem tratamento, nas concentrações de 25 e 12,5 ?g/mL, enquanto os OEs obtidos no verão (Jan/2012) e outono (Abr/2012) apresentaram indução de MNs, estatisticamente significativa, somente na concentração de 25 ?g/mL. Nos experimentos realizados com os OEs extraídos de partes aéreas dos indivíduos machos e fêmeas, verificou-se que as plantas fêmeas não apresentaram potencial mutagênico nas três concentrações testadas (6,25; 12,5 e 25 ?g/mL), enquanto o OE obtido a partir dos indivíduos machos induziu aumento na frequência de MNs nas mesmas concentrações. Esses resultados sugerem que os sesquiterpenos hidrocarbonetos que predominam no OE obtido das partes aéreas das plantas machos (54,07%) podem estar envolvidos na ação mutagênica. Por outro lado, no teste com ativação metabólica, verificou-se uma redução significativa na frequência de MNs induzida pelos OEs em relação ao teste sem ativação, sugerindo que a metabolização dos OEs resultou em compostos com menor potencial mutagênico. Finalmente, no teste preliminar de antimutagenicidade, evidenciou-se no pós-tratamento e no tratamento simultâneo do OE com o metilmetanosulfonato uma possível reversão ou redução da clastogenicidade causada por este indutor de MNs. Esses dados sugerem possíveis atividades antimutagênica e mutagênica do OE das partes aéreas de B. trimera, com diferença significativa no potencial indutor de MNs entre indivíduos machos e fêmeas e que essa atividade é reduzida na presença de enzimas metabólicas, sugerindo uma potencial segurança de uso in vivo / Abstract: "Carqueja", Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. (Asteraceae) is a native species from tropical regions widely used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, to treat liver and kidney problems as well as stomach and intestinal disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of B. trimera essential oil (EO) as schistosomicidal on adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni (BH strain). Therefore, this project aimed the evaluation of chemical composition, antiproliferative and mutagenic activities of EO obtained from B. trimera aerial parts cultivated in CPQBA/UNICAMP experimental field. B. trimera aerial parts were collected monthly (January/2012 to December/2012) and immediately submitted to EO extraction by hydrodistillation. Moreover, samples of males and females of B. trimera aerial parts morphologically differentiated by inflorescences were collected during the flowering season (July/2012). All EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass detector (GC/MS). They were also evaluated for antiproliferative activity in vitro and mutagenicity in cytokinesisblock micronucleus assay (CBMN), with and without metabolic activation. GC/MS analysis indicated that EOs major compounds were bicyclogermacrene, E-caryophyllene, germacrene D, ?-pinene, globulol, ?-myrcene and ?-cadinene, besides a variation on relative proportion of compounds between EOs of female and male plants. Antiproliferative assay in tumor and nontumor cell lines showed a similar cytostatic activity profile for all samples, independent of the collection time, with GI50 values above 25 ?g/mL. In CBMN assay without metabolic activation, EOs collected in winter (Jul/2012) and spring (Oct/2012) induced at 25 and 12.5 ?g/mL an increase in micronuclei frequency in comparison to untreated control cells, whereas EOs obtained in summer (Jan/2012) and autumn (Apr/2012) showed statistically significant micronuclei induction only at 25 ?g/mL. CBMN assay performed with male and female aerial parts EOs demonstrated that female plants showed no mutagenic potential in three concentrations (6.25, 12.5 and 25 ?g/mL) whereas male aerial parts EO induced an increase in micronuclei frequency at the same concentrations. These results suggested that sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons predominately present in male aerial parts EO (54.07%) should be involved in mutagenic action. Moreover, there was a reduction in micronuclei frequency induced by EOs when CBMN assay was carried out with metabolic activation, which suggests that enzymatic metabolism of EOs resulted in compounds with low mutagenic potential. Finally, preliminary evaluation of antimutagenicity has evidenced that simultaneous and post treatments of EO with methylmetanesulfonate (MMS) could reverse and/or reduce clastogenicity caused by this inducer of MNs. These data suggest possible antimutagenic and mutagenic activities of aerial parts of B. trimera EO, with a significant difference in potential inducer of MNs between males and females plants. Moreover, mutagenic activity decreased in the presence of metabolic enzymes, suggesting a potential safe use in vivo / Mestrado / Fármacos, Medicamentos e Insumos para Saúde / Mestra em Biociências e Tecnologia de Produtos Bioativos

Dietary factors have been implicated in the etiology of colon cancer. The salient components of high-risk diets are thought to be high intakes of meat, especially beef, and fat, especially animal fat, and low intakes of fiber. Low-risk diets are thought to be high in fiber, and low in meat and animal fat. The present study examines the effects of short-term consumption of diets hypothesized to increase or decrease the risk for colon cancer on mutagenic activity of feces. Whether the fecal mutagens responsible for the mutagenic activity observed in the study are directly involved in the etiology of colon cancer is not known. However, most known mutagens are potentially carcinogenic, and fecal mutagenic activity may be an indicator of risk for colon cancer. Six healthy adult subjects consumed the following diets in sequence a baseline diet for one week, a low-risk lacto-ovo vegetarian, high fiber diet for two weeks, and a high-risk, high meat, low fiber diet for two weeks. Quantitative daily food intake records were kept, and daily bowel habits were recorded. Fecal samples were collected at the end of each diet period. Analyses were performed of the diets for food and nutrient intake, and of feces for percent dry weight and pH. Mutagenic activity of the fecal samples was assayed using the fluctuation test for mutagens. The subjects' habitual diets, although omnivorous, were found to closely resemble a low-risk diet pattern. Analysis of the vegetarian and high meat diets confirmed that the subjects had consumed foods which respectively represented the components of high-risk and low-risk diets. The overall fecal mutagenic activity obtained with samples on the high meat diet was higher than with the vegetarian or baseline diets using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. The trend towards higher mutagenicity on the high meat diet over the vegetarian diet was consistent for all six subjects using TA 100, and for five of the six using TA 98. The vegetarian and baseline diets resulted in similar overall mutagenic activity. Analysis of the fecal sample parameters using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance showed no significant differences among fecal samples from the three diet periods with respect to wet weight, dry weight, percent dry weight, pH or number of daily bowel movements. However, a sign-test analysis showed a significant trend (p<0.05) towards fewer bowel movements on the high meat diet than on the vegetarian diet. There were significant differences among subjects for all of the fecal sample parameters (p<0.01 or p<0.001). Spearman rank correlations were significantly positive between mutagenic activities using bacterial strains Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100 for the baseline diet (p<0.01) and the vegetarian diet (p<0.05). There were also significant positive correlations (p<0.001) between pH and fecal mutagenicity on the high meat' diet using tester strain TA 100, and between wet weight and dry weight. The results of this study indicate that the overall mutagenic activity of human feces can be increased over a period of two weeks by the consumption of a diet high in meat and low in fiber, which is considered to be a high-risk diet for colon cancer. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Mutagens in feces have been suggested to be an indicator for risk of colon cancer. Groups consuming vegetarian diets are known to have lower mortality from colon cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess mutagenic activity in feces of persons habitually consuming vegetarian or non-vegetarian diets and to try to identify dietary factors or other health habits which contributed to fecal mutagenicity. Eleven strict vegetarians, six ovo-lacto vegetarians and twelve non-vegetarians, all from the Greater Vancouver area, participated in this study. Data on certain demographic variables and health habits, as well as dietary intake (food frequency and food records), were taken. One fecal sample was collected from each subject for the study. Aqueous extracts of the feces were prepared and analyzed for mutagens using the fluctuation test with Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98. Levels of mutagenicity on each organism were then statistically correlated with frequency of consumption of food groups, nutrient intake, demographic data and health habits. Ovo-lacto vegetarians and strict vegetarians, as groups, had significantly lower levels of fecal mutagens than non-vegetarians in the TA100 assay. With TA98, only the strict vegetarians had lower levels of mutagens compared to the non-vegetarians. The presence of several different mutagenic compounds was indicated. Significant negative correlations were found with mutagenicity on TA98 for all subjects with the following dietary variables: fruits and juices, fiber and iron. Similar negative correlations were found for total carbohydrate and Southgate fiber intakes and mutagenicity on TA100. Within the group of non-vegetarians, there were negative correlations with mutagenicity on TA98 and total protein and with mutagenicity on TA100 and calcium. With the demographic variables and health habits, no clear pattern emerged to indicate factors which would predict lowered mutagenicity for all subjects. It is concluded that vegetarians have lower levels of fecal mutagenicity and that several dietary factors are likely to contribute to this phenomenon. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate