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Dynamiques théorique et expérimentale des taux de mutations / Experimental and theoric dynamic of mutation rateViraphong Caudwell, Larissa 23 October 2015 (has links)
Les mutations constituent une des principales sources de variation sur lesquelles agit la sélection naturelle, permettant ainsi l'évolution des organismes vivants. Comprendre la dynamique d'accumulation des mutations, ainsi que les biais pouvant influer leur apparition, est donc indispensable pour mieux appréhender les processus évolutifs. Dans cette thèse, j'ai exploré ces deux aspects dans un contexte évolutif.Dans une première partie, je me suis intéressée à la dynamique des taux de mutation au cours du temps évolutif. En effet, les mutations pouvant être bénéfiques, neutres ou délétères, la dynamique des taux de mutation est régie par deux forces opposées que sont l'adaptabilité (la capacité à évoluer) et la stabilité du génome. Cette dynamique a été très étudiée de façon théorique, mais les études expérimentales sont plus limitées, et surtout à des périodes de temps courtes.Dans une seconde partie, je me suis intéressée aux biais mutationnels. En effet, de précédentes études ont montré que les taux de mutation pouvaient varier au sein d'un même génome. Ainsi, certaines mutations peuvent se produire de façon plus fréquente que d'autres, le taux de mutation d'un nucléotide pouvant par exemple être influencé par les nucléotides avoisinants.Ces analyses ont été réalisées dans le contexte de l'expérience d'évolution à long terme initiée en 1988 par Richard Lenski (Michigan State University, USA). Douze populations ont été initiées à partir d'un ancêtre commun Escherichia coli et sont propagées depuis plus de 25 ans par repiquages quotidiens dans un milieu frais. Des échantillons ont été prélevés et le génome de clones évolués séquencé à différents temps, permettant une étude phénotypique et génomique des taux de mutations sur plus de 50 000 générations.J'ai ainsi pu mettre en évidence une dynamique importante des taux de mutation, avec l'émergence de génotypes hypermutateurs suivie de phénomènes de compensation multiples. D'autre part, j'ai pu observer des biais mutationnels importants dont l'impact des nucléotides avoisinant les mutations silencieuses dans les populations. / Mutations are the ultimate source of variation that allow living organisms to adapt through natural selection. Understanding the dynamics of mutation accumulation and how they are biased stands as a keystone to understand evolutionary processes. In this work, I explored these two aspects of mutation accumulation in an evolutionary framework.First, I studied the dynamics of mutation rates over evolutionary time. As mutations may be beneficial, neutral or deleterious, the dynamics of mutation rates will be a function of two opposite driving forces: evolvability or the ability to evolve and genome stability. The resulting dynamics has been widely studied theoretically but experimental studies are scarce and mostly limited to short periods of time.Second, I focused on mutational biases. Previous studies showed that mutation rates might vary within given genomes, as a function for example of both their localization and neighboring nucleotides.All studies from this Ph.D thesis were performed in the context of the long-term evolution experiment which has been started in 1988 by Richard Lenski (Michigan State University, USA). Twelve populations were initiated from a common ancestor strain of Escherichia coli and have been propagated ever since for more than 25 years by daily transfers in fresh medium. Samples were collected and genomes of evolved clones were sequenced at regular time point intervals, allowing both the phenotypic and genomic studies of the mutation rate for more than 50,000 generations.In this study, I showed that mutation rates are highly dynamic: the emergence of hypermutator genotypes is followed by multiple compensation events. I also observed large mutational biases, including the impact of the neighboring nucleotides on resulting aminoacid changes.
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Busca de genes relacionados a fenótipos mutadores em Caulobacter crescentus. / Search for genes related to the mutator phenotypes in Caulobacter crescentus.Pinheiro, Marinalva Martins 17 October 2007 (has links)
A comparação \"in silico\" das vias de reparo de DNA nos genomas de Caulobacter crescentus e E. coli mostra diferenças significativas entre estas duas bactérias, sugerindo diversidade biológica das respostas a danos no DNA entre as bactérias. Em busca de genes que possam proteger o genoma de C. crescentus contra mutações, foi feita uma varredura em uma biblioteca de cerca de 5.000 clones construída a partir de inserção aleatória do transposon TN5 no genoma dessa bactéria. A maioria destes genes não tinha sido, ainda, relacionada a fenótipo mutador, mas, como esperado, também identificamos genes já conhecidos como relacionados a fenótipos mutadores. Alguns clones candidatos foram investigados quanto ao tipo de mutação induzida, baseando-se na sequência do gene rpoB, com o objetivo de indicar o processo mutacional sob condições genéticas específicas. Análises baseadas na medida da atividade promotora em fusão de transcrição com lacZ, mostra que o sistema SOS está alterado em alguns clones, e pode justificar parte do fenótipo mutador em alguns deles. / The \"in silico\" comparison of the main DNA repair genes between C. crescentus and E. coli shows significant differences between these bacteria, suggesting biological diversity in bacterial responses to DNA damage. We further screened a C. crescentus library of 5,000 clones mutated by random insertion of the TN5 transposon in the genome, searching for clones with high levels of spontaneous rifampicin resistance mutations. Most of the genes identified have not been previously reported as related to mutator phenotype, but, as expected, we have also identified proteins already known as causing mutator phenotypes when mutated. As part of the functional characterization, some candidate clones were characterized based on rpoB gene sequences aiming at indicating the mutational process under specific genetic background conditions. Analysis of some candidate clones based on measurements of promoter activity with lacZ transcriptional fusions show that the system SOS is modified in some clones and this justify part of their mutator phenotype.
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Busca de genes relacionados a fenótipos mutadores em Caulobacter crescentus. / Search for genes related to the mutator phenotypes in Caulobacter crescentus.Marinalva Martins Pinheiro 17 October 2007 (has links)
A comparação \"in silico\" das vias de reparo de DNA nos genomas de Caulobacter crescentus e E. coli mostra diferenças significativas entre estas duas bactérias, sugerindo diversidade biológica das respostas a danos no DNA entre as bactérias. Em busca de genes que possam proteger o genoma de C. crescentus contra mutações, foi feita uma varredura em uma biblioteca de cerca de 5.000 clones construída a partir de inserção aleatória do transposon TN5 no genoma dessa bactéria. A maioria destes genes não tinha sido, ainda, relacionada a fenótipo mutador, mas, como esperado, também identificamos genes já conhecidos como relacionados a fenótipos mutadores. Alguns clones candidatos foram investigados quanto ao tipo de mutação induzida, baseando-se na sequência do gene rpoB, com o objetivo de indicar o processo mutacional sob condições genéticas específicas. Análises baseadas na medida da atividade promotora em fusão de transcrição com lacZ, mostra que o sistema SOS está alterado em alguns clones, e pode justificar parte do fenótipo mutador em alguns deles. / The \"in silico\" comparison of the main DNA repair genes between C. crescentus and E. coli shows significant differences between these bacteria, suggesting biological diversity in bacterial responses to DNA damage. We further screened a C. crescentus library of 5,000 clones mutated by random insertion of the TN5 transposon in the genome, searching for clones with high levels of spontaneous rifampicin resistance mutations. Most of the genes identified have not been previously reported as related to mutator phenotype, but, as expected, we have also identified proteins already known as causing mutator phenotypes when mutated. As part of the functional characterization, some candidate clones were characterized based on rpoB gene sequences aiming at indicating the mutational process under specific genetic background conditions. Analysis of some candidate clones based on measurements of promoter activity with lacZ transcriptional fusions show that the system SOS is modified in some clones and this justify part of their mutator phenotype.
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Caracterização do fenótipo mutador de isolados de Proteus mirabilis. / Characterization of the mutator phenotype in isolates of P. mirabilis.Fonseca, Marina Rocha Borges da 03 February 2017 (has links)
Cepas com altas taxas de mutação (mutadoras) foram detectadas em diversos gêneros bacterianos. A alta taxa de mutação está relacionada a defeitos em sistemas de reparo de DNA. Uma alta incidência de isolados clínicos de Proteus mirabilis com altas frequências de mutação foi descrita anteriormente. O fenômeno foi induzido em Escherichia coli, quando transformada com um plasmídeo de P. mirabilis. Com coleção de 77 isolados clínicos de P. mirabilis, medimos a frequência de mutantes espontâneos e verificamos a presença do elemento conjugativo ICE SXT/R391, para desvendar possível relação entre a presença do ICE e a frequência de mutação. 9 isolados clínicos apresentam o ICE. A frequência de mutantes mostrou que não existem mutadores verdadeiros, mas 11 isolados apresentam uma alta frequência de mutantes FosR. Considerando o alto índice de infecções por P. mirabilis, é importante entender a resistência à fosfomicina, já que esta é usada na clínica. Não existe relação entre uma frequência de mutantes espontânea e a presença de ICE SXT/R391 em isolados de P. mirabilis. / Strains with high mutation rates (mutators) were detected in several bacterial genera. The increased mutation rate is related to defects in DNA repair systems. A high incidence of Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates with high mutation frequencies were described previously. The phenomenon was induced in Escherichia coli, when transformed with a plasmid of P. mirabilis. 77 P. mirabilis clinical isolates were tested for the frequency of spontaneous mutants and the presence of a conjugative element found in this species, ICEs SXT/R391, to verify if there is a relation between the element and the mutation frequencies. 9 isolates carry the ICE SXT/R391. The frequency of mutants showed no true mutators among the isolates. 11 isolates show a high frequency of FosR mutants. Considering the high rate of infections by P. mirabilis, it is important to understand the fosfomycin phenomenon, since it is currently used to treat urinary infections. We have seen no relation between a high spontaneous mutation frequency and the presence of ICE SXT/R391 in isolates of P. mirabilis.
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Caracterização do fenótipo mutador de isolados de Proteus mirabilis. / Characterization of the mutator phenotype in isolates of P. mirabilis.Marina Rocha Borges da Fonseca 03 February 2017 (has links)
Cepas com altas taxas de mutação (mutadoras) foram detectadas em diversos gêneros bacterianos. A alta taxa de mutação está relacionada a defeitos em sistemas de reparo de DNA. Uma alta incidência de isolados clínicos de Proteus mirabilis com altas frequências de mutação foi descrita anteriormente. O fenômeno foi induzido em Escherichia coli, quando transformada com um plasmídeo de P. mirabilis. Com coleção de 77 isolados clínicos de P. mirabilis, medimos a frequência de mutantes espontâneos e verificamos a presença do elemento conjugativo ICE SXT/R391, para desvendar possível relação entre a presença do ICE e a frequência de mutação. 9 isolados clínicos apresentam o ICE. A frequência de mutantes mostrou que não existem mutadores verdadeiros, mas 11 isolados apresentam uma alta frequência de mutantes FosR. Considerando o alto índice de infecções por P. mirabilis, é importante entender a resistência à fosfomicina, já que esta é usada na clínica. Não existe relação entre uma frequência de mutantes espontânea e a presença de ICE SXT/R391 em isolados de P. mirabilis. / Strains with high mutation rates (mutators) were detected in several bacterial genera. The increased mutation rate is related to defects in DNA repair systems. A high incidence of Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates with high mutation frequencies were described previously. The phenomenon was induced in Escherichia coli, when transformed with a plasmid of P. mirabilis. 77 P. mirabilis clinical isolates were tested for the frequency of spontaneous mutants and the presence of a conjugative element found in this species, ICEs SXT/R391, to verify if there is a relation between the element and the mutation frequencies. 9 isolates carry the ICE SXT/R391. The frequency of mutants showed no true mutators among the isolates. 11 isolates show a high frequency of FosR mutants. Considering the high rate of infections by P. mirabilis, it is important to understand the fosfomycin phenomenon, since it is currently used to treat urinary infections. We have seen no relation between a high spontaneous mutation frequency and the presence of ICE SXT/R391 in isolates of P. mirabilis.
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