Submitted by Luiza Kleinubing (luiza.kleinubing@udesc.br) on 2018-03-06T17:07:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellington Menegaz de Paula.pdf: 6953020 bytes, checksum: b982950109f7db2b8ed77e553fb088c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-06T17:07:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellington Menegaz de Paula.pdf: 6953020 bytes, checksum: b982950109f7db2b8ed77e553fb088c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Programa de Bolsas de Monitoria de Pós-Graduação - PROMOP/UDESC / In this research, I analyze theatrical practices that are able to combine real presence and virtual presence taken place in the cyberspace, such practices are established in the school context, and they go beyond these boundaries. Once cyberspace is a present reality in the daily lives of many young people, the incorporation of internet media, such as Facebook and WhatsApp could prove to be a rich opportunity to dialogue with the cultural universe of the students. Therefore, I question: what are the challenges and possibilities of such incorporation for theater teaching? Therefore, with this research, I analyze possible relations between cyberspace and process drama, a specific method of theater education that is called drama in education or process drama, which was first developed in England and gradually is being broadcast in several countries, such as Brazil. This thesis, which is focused on the training of future theater teachers, was performed with a group of theater graduation students in the Federal University of Uberlandia UFU-MG. The research development process was based on the literature review, analysis of developed process drama, interviews with some students who participated in the process, in personal notes and research materials posted on the Internet by private groups on Facebook, in WhatsApp´s posted messages and audio. The analyzed process drama are: Golden Mouth: a suburban drama; Wolf ; Clans; and Famous. This study addresses some questions, such as: How to establish the investigative connection required in a process drama, within the internet environment and in a classroom environment, as school? What are the contributions that the assimilation of internet in process drama can bring to the theatrical experience? / Nesta pesquisa, analiso práticas teatrais que aliam a realidade presencial, que se estabelece no espaço escolar, à uma realidade virtual que se encontra no ciberespaço. Uma vez que o ciberespaço é uma realidade presente no cotidiano de muitos adolescentes e jovens, a incorporação de meios da internet, tais como Facebook e o WhatsApp, poderia vir a ser uma possibilidade rica de diálogo com o universo cultural dos estudantes. Diante disso, questiono: quais os desafios e possibilidades dessa incorporação para o ensino do teatro? Para tanto, com esta pesquisa, analiso possíveis relações entre ciberespaço e drama-processo o qual se refere a um método específico de ensino do teatro, denominado drama in education ou process drama, que foi desenvolvido inicialmente na Inglaterra e, aos poucos, está sendo difundido em diversos países, como o Brasil. Essa tese, cujo foco está na formação de futuros professores de Teatro, foi realizada com um grupo de estudantes do Curso de Licenciatura em Teatro da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia UFU (MG). O processo de desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa fundamentou-se na revisão bibliográfica, na análise dos dramas-processos desenvolvidos, em entrevistas com alguns estudantes que participaram dos processos, em anotações pessoais e investigação de materiais postados na internet por intermédio de grupos privados no Facebook, em mensagens e áudios postados no WhatsApp. Os dramas-processos analisados são: Boca de Ouro: um drama suburbano; Lobos; Clãs; e Famosos. Esse estudo aborda algumas questões, quais sejam: Como estabelecer a conexão investigativa necessária a um drama-processo, no ambiente da internet e em um ambiente presencial, o da escola? Quais as contribuições que a assimilação da internet em dramas-processos pode trazer para a experiência teatral?

Atualmente as pessoas vivem sob constante nível de estresse, resultado das exigências do trabalho, da violência, de imposições e demandas sociais. O estresse crônico tem sido relacionado com inúmeros transtornos como ansiedade, alterações de memória, depressão, alterações cardiovasculares e transtornos alimentares. O ritmo de atividade na vida moderna leva a substituição de alimentos saudáveis por lanches prontos e industrializados que traduzem e exemplificam o que chamamos hoje de ocidentalização da alimentação. O sobrepeso e a obesidade, resultantes da ingestão de alimentos de alto valor calórico, vêm aumentando de forma alarmante em todo o mundo e atinge pessoas de todas as faixas etárias. Modelos experimentais de estresse e de obesidade são empregados por pesquisadores na busca de soluções para estes transtornos. Neste estudo avaliaram-se efeitos sobre parâmetros ponderais e bioquímicos da associação do estresse à alimentação hipercalórica buscando mimetizar o fenômeno da vida moderna. Utilizou-se para tanto ratos submetidos a um protocolo de estresse crônico por restrição associado a uma dieta hipercalórica conhecida como dieta de cafeteria. Utilizou-se 38 ratos adultos machos Wistar, pesando entre 200-250g, divididos em quatro grupos: controle total (CT)-ração padrão sem modelo de estresse, grupo estresse (E)-ração padrão e modelo de estresse, grupo dieta e estresse (DE)-dieta de cafeteria e modelo de estresse e grupo dieta (D)-dieta de cafeteria sem o modelo de estresse. Os animais foram submetidos ao modelo de estresse crônico por restrição diariamente entre 9h e 12h/5 dias da semana/40 dias. Utilizou-se um tubo plástico (25 x 7 cm) com diâmetro ajustável com a parte frontal aberta. Foram avaliados parâmetros ponderais, consumo alimentar, calórico e líquido, níveis séricos de: corticosterona, leptina, glicose, triacilglicerol, colesterol total, HDL, LDL e VLDL. Os dados foram expressos em Média+EPM, e analisados utilizando o teste ANOVA de medidas repetidas para peso ponderal e consumos, e ANOVA de uma via/SNK, P<0.05, para os demais parâmetros. A associação de um protocolo de estresse crônico a um modelo de dieta hipercalórica conhecida como dieta de cafeteria demonstra a supremacia da dieta hipercalórica na determinação de parâmetros como ganho de peso ponderal total, ganho de peso de tecido adiposo e aumento dos níveis séricos de leptina, mesmo na presença de estresse crônico por restrição. / Today we live under constant level of stress resulting from work, violence, and social demands. Chronic stress is associated with numerous disorders, including anxiety, changes in the formation of memories, depression and eating disorders. Long working hours, where time to make meals is reduced, leading to achievement of snacks that also abbreviate the time are low cost. Even those people who have time to eat properly are replacing more healthy foods for snacks and processed ready to translate and exemplify what we call western style diet. The overweight and obesity, resulting from ingestion of high calories, has been increasing alarmingly throughout the world and affects people of all ages. Experimental models of stress and obesity are used by researchers, this study linked a protocol of chronic stress restraint and hypercaloric diet known as cafeteria diet and examined the effects on weight and biochemical parameters in these animals. We used 38 adult male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250g. The animals were divided into four groups: control (TC)- standard food without the stress model, stress group (E)-standard food and model of stress, diet and stress group (DE)-cafeteria diet and stress model and diet group (D)-cafeteria diet without the stress model. Restraint was applied by placing the animal inside a 25 x 7 cm plastic tube, and fixing the tube with adhesive tape on the outside, so that the animal was unable to move. There was a 1 cm hole at the far end for breathing. The animals were subjected to chronic stress by restriction, one hour per day (between 9am to 12pm)/5 days a week/40 days. Parameters were evaluated by weight and consumption, and analyzed the serum: corticosterone, leptin, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides. Data were expressed as Mean + SEM, and analyzed using the ANOVA repeated measures for weight and presented consumptions, and one-way ANOVA / SNK, P <0.05, for the rest parameters. The association of chronic stress model and cafeteria diet shows the supremacy of the hypercaloric diet in determination of parameters such as weight gain, total weight, adipose tissue and increased serum levels of leptin, although of chronic stress restraint.

The dissertation focuses on two case studies, Salisbury House and Northumberland House, arguably the most important, and the only newly-built palaces along the Strand in London in the early seventeenth century. These houses, like most of the Strand palaces, have so far been neglected, largely because they were demolished so long ago. However, the archives of the families who built or owned them preserve a wealth of primary sources, thus far mostly unexplored, which have allowed a comprehensive study of the history of both houses. The dissertation begins with a general introduction offering an overview on the history and development of the Strand palaces. Particular attention is given to Somerset House (1547-52), which, due to its architectural influence within the English context, provides essential elements for the study of the topic. The first case study on Salisbury House (1599-1613; dem. 1694) affords a full analysis of its building history. It begins with an investigation of the role of the builder, the mighty Sir Robert Cecil, Secretary of State under Elizabeth I and James I, 1st Earl of Salisbury from 1605, and perhaps the most important architectural patron of his age. The evidence is then discussed of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century views of London, which are often an unquestioned base for the description of this vanished house. This scrutiny highlights the limits of the standard views and provides the background for a new identification of two series of plans of Salisbury House. These plans, re-configured and completed by reconstruction drawings, are fully analysed in the light of documentary sources. Next, the study focuses on a remarkable design for a Porticus of 1605-10 intended for the river front of the garden of Salisbury House, which I analyse, measure and re-configure for the first time. This allows a reconsideration of the Haynes Grange Room, a controversial piece of woodwork datable to the 1580s. The Porticus and the Haynes Grange Room can be attributed to John Osborne (c.1550-1628), a ‘gentleman architect’ who proves to be a lone precursor of Inigo Jones in the development of classicism in England. Finally, the study provides an examination of later alterations of Salisbury House. The second case study on Northumberland (former Northampton) House (1605-1611; dem. 1874) affords a complete analysis of the early stages of the original Northampton House, which have never been fully investigated. This begins with an examination of the hitherto little-known architectural patronage of its builder, Lord Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton from 1603 and one of the most interesting figures of the early-Stuart era. In an analysis of the building activities of Northampton and Salisbury, textual and visual evidence is closely investigated, while an elevational drawing of the original front of Northampton House is presented for the first time. This I associate with other sources re-configuring both the inside and outside of the house as Henry Howard left it. The role of subsequent proprietors, prominent in what is the only Strand palace to survive the turn of the seventeenth century, is also fully described. I look at the Suffolk period, a short interval of twenty-eight years, when the house was owned by the Earls of Suffolk, as well as at the alterations carried out by Algernon Percy in the 1640s and 1650s, when the house became the London seat of the Earl of Northumberland. This important stage is closely analysed through a fresh examination of all relevant sources. The last part of this study provides an overview in appendix of the continuous adaptations and improvements of the house, which remained a Percy property, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The conclusion highlights the contribution of this dissertation, which is not only that of filling a void, but also that of providing a new fertile background for further discussion. In addition, a number of unpublished sources, both documentary and topographical, will change our understanding of a remarkable chapter of London history. The dissertation is completed by an appendix of relevant documents and reconstruction drawings which show the original aspect of these vanished palaces. A selection of comparative plates, as well as a catalogue raisonné in which all topographical sources are listed and analysed, are also included.

Almost every chilled water system is affected by the low delta-T syndrome in which the supply and return chilled water temperatures falls short of the design level, particularly at low loads. This results in inefficient chillers and higher energy consumption of the chiller plant. This research is aimed at designing a district cooling system (DCS) that can accommodate the low delta-T problem and minimize its impact on the DCS’ energy performance. Methodologies were developed to minimize DCS energy consumption and running cost, particularly those related to the chiller plant and pumping station. A hypothetical urban district and a baseline DCS were set up for simulation of alternative designs to be evaluated and compared. Energy efficiency enhancement measures related to chiller system configuration, pumping station configuration and chilled water temperature were also evaluated. Moreover, mathematical models that simulate the performance of major DCS components were developed. These models were integrated to become a DCS model for identifying an optimum design. A life cycle cost (LCC) model was also adopted for identifying a cost optimal design solution that would result in the lowest LCC and an optimum energy performance when the DCS was operated under low delta-T conditions. The variants of DCS design evaluated include five combinations of chiller system configuration, eight chilled water temperature regimes, and 36,192 arrangements of pumping stations. A simple heuristic strategy was adopted to greatly reduce the number of design solutions to be studied. The energy, financial and environmental performances of these possible solutions were then evaluated. The results show that the optimum design in respect of energy performance, denoted as “Solution E”, could save 15.3% of the annual total electricity consumption of DCSO. After evaluating the LCC of each possible solution, it was found that instead of Solution E, “Solution C” was the most cost-effective. This cost-optimal design was about 7.5% lower in LCC than the baseline case. The LCC saving would amount to HK$332 million in present value. There were 15 equally-sized variable speed chillers in Solution C. Six pumping stations were located along both the main chilled water supply and return pipes, with five pumps in each station, and the chilled water supply and return temperatures were 5oC and 13oC respectively. This design could lead to a 14.6% reduction in the electricity consumption of DCSO. Although this percentage was about 1% lower than that achieved by Solution E, the LCC of Solution C was more financially favourable due to lower initial capital cost, and life-cycle replacement and maintenance cost. The methods devised in the presented research can help to provide a direction in the search for an integrated DCS design solution that could mitigate the impacts of degrading delta-T on the energy performance of the DCS. The results obtained from this study will enable a DCS owner to evaluate the energy benefits and the associated financial trade-offs. Moreover, the energy-optimal solution identified could lead to fewer impacts on the environment. Had we been able to account for the costs of the environmental impacts as well, the energy-optimal solution could well be the cost-optimal solution as well. This factor should be considered in a selection of the design to adopt in order to help our society achieve a more sustainable future.

This thesis investigated the enactment of low carbon policy aspirations by practitioners designing new non-domestic buildings during the 2010 transitional energy regulation change in England and Wales. The investigation called on social theories to examine how the low carbon policy model was adopted by designers in real-time project design. It analyses what designers were doing as compared to what they were expected to be doing by documenting the design process, the knowledge and the tools to embed performance. The research was conducted by ethnographic methods that included non-participant observations, interviews and document analysis. Four architecture practices were recruited to analyse the conceptual and detailed design process in six non-domestic buildings for twelve to twenty-one months per case study. The architects were the main research participants and other design team members such as the mechanical engineers, the energy specialists and the BREEAM assessors were included. The study reveals how the compliance tools, guidance and standards (official tools) were incorporated in routine project design and the informal tools that designers used to embed low carbon performance throughout the design process. The findings suggest that the designers’ enactment of the policy enters already formed design processes that reflect a multitude of concerns and precedents, a preexisting social context. The social context is likely to affect the evolution of the low carbon aspirations, the dissemination of knowledge and the use of tools in the process. The field data reveals the understanding performance cycles enacted by designers and the knowledge gaps likely to emerge in the process. The study identifies the designers’ enactment of the policy aspirations and increases the understanding of the designers’ adoption of official standards, tools and guidance during the real time design process.

The thesis addresses the contributions of urban geometry under hot-arid summer condition in the Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, toward both; the development of comfortable microclimate conditions in outdoor spaces at pedestrian level, and energy consumption from urban dwellers. The urban geometry is described in this thesis by three variables, including building height to street width aspect ratios (H/w), sky view factor (SVF) at pedestrian level, and the solar orientations of the canyons. These three variables are used in this study to investigate their influence on the microclimate conditions and the associated outdoor thermal comfort and energy consumption from urban dwellers. The work intends to shed light on the existing geometries of different urban locations in Riyadh City and the associated thermal conditions, as well as the thermal perceptions and preferences of outdoor users. Therefore, integrated empirical studies that are composed of three original surveys are carried out, including a study of land surface temperature of Riyadh City, outdoor thermal comfort survey, and in situ microclimate measurements in different urban locations at neighbourhood scale and within urban canyons. Following that, microclimate and energy modelling are carried out on a number of hypothetical urban geometries that proposed according to the current buildings and planning regulations in the Riyadh City, i.e. building materials, opening ratios on building facades, buildings and streets layouts and minimum width of local streets. Yet, since the study measures the impact of scenarios modifications of urban geometry on the issues under investigation, thus, additional buildings heights and different setback aspect ratios have been added. The proposed hypothetical urban geometries investigated include various street aspect ratio (H/st.) equal to 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2, and setback aspect ratio (H/sb.) equal to 0, 2, 4 and 8. The proposed urban settings that resulted from the combination of the various streets and setbacks aspect ratios are modelled on four different orientations, including EW, NS, NE-SW and NW-SE, and a total of 64 different urban geometries were evaluated.

Traditional settlement patterns in Sri Lanka reflect a sense of harmony between built forms, architecture and their natural landscape context. In contrast to this, many new developments neglect or overpower natural landscape features. In traditional societies a range of sites are celebrated through the performance of ritual activities which create significant distinctive places and dwelling patterns. This research focuses on traditional settlements of Sri Lanka to examine emerging architecture and built space, focusing on the relationships between natural landscape, cultural place and the role of ritual and performance. A number of pilot case studies followed by an in depth comparative case study of a city and a village - Kandy and Lankathilaka respectively - address the topic by examining how common narratives perform in contrasting landscape locations. The thesis develops the theoretical concept of the ‘Performative phenomenon’ as a means of understanding the dynamic nature of cultural place and landscape in the Sri Lankan context. A theoretical framework and case study method is established by combining aspects of phenomenology, anthropology, psychology, ethnography, landscape theory, and architectural interpretation. A wide range of literature review draws on key concepts such as chora and topos, dwelling, ideal forms, Mitte and actor-network-theory to theorise how ‘place’ emerges through cultural practices in space and time. Fieldwork and archival research provide detailed evidence of site specific practices, most notably in the Asala perahera festivals which are repeated at both case study locations. A pattern matching technique is applied for analysing data, presented in tables, diagrams, maps and illustrations. In both case studies, the experience of ideal forms and dwelling is evident throughout the performing process of Asala perahera. Place is produced by repeated events, such as, parading, marking geometrical patterns, sound performing, narrating, body performing and so on, producing and sustaining an inter-related network of performers and landscape. It is concluded that Kandy city is experienced as an ‘inside’ enclosed within three mountains, while Lankathilaka village is experienced as a divine centre. Through locally specific performative processes, common ideal forms continue to flourish, shaped by the natural landscape and architecture, which reflect the chora of the place.

It is widely proposed that building performance simulation (BPS) software holds massive potential for architects; enabling them to empirically assess the impacts of design decisions based on energy-efficiency and performance. However, migration of BPS into the architectural world has been superseded with barriers. The majority of barriers identified in the literature are of a technical nature; related to limitations in software and difficulties experienced by architects when they attempt to use BPS tools. Instead, many architects rely on the services of specialists in BPS (BPS specialists), and collaborate with them to inform design decision-making. It is proposed in this thesis that alongside technical barriers, there may be additional non-technical barriers which arise when architects and BPS specialists collaborate. The aim of this thesis is therefore to extract these potential non-technical barriers and explore how they may threaten to reduce the potential for BPS to inform design decision-making. To fulfil this aim, a pragmatic mixed-methods approach from the social sciences is devised; consisting of both qualitative and quantitative instruments. The main findings of this thesis have been arrived at by integrating the outcomes of both qualitative and quantitative stages, and consist of some non-technical barriers specific to the England and Wales context. These include architects’ negative attitudes toward BPS, architects perceiving the primary purpose of BPS to be for compliance, trust dynamics and stereotyping between architects and BPS specialists and ineffective communication between the two groups. These findings illustrate that non-technical barriers do exist, and can be extracted using the proposed methods. Novel additions to the body of knowledge made by this contribution include the findings themselves and the methodological approach used to arrive at these findings, highlighting the usefulness of social science research methods for future BPS research.

Carbon footprints are increasingly being used as strategic policy tools for climate change mitigation at all levels national, regional, local or product. Cities being the centre stage of consumption and concentrations of populations are key in Climate change mitigation both in terms of reduction policies and adaptation. Many studies have been conducted to create and refine the methodology of conducting Greenhouse Gases (GHG) inventories at the city scale as well as to compare global or regional cities. Whilst the practice of GHG inventorying is rapidly finding place in cities in the developed nations, cities in developing countries haven’t been as proactive. This thesis, takes a case study approach to identifying the opportunities and barriers to using a GHG inventory as a policy tool in a mid size Tier III city(<1 million population) in India. The results show that whilst possible to conduct a GHG inventory within the existing data and governance structure, the success of such a policy and monitoring tool is highly dependent on a conducive governance environ with clear accountability. The five-year study showed rapidly increasing emissions rising from 1.07 Metric Tons per capita in 2007 to 1.43 Metric Tons per capita in 2011. Transport and residential sectors were identified as the key drivers. Yet compared to global benchmarks the emissions are very low, hence, suggesting that the policy target must be set at containing the emissions at low levels rather than reducing. A key finding was a declining annual growth rate for emissions within the city pointing to a positive trend that emissions are not rising at an exponentially growing rate that is sometimes assumed in relation to cities in developing countries. While emissions per capita have increased, emissions per unit GDP have gone down. The recommendations suggest leveraging existing government policies to reform the process and increase awareness.

The heat in tropical urban environments has long been a concern for planners of new towns and modern areas in older towns; both from the perspective of comfort and in consideration of the energy usage involved in cooling buildings. Thus, this thesis focuses on the optimum cooling effect in combination of vegetation with ground surface albedo modification at street level in mitigating urban heat island (UHI) in Persiaran Perdana, Putrajaya, and the consequent benefits towards outdoor human thermal comfort and building energy performances.