A canção popular enquanto objeto de estudos acadêmicos vem ganhando relevância em diferentes áreas do conhecimento, e diversas têm sido as formas pelas quais ela é abordada. A premissa central que ampara esta pesquisa é entendê-la como uma manifestação sociocultural que se realiza através da performance, ancorada em pesquisas que propõem tal enfoque. Paralelamente a isso, por questões de posicionamento político de esquerda e feminista, tenho interesse particular em estudar as representações femininas na canção popular brasileira, abordadas aqui, especificamente, através de personagens mulheres de canções compostas por Chico Buarque para que quatro importantes cantoras da nossa cultura dessem voz a elas, corporificando-as através de suas performances: Elis Regina, Nara Leão, Maria Bethânia e Gal Costa. Ao longo do trabalho, faço uma revisão sobre as diversas – e interdisciplinares – perspectivas teóricas que dão suporte ao meu estudo. Inicio retomando questões sobre os Estudos da Performance, e, a partir desses, da Música Enquanto Performance. Como a representação de personagens femininas é um aspecto central desta pesquisa, apresento os estudos que defendem o entendimento do conceito de gênero enquanto uma categoria performativa, para, na sequência, revisar alguns estudos feministas sobre gênero em música. Embasada em todo esse arcabouço teórico, apresento alguns conceitos e metodologias que dão suporte às análises que proponho, como os aspectos a serem observados em uma performance, a ferramenta que possibilita um mapeamento da performance audiovisual – MaPA –, os estudos sobre as expressões faciais, dentre outros. Eu então defendo uma virada epistemológica na abordagem da canção, de modo que seja entendida enquanto performance, e uma relevância central ao papel das intérpretes é reivindicada, propondo que os sentidos das canções analisadas são co-construídos por Chico Buarque (através das canções); Elis, Nara, Bethânia e Gal (através das suas performances), e eventuais atores diversos. As quatro canções analisadas foram compostas para cada uma dessas cantoras interpretarem. Logo, discuto também a relação sociocultural do compositor com essas intérpretes. Apresento um capítulo de revisão sobre as características do cancioneiro de Chico Buarque que pretendo ressaltar, i. e., as personagens femininas e marginalizadas, para depois, após uma breve retomada das personae artísticas de cada uma das cantoras, estabelecer interpretações amparadas pela interação de suas performances, as personagens que interpretam e os significados sugeridos pela canção. Como feminista, acredito que esse estudo possa contribuir para dar visibilidade a essas personagens apresentadas nas canções – a maioria delas retratada em uma posição desfavorável nas relações de poder que expressam, mas que são bastante representativas de uma grande parcela das mulheres daquela sociedade (brasileira, nas décadas de 60 e 70). Além disso, ao reivindicar um lugar central à figura das intérpretes pelo estudo dessas canções enquanto performance, elas adquirirem um status de protagonistas na criação musical, papel que por muito tempo tem sido renegado às mulheres em nossa cultura ocidental. / Popular song as an object of academic studies has gained relevance lately in different areas of knowledge, and several have been the ways in which it has been approached. The central premise that supports this research is to understand it as a sociocultural manifestation that happens through its performance, anchored in researches that propose such an approach. In parallel with this, for Left and feminist political positions, I am particularly interested in studying female representations in Brazilian popular song, specifically addressed here through women characters from songs composed by Chico Buarque so that four important singers of our culture could give voice to them, embodying them through their performances: Elis Regina, Nara Leão, Maria Bethânia and Gal Costa. Throughout the work, I review the various - and interdisciplinary - theoretical perspectives that support my study. To begin with, I take up questions on Performance Studies, and, based on these, on Music as Performance. As the representation of female characters is a central aspect of this research, I present the studies that defend the understanding of the concept of gender as a performative category, and then review some feminist studies on gender in Music. Based on this theoretical framework, I present some concepts and methodologies that support the analyzis I propose, such as the aspects to be observed in a performance, a tool that allows a mapping of audiovisual performances - MaPA -, studies on the facial expressions, among others. I then defend an epistemological turn in song studies, so that it is understood as performance, and interpreters’ significant role is claimed, intending that the meanings of the analyzed songs are co-constructed by Chico Buarque (through the songs); Elis, Nara, Bethânia and Gal (through their performances); and other possible actors. The four analyzed songs were composed for each of these singers to perform. Therefore, I also discuss the sociocultural relationship of the composer with these interpreters. I present a review chapter on the characteristics of Chico Buarque's songs I intend to highlight, such as the female and marginalized characters, and then, after a brief resumption of the artistic personae of each of the singers, I propose interpretations supported by the interaction of their performances, the characters they interpret and the meanings suggested by the song. As a feminist, I believe that this study may contribute as a way of giving visibility to these characters presented in the songs - most of them portrayed in a weaker position in power relations they express, but which are quite representative of an expressive number of women in that society (Brazil in the 60s and 70s). Moreover, by claiming a central place for the interpreters’ figure as we study these songs as performances, they acquire a status of protagonists in musical creation, a role that have long been denied to women in our Western culture.

No description available.

A canção popular enquanto objeto de estudos acadêmicos vem ganhando relevância em diferentes áreas do conhecimento, e diversas têm sido as formas pelas quais ela é abordada. A premissa central que ampara esta pesquisa é entendê-la como uma manifestação sociocultural que se realiza através da performance, ancorada em pesquisas que propõem tal enfoque. Paralelamente a isso, por questões de posicionamento político de esquerda e feminista, tenho interesse particular em estudar as representações femininas na canção popular brasileira, abordadas aqui, especificamente, através de personagens mulheres de canções compostas por Chico Buarque para que quatro importantes cantoras da nossa cultura dessem voz a elas, corporificando-as através de suas performances: Elis Regina, Nara Leão, Maria Bethânia e Gal Costa. Ao longo do trabalho, faço uma revisão sobre as diversas – e interdisciplinares – perspectivas teóricas que dão suporte ao meu estudo. Inicio retomando questões sobre os Estudos da Performance, e, a partir desses, da Música Enquanto Performance. Como a representação de personagens femininas é um aspecto central desta pesquisa, apresento os estudos que defendem o entendimento do conceito de gênero enquanto uma categoria performativa, para, na sequência, revisar alguns estudos feministas sobre gênero em música. Embasada em todo esse arcabouço teórico, apresento alguns conceitos e metodologias que dão suporte às análises que proponho, como os aspectos a serem observados em uma performance, a ferramenta que possibilita um mapeamento da performance audiovisual – MaPA –, os estudos sobre as expressões faciais, dentre outros. Eu então defendo uma virada epistemológica na abordagem da canção, de modo que seja entendida enquanto performance, e uma relevância central ao papel das intérpretes é reivindicada, propondo que os sentidos das canções analisadas são co-construídos por Chico Buarque (através das canções); Elis, Nara, Bethânia e Gal (através das suas performances), e eventuais atores diversos. As quatro canções analisadas foram compostas para cada uma dessas cantoras interpretarem. Logo, discuto também a relação sociocultural do compositor com essas intérpretes. Apresento um capítulo de revisão sobre as características do cancioneiro de Chico Buarque que pretendo ressaltar, i. e., as personagens femininas e marginalizadas, para depois, após uma breve retomada das personae artísticas de cada uma das cantoras, estabelecer interpretações amparadas pela interação de suas performances, as personagens que interpretam e os significados sugeridos pela canção. Como feminista, acredito que esse estudo possa contribuir para dar visibilidade a essas personagens apresentadas nas canções – a maioria delas retratada em uma posição desfavorável nas relações de poder que expressam, mas que são bastante representativas de uma grande parcela das mulheres daquela sociedade (brasileira, nas décadas de 60 e 70). Além disso, ao reivindicar um lugar central à figura das intérpretes pelo estudo dessas canções enquanto performance, elas adquirirem um status de protagonistas na criação musical, papel que por muito tempo tem sido renegado às mulheres em nossa cultura ocidental. / Popular song as an object of academic studies has gained relevance lately in different areas of knowledge, and several have been the ways in which it has been approached. The central premise that supports this research is to understand it as a sociocultural manifestation that happens through its performance, anchored in researches that propose such an approach. In parallel with this, for Left and feminist political positions, I am particularly interested in studying female representations in Brazilian popular song, specifically addressed here through women characters from songs composed by Chico Buarque so that four important singers of our culture could give voice to them, embodying them through their performances: Elis Regina, Nara Leão, Maria Bethânia and Gal Costa. Throughout the work, I review the various - and interdisciplinary - theoretical perspectives that support my study. To begin with, I take up questions on Performance Studies, and, based on these, on Music as Performance. As the representation of female characters is a central aspect of this research, I present the studies that defend the understanding of the concept of gender as a performative category, and then review some feminist studies on gender in Music. Based on this theoretical framework, I present some concepts and methodologies that support the analyzis I propose, such as the aspects to be observed in a performance, a tool that allows a mapping of audiovisual performances - MaPA -, studies on the facial expressions, among others. I then defend an epistemological turn in song studies, so that it is understood as performance, and interpreters’ significant role is claimed, intending that the meanings of the analyzed songs are co-constructed by Chico Buarque (through the songs); Elis, Nara, Bethânia and Gal (through their performances); and other possible actors. The four analyzed songs were composed for each of these singers to perform. Therefore, I also discuss the sociocultural relationship of the composer with these interpreters. I present a review chapter on the characteristics of Chico Buarque's songs I intend to highlight, such as the female and marginalized characters, and then, after a brief resumption of the artistic personae of each of the singers, I propose interpretations supported by the interaction of their performances, the characters they interpret and the meanings suggested by the song. As a feminist, I believe that this study may contribute as a way of giving visibility to these characters presented in the songs - most of them portrayed in a weaker position in power relations they express, but which are quite representative of an expressive number of women in that society (Brazil in the 60s and 70s). Moreover, by claiming a central place for the interpreters’ figure as we study these songs as performances, they acquire a status of protagonists in musical creation, a role that have long been denied to women in our Western culture.

A canção popular enquanto objeto de estudos acadêmicos vem ganhando relevância em diferentes áreas do conhecimento, e diversas têm sido as formas pelas quais ela é abordada. A premissa central que ampara esta pesquisa é entendê-la como uma manifestação sociocultural que se realiza através da performance, ancorada em pesquisas que propõem tal enfoque. Paralelamente a isso, por questões de posicionamento político de esquerda e feminista, tenho interesse particular em estudar as representações femininas na canção popular brasileira, abordadas aqui, especificamente, através de personagens mulheres de canções compostas por Chico Buarque para que quatro importantes cantoras da nossa cultura dessem voz a elas, corporificando-as através de suas performances: Elis Regina, Nara Leão, Maria Bethânia e Gal Costa. Ao longo do trabalho, faço uma revisão sobre as diversas – e interdisciplinares – perspectivas teóricas que dão suporte ao meu estudo. Inicio retomando questões sobre os Estudos da Performance, e, a partir desses, da Música Enquanto Performance. Como a representação de personagens femininas é um aspecto central desta pesquisa, apresento os estudos que defendem o entendimento do conceito de gênero enquanto uma categoria performativa, para, na sequência, revisar alguns estudos feministas sobre gênero em música. Embasada em todo esse arcabouço teórico, apresento alguns conceitos e metodologias que dão suporte às análises que proponho, como os aspectos a serem observados em uma performance, a ferramenta que possibilita um mapeamento da performance audiovisual – MaPA –, os estudos sobre as expressões faciais, dentre outros. Eu então defendo uma virada epistemológica na abordagem da canção, de modo que seja entendida enquanto performance, e uma relevância central ao papel das intérpretes é reivindicada, propondo que os sentidos das canções analisadas são co-construídos por Chico Buarque (através das canções); Elis, Nara, Bethânia e Gal (através das suas performances), e eventuais atores diversos. As quatro canções analisadas foram compostas para cada uma dessas cantoras interpretarem. Logo, discuto também a relação sociocultural do compositor com essas intérpretes. Apresento um capítulo de revisão sobre as características do cancioneiro de Chico Buarque que pretendo ressaltar, i. e., as personagens femininas e marginalizadas, para depois, após uma breve retomada das personae artísticas de cada uma das cantoras, estabelecer interpretações amparadas pela interação de suas performances, as personagens que interpretam e os significados sugeridos pela canção. Como feminista, acredito que esse estudo possa contribuir para dar visibilidade a essas personagens apresentadas nas canções – a maioria delas retratada em uma posição desfavorável nas relações de poder que expressam, mas que são bastante representativas de uma grande parcela das mulheres daquela sociedade (brasileira, nas décadas de 60 e 70). Além disso, ao reivindicar um lugar central à figura das intérpretes pelo estudo dessas canções enquanto performance, elas adquirirem um status de protagonistas na criação musical, papel que por muito tempo tem sido renegado às mulheres em nossa cultura ocidental. / Popular song as an object of academic studies has gained relevance lately in different areas of knowledge, and several have been the ways in which it has been approached. The central premise that supports this research is to understand it as a sociocultural manifestation that happens through its performance, anchored in researches that propose such an approach. In parallel with this, for Left and feminist political positions, I am particularly interested in studying female representations in Brazilian popular song, specifically addressed here through women characters from songs composed by Chico Buarque so that four important singers of our culture could give voice to them, embodying them through their performances: Elis Regina, Nara Leão, Maria Bethânia and Gal Costa. Throughout the work, I review the various - and interdisciplinary - theoretical perspectives that support my study. To begin with, I take up questions on Performance Studies, and, based on these, on Music as Performance. As the representation of female characters is a central aspect of this research, I present the studies that defend the understanding of the concept of gender as a performative category, and then review some feminist studies on gender in Music. Based on this theoretical framework, I present some concepts and methodologies that support the analyzis I propose, such as the aspects to be observed in a performance, a tool that allows a mapping of audiovisual performances - MaPA -, studies on the facial expressions, among others. I then defend an epistemological turn in song studies, so that it is understood as performance, and interpreters’ significant role is claimed, intending that the meanings of the analyzed songs are co-constructed by Chico Buarque (through the songs); Elis, Nara, Bethânia and Gal (through their performances); and other possible actors. The four analyzed songs were composed for each of these singers to perform. Therefore, I also discuss the sociocultural relationship of the composer with these interpreters. I present a review chapter on the characteristics of Chico Buarque's songs I intend to highlight, such as the female and marginalized characters, and then, after a brief resumption of the artistic personae of each of the singers, I propose interpretations supported by the interaction of their performances, the characters they interpret and the meanings suggested by the song. As a feminist, I believe that this study may contribute as a way of giving visibility to these characters presented in the songs - most of them portrayed in a weaker position in power relations they express, but which are quite representative of an expressive number of women in that society (Brazil in the 60s and 70s). Moreover, by claiming a central place for the interpreters’ figure as we study these songs as performances, they acquire a status of protagonists in musical creation, a role that have long been denied to women in our Western culture.

Drawing on archetypical aspects of human characteristics and personalities, I create images that illustrate our connection to memory, media, and culture. My work is informed by pop culture, including television, movies, cartoons and comic books as it relates to characters in our own physical world and society. The grid is used to represent both childhood games and the frames of a comic strip, where each panel equals an exact moment of time.

This thesis studies Tang sancai, a multi-coloured lead-glaze ceramic decorated ware which emerged in the Tang dynasty (AD 618 - AD 907), attaining mass production in the middle of the Tang era and declining towards its end. It examines the functions of sancai in its different aspects, namely as burial objects, as containers for ritual offerings and as architectural material. I argue that Tang sancai ware as burial objects were employed exclusively by the Tang imperial and elite families. The approach to my argument is made, in a first stage, through the observation of the physical locations of tombs that contained Tang sancai wares to demonstrate that these tombs belonged to the Tang imperial and elite family members. In a further step, I bring up two Tang decrees which laid down regulations for burials, to indicate that there was a strict hierarchical system for the allocation and utilization of burial land. These two Tang texts enable us to establish that the tombs located around the area of the imperial tombs belonged to the Tang officials and elite, and therefore not to ordinary people. In addition, the study I undertake of the structure of the tombs, with layout and organization mirroring palatial environments, reinforces my argument to that end. Lastly, I look at the cost of production of Tang sancai showing that it was higher than that of unglazed ceramics and that, consequently, sancai wares were, from an economical point of view, inaccessible to the common people. This thesis also reflects on the agency of Tang sancai, considering its aesthetic qualities and its suitability in the functions for which it served, as a force in engaging the viewers. The lasting debate on whether Tang sancai utensil-shaped wares were used for everyday eating and drinking is dealt with in this thesis by carefully examining the locations of the shards that were excavated at the sites of imperial palaces. My research enables to point out that this data is not sufficient to ascertain that this type of Tang sancai was used as daily wares. On the contrary, on the grounds that these locations were the places where ritual performances took place, I argue that sancai utensil wares were used as presentation containers for ritual performances. In the absence of records in Tang texts which could have informed about the relationship between Tang sancai and religious practice, I borrow an evidence from Japan, in the form of the hand-brush writing on a couple of Nara sancai dishes, which were copies of Tang sancai made in Japan during the time of Tang, mentioning that these vessels were specifically for use for ritual ceremonies. Furthermore, on the basis of analyses made on lead-glazed ware, some scholars assert that such ware is poisonous and could not have been used to contain food or drink, as much as no evidence exists to show that ancient Chinese had used lead-glazed wares for that purpose. This leads to the clarification that Tang sancai utensil-shaped wares were not produced for everyday use, their purpose having actually been to serve as vessels for offerings in rituals. I further observe that this connection between sancai and ritual-themed objects, initiated by the Tang, has in fact pervaded through the succeeding dynasties affirming its role in religious ceremonials. Finally, this thesis also looks at Tang sancai as an architectural material to show that it was skillfully used in decorating buildings, not only as tiles and tile-ends, but also as large-sized roof ornaments. The research reveals, in the process, the possible dates when sancai architectural material started to be used popularly during the Tang era.