Esta tese procura compreender como as políticas públicas para a educação escolar indígena dialogam com o contexto histórico e político específico do povo ticuna, tomando como foco o trabalho de educação promovido pela Organização Geral dos Professores Ticunas Bilíngues (OGPTB) e, especificamente, os cursos de magistério indígena, preparação para a docência em nível médio e de licenciatura intercultural. Aborda a experiência de educação escolar entre os Ticuna considerando o aspecto amplo da construção e consolidação de diretrizes e políticas diferenciadas para a educação escolar indígena, para as quais a atuação da Organização Geral dos Professores Ticunas Bilíngues teve papel destacado. Aproxima as linhas do debate nacional sobre o tema com aquelas apresentadas pela configuração específica da educação escolar do povo ticuna, situando os desdobramentos das políticas públicas e definindo a situação atual da educação escolar indígena a partir do contexto regional do Alto Solimões. Considera temas como: a luta pela constituição de uma base legal e de diretrizes próprias para a educação escolar indígena; a submissão da educação escolar indígena aos parâmetros institucionais da educação geral; a impossibilidade/dificuldade de controle social pela ausência de fundo específico de recursos e pelo funcionamento precário dos órgãos de controle; a ineficiência do regime de colaboração e a acefalia da educação escolar indígena; as perspectivas previstas nos TEE, novo PNE e novas diretrizes para a educação escolar indígena. Trata das questões de ordem educacional: a autoria dos projetos políticos pedagógicos dos cursos de formação de professores indígenas; o vínculo dos cursos com os projetos de vida dos povos indígenas; a presença dos conhecimentos indígenas nesses cursos de formação e o indefinido lugar da interculturalidade; a metodologia e didática dos cursos e seu impacto na formação docente; os materiais e recursos didáticos presentes nos cursos. Avalia que qualquer melhoria na situação em que se encontra atualmente a educação escolar indígena depende da atuação dos povos e do movimento indígena junto às instituições governamentais e educativas considerando a redefinição de marcos jurídicos e institucionais e a retomada do significado dos princípios da educação escolar indígena ser intercultural, diferenciada, comunitária, específica e bi ou multilingue, criando novas estruturas administrativas nas quais a educação escolar indígena possa de fato, exercer a autonomia. / This thesis aims at perceiving how the public policies for natives school education discuss with the historic and political context specific of the ticuna people. It focuses on the education work promoted by the General Organization of the Bilingual Ticuna Teachers (OGTPB in Portuguese), and, specifically, the teacher formation courses for the natives, preparation for the teaching career in high school as well as the intercultural degree. This work also approaches the school education experience among the Ticunas taking into consideration the vast aspect of the elaboration and consolidation in the guidelines and policies differentiated for the natives school education highlighted by the OGTPB acting measures. It establishes the proximity of the national debate over the theme with those presented by the specific configuration of the ticuna school education, at the same time locating the public policies unfolding processes and defining the present situation of the natives school education as from the regional context of the High Solimões. Other themes also considered in this work are: the fight for a legal basis and own guidelines for the natives school education; the submission of the natives school education to the institutional parameters of the general education; the difficulty of the social control due to the lack of specific fund resources and also by the precarious functioning of the control organizations; the inefficiency of the collaboration regime and the acephalia of the natives school education; the perspectives foreseen in the TEE, new PNE and the new guidelines for the natives school education. Among the educational points, this work deals with: the authorship of the pedagogical political projects in the formation of native teachers courses; the link of courses with the natives life projects; the presence of the natives knowledge in this formation course and the interculturality indefinite place; the methodology teaching courses and their impact in the teachers formation; the resources and teaching materials present in the courses. This thesis still evaluates that any improvement in the present situation of the natives school education depends on the peoples participation as well as on the natives movement together with the governmental institutions and educational organizations, considering not only the redefinition of law and institutional milestones but also the recapturing of the meaning lying in the natives school education principles to be intercultural, differentiated, communitarian, specific and also bi- or multi- lingual, creating new administrative structures in which the natives school education may definitely exert autonomy.

Magister Educationis - MEd / Teachers and teachers' organisations have always been an intergral part of any community. More so in the Indian Community. The Indian teacher has always commanded great respect from his community and thus he has wielded considerable influence over it. Since the early days of Indian immigration to this country, the Indian teacher has played a vital role in all but political activities. In very recent times, however, he has taken a lively interest in the political aspirations of his people within the framework permitted by his conditions of service. The Indian Teacher is a member of the largest group of highly educated men and women in his community. No wonder, then, that the community has always looked to teachers and their organisations for leadership. The establishment of the Natal Indian Teachers' Society in the 1920s arose out of a community need in that a reception committee was required for holding celebrations on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales to South Africa. From then on the Natal Indian Teachers' Society continued to make representations on behalf of its members and the community for a a better deal in education. This was not always forthcoming from the authorities. Hence, the teachers and the community banded together to provide and build schools for themselves out of the monetary contributions of teachers and parents. The Natal Education Department in its biased treatment of teachers in aided schools, who it claimed were the responsibility of the grantees and managers, led teachers to form the Natal Teachers' Union which was run on trade union lines. A vigorous fight was waged by this Union for service conditions equal to those of teachers in government schools. The Education Department relented when it recognised the rights of the members of the Union. Thus the Union disbanded and its members rejoined the Natal Indian Teachers' Society. Thereafter the Natal Indian Teachers' Society grew from strength to strength. The inauguration of the branch system gave rise to broader representation and rapid growth. The formation of the Natal Indian Schools' Building Trust saw tangible evidence of of the commitment of the Society towards solving the accommodation crisis in Indian Schools. Upon the transfer of control of education to the Department of Indian Affairs in 1966, The Natal Indian Teachers' Society changed its name to the South African Indian Teachers' Association in order to enable Indian teachers throughout the Republic to become members. In 1979 the Association changed its name to the Teachers Association of South Africa, thus dropping the racial tag attached to its previous name. This meant that membership was open to all teachers. Over the twenty years of its existence as a national body the Association has developed into a vigorous institution. Its growth in stature must be measured by its multifarious activities which have benefitted Indian education. As a result of its representation in various departmental committees the Association is able to make valuable contributions where its opinions are valued. The Association's own Subject Societies make a valuable contribution towards education by means of their various publications. The Association's concern for the welfare of its members is illustrated by the representations it has made to the authorities on their behalf. In some instances legal recourse was necessary. That a great deal of success has been achieved by the Association there is no doubt. That education for Indians has made vast strides in the last 60 years there is no about. This is due in great measure to the untiring efforts of the Teachers Association of South Africa. The Association will still continue its fight for a better deal, not only for Indian teachers and Indian education, but for all South Africans.

This study explored the impact of the importation of expatriate English teachers on the morale of the Malaysian English teachers and attempted to identify the perceptions of Malaysian English teachers, expatriate native English-speaking teachers (NESTs), and expatriate nonnative English-speaking teachers (nonNESTs) regarding the practices that are prevalent in Malaysia in areas such as hiring, remuneration, and benefits. An initial questionnaire was completed by the participants to ensure that they fit the target demographic profiled. Then, a semi-structured interview was conducted as a follow-up to the participants' open-ended responses in the second part of the questionnaire. Completed questionnaires were gathered from ten participants, and two semi-structured interviews were conducted with an expatriate NEST and a Malaysian nonNEST respectively. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze responses to the seven-point Likert-scale statements. In addition, this study took a qualitative approach in analyzing the core themes of the responses in the semi-structured interview and the questionnaire. Examining individual survey items and interviews revealed that there is a large discrepancy in wages between NESTs and nonNESTs in Malaysia, and this contributes to the unhappiness and low morale of Malaysian English teachers. In addition, the presence of expatriate NESTs causes Malaysian nonNESTs to have low self-esteem as they compare themselves to their native counterparts. This study also revealed that participants felt that the importation of expatriate NESTs had no significant impact on improving the language proficiency of students. Owing to the perceived failure to deliver desired results, the majority of the participants agreed that hiring qualified and experienced English teachers (not on the basis of one's race or first language) is paramount in improving the language proficiency of Malaysian students. The analysis of the data collected resulted in recommendations for a more in-depth study of the impact of the importation of expatriate NESTs/nonNESTs to the morale of Malaysian nonNESTs and the improvement of the language proficiency of Malaysian students. Also, the contributing factors for the decline of the English proficiency of Malaysian students should be thoroughly evaluated so as to affect change.