The fullest and most comprehensive unpacking of the term finis has yet to be achieved. Studies have narrowly focussed on the idea of border, boundary or frontier, without even entertaining the prospect of interpreting the study from the ancient point of view. This investigation considers the use of the word finis in Livy and attempts to recreate a conception of finis which mirrors as closely as possible that of a Roman of the Republic up to the very Early Empire. Besides the remarkably high usage of the term by Livy, the author’s work is also useful due to its chronological nature, which allows for broad investigation throughout the Republican Period, as well as shedding light on the Early Imperial concept of finis. The main aim of this dissertation is to provide a collective analysis of diverse cases, which together can help build a complete picture of the detectable features related to the term finis. As well as this, the analysis of the contexts – in which the term finis is used has also cast light on those features of finis – that have remained fixed despite the different historical contexts in which they appear. For example, throughout my study, two fundamental concepts will continue to pop up in front of the reader’s eyes: a) the inapplicability of modern conceptual categories to the idea of finis and b) finis – if translated as border, boundary or frontier – as a concept applicable not to a line, but to a spatial element. On the basis of Livy’s evidence – drawn from his work Ab Urbe Condita – this study attempts to present a reconstruction of the term through the identification of an entirely new concept. This study is conceived in terms of a crescendo, which begins with the basic definitions attached to finis and evolves, adding an increasing number of evidences until it reaches a climax, whereby the reader can see both those invariable features of finis in Livy’s account and the 4 Introduction: Research guidelines evolution of the term as fines are applied within different political contexts. Rome – a city that rose on a finis, the Tiber River – reinvented or remodelled the concept of finis, demonstrating behaviour antithetical to the notion of confining herself behind a ‘single line’. Once identified as a finis, the natural features helped the Romans to exert their imperium, which was itself an embodiment of the features contained within the concept of finis. The establishment of the fines provided an ‘imaginary’ subdivision of the territory subjected to the Roman imperium in a series of land strips. This is documented by Livy through Rome’s expansionist ‘finis-system’, from a single occupation of the Janiculum Hill to the scientific approach and setting of the treaty of Apamea. Although the lacunae in Ab Urbe Condita – from 168 B.C. onwards – do not permit a direct connection between the Late Republic and the Early Empire, some elements can be used to evidence an intimate relationship between Livy’s and Augustus’ thinking and terminology. To some extent, this common intent has made possible this attempted reconstruction of the ‘bordering practices’ used in the last 150 years of the Republic, as well as the possible evolution of such practices in the first 150 about years of the Empire.

Since the Depression era there has been an evolution in parkway usage. Parkways have outlived their recreational function and now must also serve as routes to recreational facilities. Since the elemental use of parkways has drastically changed, questions of how and why beg to be answered. How has parkway design and construction changed from the Depression era to today in terms of views, alignment, vegetation, natural and cultural features, and parkway details. How is parkway design and construction different from that of typical roadways; and how does this information effect the future design and construction of parkways? In addition, why can parkways no longer serve the same purpose that they did in the past? This thesis examines these questions through the creation of the Lorton - Laurel Hill Parkway. The main characteristics studied in this thesis will continue to be vital in future parkway design and construction. This thesis expresses that parkways can no longer serve as a destination, but instead must become an introduction to a recreational facility. Parkways will become increasingly important in the future as they can provide relief to congested roadways while simultaneously providing the motorist with an aesthetically pleasing entrance to recreational facilities. In the future, the components studied here must be instituted into highway and road engineering. The construction of motorways that incorporate parkway design principles will create more successful and vibrant routes between urban centers and their surrounding communities, and in so doing will increase the quality of life of its population. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Submitted by Nayara Passos (nayara.passos@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-12T13:53:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE João Paulo Silva do Monte Lima.pdf: 5689244 bytes, checksum: e6e2c3f1da85d18b6bb7049e458f50e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-12T13:53:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE João Paulo Silva do Monte Lima.pdf: 5689244 bytes, checksum: e6e2c3f1da85d18b6bb7049e458f50e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / CAPES , CNPq / Sistemas de Realidade Aumentada são capazes de realizar registro 3D em tempo real de objetos virtuais e reais, o que consiste em posicionar corretamente os objetos virtuais em relação aos reais de forma que os elementos virtuais pareçam ser reais. Uma maneira bastante popular de realizar esse registro é usando detecção e rastreamento de objetos baseado em vídeo a partir de marcadores fiduciais planares. Outra maneira de sensoriar o mundo real usando vídeo é utilizando características naturais do ambiente, o que é mais complexo que usar marcadores planares artificiais. Entretanto, detecção e rastreamento de características naturais é mandatório ou desejável em alguns cenários de aplicação de Realidade Aumentada. A detecção e o rastreamento de objetos a partir de características naturais pode fazer uso de um modelo 3D do objeto obtido a priori. Se tal modelo não está disponível, ele pode ser adquirido usando reconstrução 3D, por exemplo. Nesse caso, um sensor RGB-D pode ser usado, que se tornou nos últimos anos um produto de fácil acesso aos usuários em geral. Ele provê uma imagem em cores e uma imagem de profundidade da cena e, além de ser usado para modelagem de objetos, também pode oferecer informações importantes para a detecção e o rastreamento de objetos em tempo real. Nesse contexto, o trabalho proposto neste documento tem por finalidade investigar o uso de sensores RGB-D de consumo para detecção e estimação de pose de objetos a partir de características naturais, com o propósito de usar tais técnicas para desenvolver aplicações de Realidade Aumentada. Dois métodos baseados em retificação auxiliada por profundidade são propostos, que transformam características extraídas de uma imagem em cores para uma vista canônica usando dados de profundidade para obter uma representação invariante a rotação, escala e distorções de perspectiva. Enquanto um método é adequado a objetos texturizados, tanto planares como não-planares, o outro método foca em objetos planares não texturizados. Avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas dos métodos propostos são realizadas, mostrando que eles podem obter resultados melhores que alguns métodos existentes para detecção e estimação de pose de objetos, especialmente ao lidar com poses oblíquas. / Augmented Reality systems are able to perform real-time 3D registration of virtual and real objects, which consists in correctly positioning the virtual objects with respect to the real ones such that the virtual elements seem to be real. A very popular way to perform this registration is using video based object detection and tracking with planar fiducial markers. Another way of sensing the real world using video is by relying on natural features of the environment, which is more complex than using artificial planar markers. Nevertheless, natural feature detection and tracking is mandatory or desirable in some Augmented Reality application scenarios. Object detection and tracking from natural features can make use of a 3D model of the object which was obtained a priori. If such model is not available, it can be acquired using 3D reconstruction. In this case, an RGB-D sensor can be used, which has become in recent years a product of easy access to general users. It provides both a color image and a depth image of the scene and, besides being used for object modeling, it can also offer important cues for object detection and tracking in real-time. In this context, the work proposed in this document aims to investigate the use of consumer RGB-D sensors for object detection and pose estimation from natural features, with the purpose of using such techniques for developing Augmented Reality applications. Two methods based on depth-assisted rectification are proposed, which transform features extracted from the color image to a canonical view using depth data in order to obtain a representation invariant to rotation, scale and perspective distortions. While one method is suitable for textured objects, either planar or non-planar, the other method focuses on texture-less planar objects. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the proposed methods are performed, showing that they can obtain better results than some existing methods for object detection and pose estimation, especially when dealing with oblique poses.

Tato práce popisuje systém pro sledování obrazovky počítače v reálném čase a určení pozice uživatelova pohledu na tuto obrazovku s využitím dat z eye-trackovacích brýlí a Uniform Marker Fields. Vytvořený systém lokalizuje obrazovku počítače ve snímcích z kamery umístěné na eye-trackeru snímající scénu před uživatelem. V této scéně je detekován marker zobrazený na monitoru počítače. Po jeho úspěšné detekci je marker skryt a ke sledování pozice obrazovky jsou dále využívány významné body detekované ve snímku z kamery ležící na obrazovce, případně z celého snímku. Pokud sledování významných bodů selže, marker je znovu zobrazen a systém je znovu inicializován pomocí detekovaného markeru. Aby byl marker pro uživatele co nejméně nápadný a obtěžující, jsou využity data z eye-trackeru k tomu, aby byl marker zobrazen co nejdále od oblasti uživatelova zájmu. Pro vyhodnocení výkonu a přesnosti vytvořeného systému a rušivosti markeru pro uživatele bylo provedeno několik experimentů a testování s uživateli.