Since the Depression era there has been an evolution in parkway usage. Parkways have outlived their recreational function and now must also serve as routes to recreational facilities. Since the elemental use of parkways has drastically changed, questions of how and why beg to be answered. How has parkway design and construction changed from the Depression era to today in terms of views, alignment, vegetation, natural and cultural features, and parkway details. How is parkway design and construction different from that of typical roadways; and how does this information effect the future design and construction of parkways? In addition, why can parkways no longer serve the same purpose that they did in the past? This thesis examines these questions through the creation of the Lorton - Laurel Hill Parkway. The main characteristics studied in this thesis will continue to be vital in future parkway design and construction. This thesis expresses that parkways can no longer serve as a destination, but instead must become an introduction to a recreational facility. Parkways will become increasingly important in the future as they can provide relief to congested roadways while simultaneously providing the motorist with an aesthetically pleasing entrance to recreational facilities. In the future, the components studied here must be instituted into highway and road engineering. The construction of motorways that incorporate parkway design principles will create more successful and vibrant routes between urban centers and their surrounding communities, and in so doing will increase the quality of life of its population. / Master of Landscape Architecture

In the territory of the Gwich’in First Nation, in Canada’s Northwest Territories, environmental, sociocultural, and economic changes are affecting relationships between communities and the land and water. In this thesis, I used two research projects to explore the impacts of social-ecological change in Gwich’in territory by examining cumulative impacts in the cultural landscape, and determinants of access to fish and well-being. In the first part of my MA, I used spatial overlay analysis to quantify and map: 1) cultural feature intensity, 2) cumulative environmental disturbance, and 3) overlap between disturbances and cultural features. I also interviewed four regional cultural heritage experts, who contributed critical insights into representing Gwich’in cultural features. The first two analyses indicated that overlay methods can facilitate understandings of land use and cumulative impacts, illustrating Gwich’in territory as a cultural landscape encompassing widespread, dense cultural features and diffuse, lower intensity cumulative environmental impacts. The third analysis showed that overlaying cultural feature and disturbance data is a novel, straightforward step to better incorporating cultural impacts in cumulative impact assessments. Many of the changes I mapped are affecting fishing practices central to Gwich’in livelihoods. To better understand these changes, in the second part of my MA I explored the relationship between drivers of access to fish and well-being amidst social-ecological change, by interviewing 29 Gwich’in individuals. My interviews showed that socioeconomic and environmental barriers have decreased access to fish. However, access to fish remains critical and related to well-being, driven by various socioeconomic factors. Many of these factors are reflected in sharing networks and adaptive practices that are encompassed in ecological monitoring and land-based education. These factors may strengthen Gwich’in fishing livelihoods, and highlight the importance of programs like the Rat River Char Monitoring program, and land-based education like the Ganahghootr’onatan – Teetł’it Land Based Learning Project. / Graduate

Syfte: I takt med att konsumenter och övriga intressenters medvetenhet ökar ställs det högre krav på företagens sociala prestation (CSP) för att de ska förbli framgångsrika. Dessa ökade krav har bidragit till nya restriktioner och lagar om rapportering av icke-finansiell information, för vilken företagens styrelse är ansvariga. De ökade kraven på rapportering innebär även att vissa större företag ska rapportera om mångfald. Denna studie syftar undersöka sambandet mellan andelen kvinnor i styrelsen och CSP samt huruvida nationella kulturella särdrag har en modererande effektpå sambandet. Metod: Studien tillämpar en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi med en hypotetisk-deduktiv ansats. Studien har en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi och en longitudinell forskningsdesign som genomförts med data för sexårsperioden 2012-2017 för 673 publika europeiska företag. Studien bygger på sekundärdata som hämtats från databasen Thomson Reuters Datastream, som sedan analyserats i statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att det finns ett positivt samband mellan andelen kvinnliga styrelseledamöter och CSP, samt att nationella kulturella särdrag har en modererande effekt på detta samband. Resultatet indikerar att kvinnors påverkan i styrelsen när det kommer till CSR-aktiviteter påverkas av nationella kulturella särdrag. Examensarbetets bidrag: Denna studie bidrar ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv till den företagsekonomiska forskningen genom att undersöka nationella kulturella särdrags effekt på sambandet mellan andelen kvinnliga styrelseledamöter och CSP och därmed öka kunskapen kring ämnet. Denna studie bidrar med praktiskt viktig information för företag som vill förbättra sin sociala prestation. Förslag till vidare forskning: Vi har i denna studie endast undersökt kulturens modererande effekt på sambandet mellan andelen kvinnor i styrelsen och total CSP. Det vore intressant att se effekten på respektive dimension av CSP för att kunna avgöra om det är någon skillnad mellan dem. Det finns även möjlighet att genomföra en liknande studie men där länder från fler världsdelar inkluderas. / Aim: As the awareness of consumers and other stakeholders increases, higher demands on Corporate Social Performance (CSP) are required to keep the companies successful. These increased requirements have contributed to new restrictions and law on reporting non-financial information, for which corporate governance is responsible. The increased reporting requirement also mean that some major companies should report on their diversity. This study aims at investigating the relationship between female board members and CSP as well as whether national cultural features have a moderating effect on the relationship. Method: The study applies a positivistic research philosophy with a hypothetical-deductible approach. The study has a quantitative research strategy and a longitudinal research design carried out with data for the six-year period 2012-2017 for 673 public European companies. The study is based on secondary data retrieved from the Thomson Reuters Datastream, which is then analyzed in the IBM SPSS statistics program. Result & Conclusion: The studys results show that there is a positive link between female board members and CSP, and that national cultural features have a moderating effect on this relationship. The result indicates that women's power in the board when it comes to CSR activities is influenced by national cultural features. Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes from a theoretical perspective to business research by examining the impact of national cultural features on the relationship between female board members and CSP, thereby increasing knowledge about the subject. This study provides practically important information for companies that want to improve their social performance. Suggestion for future research: In this study, we have studied only the moderating effect of cultural on the relationship between female board members and total CSP. It would be interesting to see the effect on the respective dimension of CSP in order to determine if there is any difference between them. There is also the possibility of conducting a similar study but including countries from more continents.

Sammanfattning   Titel: Effekten kvinnliga styrelseledamöter och ämbetstid i styrelsen har på CSR samt kulturella skillnaders inverkan på sambanden   Nivå: ​Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi.   Författare: Celine Andersson och Louise Eriksson.   Handledare: ​Jan Svanberg.   Datum: ​2019 – Juni.   Syfte: ​På grund av påtryckningar från samhället har företagens intresse för CSR-aktiviteter på senare år ökat, och även skapat reglering och restriktioner kring detta. Ansvaret för att dessa regler och restriktioner efterföljs är styrelsens, där styrelsens agerande kan bero på dess sammansättning. Studien syftar till att undersöka om kvinnliga styrelseledamöter samt ämbetstiden i styrelsen kan ha en påverkan på företagens CSR genom ändrat intresse i dess CSR-aktiviteter, och även se om kulturella skillnader har en inverkan på ett eventuellt samband.   Metod: ​Studien har en positivistisk utgångspunkt med en hypotetisk-deduktiv ansats. Forskningsstrategin som studien utförs inom är kvantitativ, där data angående kvinnliga styrelseledamöter, ämbetstid i styrelsen och CSP hämtats från 598 respektive 704 företag från Europa respektive USA, vilket resulterat i 2990 respektive 3520 observationer under femårsperioden 2013-2017. För insamling av datan har vi använt databasen Thomson Reuters Datastream. Vi har även hämtat data angående nationers kulturella skillnader från Hofstede Insights, med hjälp av Country Comparison Tool. Sammanställning av datan har skett med hjälp av statistikprogrammet SPSS.   Resultat & slutsats: ​Det resultat studien kommer fram till är att det finns ett positivt samband mellan kvinnliga styrelseledamöter och CSR. Vi ser att ämbetstiden i styrelsen har en liten effekt på CSR, men här behövs det ytterligare forskning. Kulturella skillnader kan vi fastställa har en modererande effekt på båda ovanstående samband.   Examensarbetets bidrag: Bidraget som studien ger är en ökad kunskap kring hur styrelsens ämbetstid påverkar företagets CSR, den ger även en påbörjad fyllnad av forskningsgapet som finns kring hur kulturella skillnader påverkar sambandet. Vidare har vi ökat ett säkerställande av det positiva sambandet mellan kvinnliga styrelseledamöter och CSR, samt fastslagit att kulturella skillnader påverkar kvinnliga styrelseledamöters makt gällande CSR, samt hur ämbetstiden i styrelsen påverkar beslut kring CSR.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: ​För framtida forskning på ämnet efterfrågar vi studier för den optimala andelen kvinnliga styrelseledamöter och var gränsen går för att det positiva sambandet mellan kvinnliga styrelseledamöter och CSR blir svagare. Vidare forskning på ämnet kan även vara att djupare studera om ämbetstiden har en påverkan på företagets CSR.   Nyckelord: ​Kvinnliga styrelseledamöter, ämbetstid i styrelsen, kulturella skillnader, CSP, CSR, Hofstede och ESG. / Abstract   Title: The impact of female board members and board tenure have on CSR and cultural differences on these relationship   Level: ​Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration   Author: ​Celine Andersson and Louise Eriksson   Supervisor: ​Jan Svanberg   Date: ​2019 - June   Aim: ​Due to pressure from the society, companies interest in CSR activities has increased in recent years, and has also caused regulation and restrictions on this. The board is responsible for ensuring that these rules and restrictions are complied with, where the boards actions may depend on its composition. This study aims to investigate whether female board members and the board tenure can have an impact on the companies CSR through a changed interest in the the companies CSR-activities, and also see if cultural differences might have an impact on a possible relationship.   Method: ​The study has a positivistic starting point with a hypothetical-deductive approach. The research strategy in which the study is conducted is quantitative, where data on female board members, board tenure and CSP were obtained from 598 and 704 companies from Europe and the US, which resulted in 2990 and 3520 observations during the five-year period 2013-2017. For data collection, we have used the Thomson Reuters Datastream database. We have also collected data on nations' cultural differences from Hofstede Insights, using the Country Comparison Tool. Compilation of the data has been made using the statistical program SPSS.   Result & Conclusions: ​The result we found in the study is that there is a positive correlation between female board members and CSR. We can see that the board tenure has a small effect on CSR, but here further research is needed. Furthermore, we can determine that cultural differences have a moderating effect on both of the above relationships.   Contribution of the thesis: ​The contribution that the study provides is an increased knowledge of how board tenure affects the company's CSR, it also provides a commenced filling of the research gap that exists about how cultural differences affect the relationship. Furthermore, we have increased the assurance of the positive relationship between female board members and the CSR and has established that cultural differences affect the power of women board members regarding CSR, and how the board tenure affects decisions about CSR.   Suggestions for future research: ​For future research on the subject, we demand studies for the optimal proportion of female board members and where the limit goes for the positive relationship between female board members and CSR to be weaker. Further research on the subject can also be on whether the board tenure has an impact on the company's CSR.   Key words: ​Women on boards, board tenure, cultural features, CSP, CSR, Hofstede and ESG.

Pesquisa sociocultural qualiquantitativa descritiva sobre o lazer, educação informal e traços culturais de brasileiros que permaneceram temporariamente no Japão, em busca de melhores condições de vida. Inicia-se elaborando uma discussão conceitual e teórica do lazer e de suas funções, tempo livre, tempo liberado e desemprego, educação não formal e informal, e faz um recorte de traços culturais. Apresenta aspectos do desemprego no Brasil e na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, com breve relato circunstancial do movimento migratório de brasileiros para o Japão. Caracteriza o público alvo da amostra, com base na aplicação do questionário, e aborda a história de vida de brasileiros, mediante entrevistas gravadas, em fitas cassetes, com questões abertas padronizadas e estudo bibliográfico. Analisa as informações colhidas, apontando contribuições e impactos socioculturais de brasileiros na vida de japoneses. Esses resultados compõem o fio condutor nutrido com fatos semelhantes vivenciados pelos imigrantes japoneses no Brasil, anteriormente explanados na dissertação de mestrado, elaborando um diálogo sincrônico. Conclui-se que há evidências do imbricamento do lazer e educação informal na formação dos traços culturais dos migrantes brasileiros no Japão, assim como ocorreu com imigrantes japoneses no Brasil. / This research encompasses qualitative and quantitative social-cultural aspects as to leisure, informal education and cultural features of Brazilians who lived temporarily in Japan in search for better living conditions. Firstly, a conceptual and theoretical discussion deals with issues such as leisure and its roles, free time, liberated time and unemployment, non-formal and informal education, and it outlines those Brazilians cultural features. Additionally, it addresses unemployment in Brazil and in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo in the 80s and 90s, with a short circumstantial report on Brazilians migration to Japan. The target public which comprises the sample is assessed with basis on questionnaires, and their history is approached through interviews consisting of standardized open questions recorded in cassettes, and through a bibliographical study. An analysis of the information gathered is provided, showing the Brazilian contribution to the Japanese life and what its social and cultural impacts on the local people were. Such findings make up this study guideline, furnished with similar situations faced by Japanese immigrants in Brazil formerly reported in a master s thesis*, resulting in a synchronic dialog. It is apparent that both leisure and informal education have wielded considerable influence upon the cultural features of Brazilian migrants in Japan, likewise it happened to Japanese immigrants in Brazil.

No description available.

Pesquisa sociocultural qualiquantitativa descritiva sobre o lazer, educação informal e traços culturais de brasileiros que permaneceram temporariamente no Japão, em busca de melhores condições de vida. Inicia-se elaborando uma discussão conceitual e teórica do lazer e de suas funções, tempo livre, tempo liberado e desemprego, educação não formal e informal, e faz um recorte de traços culturais. Apresenta aspectos do desemprego no Brasil e na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, com breve relato circunstancial do movimento migratório de brasileiros para o Japão. Caracteriza o público alvo da amostra, com base na aplicação do questionário, e aborda a história de vida de brasileiros, mediante entrevistas gravadas, em fitas cassetes, com questões abertas padronizadas e estudo bibliográfico. Analisa as informações colhidas, apontando contribuições e impactos socioculturais de brasileiros na vida de japoneses. Esses resultados compõem o fio condutor nutrido com fatos semelhantes vivenciados pelos imigrantes japoneses no Brasil, anteriormente explanados na dissertação de mestrado, elaborando um diálogo sincrônico. Conclui-se que há evidências do imbricamento do lazer e educação informal na formação dos traços culturais dos migrantes brasileiros no Japão, assim como ocorreu com imigrantes japoneses no Brasil. / This research encompasses qualitative and quantitative social-cultural aspects as to leisure, informal education and cultural features of Brazilians who lived temporarily in Japan in search for better living conditions. Firstly, a conceptual and theoretical discussion deals with issues such as leisure and its roles, free time, liberated time and unemployment, non-formal and informal education, and it outlines those Brazilians cultural features. Additionally, it addresses unemployment in Brazil and in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo in the 80s and 90s, with a short circumstantial report on Brazilians migration to Japan. The target public which comprises the sample is assessed with basis on questionnaires, and their history is approached through interviews consisting of standardized open questions recorded in cassettes, and through a bibliographical study. An analysis of the information gathered is provided, showing the Brazilian contribution to the Japanese life and what its social and cultural impacts on the local people were. Such findings make up this study guideline, furnished with similar situations faced by Japanese immigrants in Brazil formerly reported in a master s thesis*, resulting in a synchronic dialog. It is apparent that both leisure and informal education have wielded considerable influence upon the cultural features of Brazilian migrants in Japan, likewise it happened to Japanese immigrants in Brazil.

No description available.