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31	Upplevelser av beslutsfattande under påfrestande förhållanden : En kvalitativ studie på sjukvårdsledare inom den prehospitala särskilda sjukvårdsledningen / Experience of decision-making under demanding conditions : A qualitative study on medical incident commanders within the special major incident medical management- and support team Lopez, Ignacio January 2023 (has links) Syftet med denna studie var att studera sjukvårdsledares upplevelser av beslutsfattande under påfrestande förhållanden inom den prehospitala särskilda sjukvårdsledningen. Frågeställningarna bestod av vilka aspekter sjukvårdsledare upplevde som ogynnsamma respektive gynnsamma för beslutsfattande under påfrestande förhållanden. Totalt har 13 sjukvårdsledare intervjuats semistrukturerat med stöd av Critial Decision Method. Intervjumaterialet har databearbetats genom tematisk analys. Detta resulterade i två huvudteman samt sju subteman som redogör ogynnsamma samt gynnsamma aspekter för sjukvårdsledares beslutsfattande under påfrestande förhållanden. Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen i denna studie är att erfarenhet är gynnsamt för beslutsfattande under påfrestande förhållanden. De andra ogynnsamma och gynnsamma aspekterna står i kontrast gentemot varandra. / The purpose of this study was to study medical incident commanders experiences of decision-making under demanding conditions within the special major incident medical management- and support team. The research questions consisted of which aspects medical incident commanders experienced as unfavorable and favorable for decision-making under demanding conditions. A total of 13 medical incident commanders were interviewed semi-structured with the support of the Critial Decision Method. The interview material has been data processed through a thematic analysis. This resulted in two main themes with seven subthemes that describe unfavorable and favorable aspects of medical incident commanders decision-making under demanding conditions. The main conclusion of this study is that experience is beneficial for decision making under demanding conditions. The other unfavorable and favorable aspects stand in contrast to each other. Decision-making Naturalistic decision making Demanding conditions Medical incident commanders Experiences Beslutsfattande Naturalistiskt beslutsfattande Påfrestande förhållanden Sjukvårdsledare Upplevelser Philosophy Filosofi Övrig annan samhällsvetenskap
32	Validation of the recognition-primed decision model and the roles of common-sense strategies in an adversarial environment Soh, Boon Kee 24 April 2007 (has links) This dissertation set out to understand the decision processes used by decision makers in adversarial environment by setting up an adversarial decision making microworld, as an experimental platform, using a real time strategy (RTS) game called Rise of Nations (RON). The specific objectives of this dissertation were: 1.Contribute to the validation of recognition-primed decision (RPD) model in a simulated adversarial environment; 2.Explore the roles of common-sense strategies in decision making in the adversarial environment; and 3.Test the effectiveness of training recommendations based on the RPD model. Three related experimental studies were setup to investigate each of the objectives. Study 1 found that RPD model was partly valid where RPD processes were prevalently used but other decision processes were also important in an adversarial environment. A new decision model (ConPAD model) was proposed to capture the nature of decision making in the adversarial environment. It was also found that cognitive abilities might have some effects on the types of decision processes used by the decision makers. Study 2 found that common-sense strategies were prevalent in the adversarial environment where the participants were able to use all but one of the warfare related strategies extracted from literature without teaching them. The strategy familiarization training was not found to significantly improve decision making but showed that common-sense strategies were prevalent and simple familiarization training was not sufficient to produce differences in strategy usage and performances from the novice participants. Study 3 also found that RPD based training (cue-recognition and decision skill training) were not significant in producing better performance although subjective feedback found such training to be useful. However, the participants with RPD based training conditions were able to perform on the same level as the expert participants bridging the gap between novices and experts. Based on the findings, it was recommended that decision training should involve not just RPD based training, but comparisons of attributes as well. A more interactive training combining common-sense strategies, cue-recognition and decision skill training might be more useful. More theoretical experimentation would be required to validate the new decision model proposed in this dissertation. / Ph. D. decision skill training working memory attention adversarial environment cue-recognition training computer game decision making ConPAD model decision models naturalistic decision making dynamic decision making cognitive probing common-sense strategies Recognition-primed decision model real-time strategy game cognitive abilities microworld retrospective interview
33	An investigation into the integration of qualitative and quantitative techniques for addressing systemic complexity in the context of organisational strategic decision-making McLucas, Alan Charles, Civil Engineering, Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW January 2001 (has links) System dynamics modelling has been used for around 40 years to address complex, systemic, dynamic problems, those often described as wicked. But, system dynamics modelling is not an exact science and arguments about the most suitable techniques to use in which circumstances, continues. The nature of these wicked problems is investigated through a series of case studies where poor situational awareness among stakeholders was identified. This was found to be an underlying cause for management failure, suggesting need for better ways of recognising and managing wicked problem situations. Human cognition is considered both as a limitation and enabler to decision-making in wicked problem environments. Naturalistic and deliberate decision-making are reviewed. The thesis identifies the need for integration of qualitative and quantitative techniques. Case study results and a review of the literature led to identification of a set of principles of method to be applied in an integrated framework, the aim being to develop an improved way of addressing wicked problems. These principles were applied to a series of cases in an action research setting. However, organisational and political barriers were encountered. This limited the exploitation and investigation of cases to varying degrees. In response to a need identified in the literature review and the case studies, a tool is designed to facilitate analysis of multi-factorial, non-linear causality. This unique tool and its use to assist in problem conceptualisation, and as an aid to testing alternate strategies, are demonstrated. Further investigation is needed in relation to the veracity of combining causal influences using this tool and system dynamics, broadly. System dynamics modelling was found to have utility needed to support analysis of wicked problems. However, failure in a particular modelling project occurred when it was found necessary to rely on human judgement in estimating values to be input into the models. This was found to be problematic and unacceptably risky for sponsors of the modelling effort. Finally, this work has also identified that further study is required into: the use of human judgement in decision-making and the validity of system dynamics models that rely on the quantification of human judgement. accidents adaptive toolbox Black Hawk business process re-engineering bounded rationality BPR CATWOE causality causal loop diagram cognition complexity complex strategic problems cognitive mapping combat training centre concept mapping decision-making decision support systems defence preparedness double loop learning dynamic behaviour dynamic complexity feedback feedback loop feedback structure helicopter crash heuristic influence diagram IISD learning Katie Bender knowledge managerial cognition defence materiel naturalistic decision making project management qualitative modelling quantitative modelling recognition-primed decision making risk risk management root definition Royal Canberra Hospital situation awareness soft systems methodology strategy strategy development system dynamics front-end tool system dynamics modelling systems theory systems thinking systemic problems wicked problems
34	An investigation into the integration of qualitative and quantitative techniques for addressing systemic complexity in the context of organisational strategic decision-making McLucas, Alan Charles, Civil Engineering, Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW January 2001 (has links) System dynamics modelling has been used for around 40 years to address complex, systemic, dynamic problems, those often described as wicked. But, system dynamics modelling is not an exact science and arguments about the most suitable techniques to use in which circumstances, continues. The nature of these wicked problems is investigated through a series of case studies where poor situational awareness among stakeholders was identified. This was found to be an underlying cause for management failure, suggesting need for better ways of recognising and managing wicked problem situations. Human cognition is considered both as a limitation and enabler to decision-making in wicked problem environments. Naturalistic and deliberate decision-making are reviewed. The thesis identifies the need for integration of qualitative and quantitative techniques. Case study results and a review of the literature led to identification of a set of principles of method to be applied in an integrated framework, the aim being to develop an improved way of addressing wicked problems. These principles were applied to a series of cases in an action research setting. However, organisational and political barriers were encountered. This limited the exploitation and investigation of cases to varying degrees. In response to a need identified in the literature review and the case studies, a tool is designed to facilitate analysis of multi-factorial, non-linear causality. This unique tool and its use to assist in problem conceptualisation, and as an aid to testing alternate strategies, are demonstrated. Further investigation is needed in relation to the veracity of combining causal influences using this tool and system dynamics, broadly. System dynamics modelling was found to have utility needed to support analysis of wicked problems. However, failure in a particular modelling project occurred when it was found necessary to rely on human judgement in estimating values to be input into the models. This was found to be problematic and unacceptably risky for sponsors of the modelling effort. Finally, this work has also identified that further study is required into: the use of human judgement in decision-making and the validity of system dynamics models that rely on the quantification of human judgement. accidents adaptive toolbox Black Hawk business process re-engineering bounded rationality BPR CATWOE causality causal loop diagram cognition complexity complex strategic problems cognitive mapping combat training centre concept mapping decision-making decision support systems defence preparedness double loop learning dynamic behaviour dynamic complexity feedback feedback loop feedback structure helicopter crash heuristic influence diagram IISD learning Katie Bender knowledge managerial cognition defence materiel naturalistic decision making project management qualitative modelling quantitative modelling recognition-primed decision making risk risk management root definition Royal Canberra Hospital situation awareness soft systems methodology strategy strategy development system dynamics front-end tool system dynamics modelling systems theory systems thinking systemic problems wicked problems

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