A training method utilized in a few martial arts was found to agree strongly with current cognitive psychology theory. Further study extracted a procedural model for learning a complex set of whole-body, dyadic motor skills involving high-speed, interactive, continuous situation assessment and decision making. A broader literature survey found relevance in several fields of research, supporting the definition of four performance dimensions in the activity. Data collected from one experienced student partnering with each of ten students of various experience levels was analyzed on these four dimensions. These dimensions were found sufficient to show both individual differences and changes across an instructional intervention. Strong correlations found under linear regression were supportive of anecdotal evidence from the model??s long empirical history in training. Data provided evidence of a self-organizing dynamic emerging from the interaction of a dyad participating in this activity, and of individual differences in cognitive resource management dynamically setting allocation priorities among specific aspects of a complex motor/cognitive activity. Highly individual responses demonstrate a mechanism for insight into students that are difficult to read. Numerous comparisons and contrasts show interactivity of performance dimensions. Impact is foreseen for research, training and testing in motor learning fields, as well as situation awareness, decision making and military tactical training. Further research is recommended to replicate these findings, test hypotheses derived from them, and to extend testing of the drill-network model into other fields of learning.

Att det idag finns flera metoder och modeller för att fatta beslut är inte konstigt då beslutsfattande sker varje dag och i vissa sammanhang kan ge ödesdigra konsekvenser om det blir fel. Denna kandidatuppsats kan ses som en förstudie för hur naturligt beslutsfattande skulle kunna stödjas genom en förbättrad utbildning till beslutsfattare. Uppsatsen ämnar behandla naturligt beslutsfattande och intuition hos experter inom räddningstjänsten, närmare bestämt om de använder intuition och i så fall vad som ligger till grund för denna intuition. Intervjuer utfördes på räddningstjänsten i Motala efter critical decision method som är framtagen för cognitive task analysis. Inom räddningstjänsten använder sig befälen av intuition när de tar det flesta av sina beslut i fält. Resultaten av intervjuerna pekar på att intuition verkar ske undermedvetet vilket ger stöd för recognition primed decision model, i kombination med negativa ledtrådar och hävstångspunkter.

A training method utilized in a few martial arts was found to agree strongly with current cognitive psychology theory. Further study extracted a procedural model for learning a complex set of whole-body, dyadic motor skills involving high-speed, interactive, continuous situation assessment and decision making. A broader literature survey found relevance in several fields of research, supporting the definition of four performance dimensions in the activity. Data collected from one experienced student partnering with each of ten students of various experience levels was analyzed on these four dimensions. These dimensions were found sufficient to show both individual differences and changes across an instructional intervention. Strong correlations found under linear regression were supportive of anecdotal evidence from the model??s long empirical history in training. Data provided evidence of a self-organizing dynamic emerging from the interaction of a dyad participating in this activity, and of individual differences in cognitive resource management dynamically setting allocation priorities among specific aspects of a complex motor/cognitive activity. Highly individual responses demonstrate a mechanism for insight into students that are difficult to read. Numerous comparisons and contrasts show interactivity of performance dimensions. Impact is foreseen for research, training and testing in motor learning fields, as well as situation awareness, decision making and military tactical training. Further research is recommended to replicate these findings, test hypotheses derived from them, and to extend testing of the drill-network model into other fields of learning.

Människor fattar inte alltid optimala och rationella beslut, och det finns olika teorier som förklarar dessa mer irrationella beslutsprocesser. Naturalistiskt beslutsfattande handlar om att undersöka hur människor faktiskt fattar beslut i verkliga situationer. Studien ämnade att kvalitativt undersöka hur beslutsprocessen vid näthandel av kläder och skor kan se ut. I studien ingick fyra personer i åldrarna 19 till 36 år. Studien bestod av två delar; en observationsdel där deltagaren skulle leta upp ett plagg hen skulle vilja köpa, samtidigt som hen tänkte högt med think aloud-metoden, samt en avslutande intervjudel med öppna intervjufrågor. Tran- skriberingarna analyserades med en narrativ analys. Studien resulterade i fyra olika berättelser och beslutsprocesser; en om att shoppa utifrån behov och intresse, en om att söka information, en om att shoppa under kort tid och impulsivt och en om att shoppa under kort tid och vara obeslutsam länge. Det visade att beslutsprocessen vid näthandel inte var enbart rationell och bland annat påverkades av hur deltagarna hanterade den stora mängden information de fick på nätet, vilken motivation de hade till shoppingen samt vilket mål de hade med den. Näthandel verkade dessutom innefatta mer än att bara göra ett köp. Att undersöka en så komplex process genom naturalistiskt beslutsfattande kan alltså ge unika insikter. / People do not always make optimal and rational choices, and there are different theories that explain more irrational decision-making processes. Naturalistic decision-making concerns how people make decisions in real life situations. This qualitative study aims to explore what the decision-making process may look like in online shopping of clothes and shoes. The study consisted of four people aged 19 to 36 years old. The procedure contained two parts; one observational study, where the participant was instructed to search for and find an item of clothing online that they would like to buy, while thinking aloud with the think-aloud method, and a final interview part with open-ended questions. The transcriptions were then analysed with a narrative analysis. This resulted in four different stories and decision-making processes; one about shopping out of needs as well as spontaneous interests, one about searching for information, one about shopping impulsively and intensely and one about shopping for a short amount of time but being indecisive for a long time. The decision-making process in online shopping was found to not be solely rational and was, among other things, influenced by how the participants handled the large amount of information they received online as well as their motivation for and goals with the shopping. Furthermore, the objective with the participants’ shopping was found to be more than to just make a purchase. This indicates that examining such a complex process through naturalistic decision making can give unique insights.

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This dissertation explores the influences on individual decision making in a complex, real world context – the New Zealand wool supply chain. It asks two fundamental questions, first, how do decision makers make decisions in their everyday settings and, second, how is decision making learned and improved through experience and contextual factors. Two contextual aspects of decision making were also examined; these included whether decision making processes varied as a result of uncertainty and risky surroundings, or in cooperative and competitive environments. Further examination included revealing how being a member of a (multi-layered) group influences individual decision making. In-depth qualitative interviewing of sheep farmers, and associated supply chain members in the wool industry was undertaken. Three key decision journeys were explored from both the 'psychological' and the 'social' schools of social psychology in order to give detail on the flow of decision making influences through human systems (whether entities were present, or implied). One of the main aspects of this study was to employ, by analogy, an analysis inspired by the concept of multi-level selection from evolutionary theory as a means of understanding decision making in such a complex, layered system. Other contributions include commentary on the nature of social psychological studies of decision making, suggestions for the expansion of naturalistic decision making to include processes occurring on more than one 'level' of context, the framing of information in the media and the judgment of information sources on the part of experienced and inexperienced farmers, and, the role that globalization may play in driving decision making behaviour.

Att det idag finns flera metoder och modeller för att fatta beslut är inte konstigt då beslutsfattande sker varje dag och i vissa sammanhang kan ge ödesdigra konsekvenser om det blir fel. Denna kandidatuppsats kan ses som en förstudie för hur naturligt beslutsfattande skulle kunna stödjas genom en förbättrad utbildning till beslutsfattare. Uppsatsen ämnar behandla naturligt beslutsfattande och intuition hos experter inom räddningstjänsten, närmare bestämt om de använder intuition och i så fall vad som ligger till grund för denna intuition. Intervjuer utfördes på räddningstjänsten i Motala efter critical decision method som är framtagen för cognitive task analysis. Inom räddningstjänsten använder sig befälen av intuition när de tar det flesta av sina beslut i fält. Resultaten av intervjuerna pekar på att intuition verkar ske undermedvetet vilket ger stöd för recognition primed decision model, i kombination med negativa ledtrådar och hävstångspunkter.

This thesis presents a study in which an attempt to verify a new protocol for evaluating team performance in terms of control was made, and this on teams performing navigation in high speed in real life, natural contexts. A second objective was to identify key factors for achieving control during high-speed navigation. The study was built upon the theories of Cognitive Systems Engineering and Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM). The study also made a first attempt to expand the protocol with the theories of NDM. A pilot test in the form of a field study was conducted upon military crews driving and navigating the Combat Boat 90H off the coast of Gothenburg, Sweden. The results of the study indicated both teams being in, at lowest, the tactical control mode, and one team occasionally making the transition to the strategic control mode. There were some methodological issues with using the protocol in real life, natural contexts and these were examined. In general, the protocol was found to be applicable in this field. Key factors for achieving control during high-speed navigation could not be properly identified because of contextual problems, but one possible factor was that the use of Hollnagel’s TETO principle appeared to increase control. / I denna rapport presenteras en studie vari ett försök har gjorts att verifiera ett nytt protokoll som utvärderar gruppers prestationsförmåga i termer av kontroll. Protokollet testades på grupper som utförde navigation i hög fart under verkliga och naturliga kontexter med ett andra syfte att identifiera nyckelfaktorer för att uppnå kontroll under navigering i hög fart. Studien byggde på teorier om Cognitive Systems Engineering och Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM). Denna studie var också ett första försök i att expandera protokollet med teorier om NDM. En pilotstudie med protokollet i formen av en fältstudie utfördes på militärbesättningar som körde och navigerade Stridsbåt 90H utanför Göteborgs kust. Studiens resultat indikerade att båda grupperna befann sig som lägst i den taktiska kontrollnivån varav en grupp vid enstaka några tillfällen uppnådde den strategiska kontrollnivån. Det uppstod en del metodologiska problem med att använda protokollet i en verklig och naturlig miljö vilket utvärderades i rapporten. Generellt så gick protokollet att använda på grupper som utförde navigering i hög fart. Nyckelfaktorer för att uppnå kontroll i under navigering i hög fart kunde inte väl identifieras på grund av kontextuella problem, men en möjlig nyckelfaktor ar användandet av Hollnagels TETO-princip, vilket verkade leda till en ökad kontrollnivå.

This study analyzes the leadership practice of two experienced female leaders from the health care sector to understand their decision-making processes as it relates to their personal theorizing. Ineffective and unethical leadership in American business is a reality in today’s society. Organizations are in need of leaders who approach leadership from a paradigm which supports effective leadership practice. It is my assertion regarding this study that effective leadership may be connected to a leader’s values which impact their leadership practice and decision-making. This study relies on a conceptual and theoretical framework based in Cornett’s (1990) Naturalistic Decision Making Model. It is imperative to the development of healthy learning organizations that the relationships influencing a leader’s naturalistic decision-making be explored. At the time of this writing, no naturalistic collective case study research in the health care industry has been completed to relate a leader’s naturalistic decision-making or personal practical theories (PPTs) as defined by Cornett (1990). Furthermore, research has not been explored in a field outside of education regarding the formation of a leader’s PPTs and the relationship between a leader’s experiences and leadership practice. Study findings demonstrated that Cornett’s (1990) naturalistic decision-making model (NDM) is a useful heuristic for a health care leader’s reflective leadership practice. Health care leaders’ perceptions of leadership are systematically achieved through the process of reflective thought which the NDM assists in emerging. The NDM is an efficacious tool for personal and professional development. The constructs of this model were effective in allowing the health care leaders studied to reflect on their leadership practice and decision making. This research found that the collective theme amongst the participants was a value-based leadership paradigm. The data collected in this research project suggests that the PPTs of health care leaders are developed through their life experiences. They are described in the context of their core values and leadership personal and formal theorizing. They are understood through their life experiences, interactions with other leaders, and interactions with those around them. Discovering the relationships involved with a leader’s naturalistic decision-making is of great importance to the educational and health care communities. It has the potential to impact human resources policies and training leading to stronger and more effective organizations. Understanding this phenomenon may lead to more reflective and thoughtful decision-making among health care leaders. It has the potential to impact organizational policies, structure, training, commitment, and profits. This may lead to healthier and intrinsically motivated employees and more effective learning organizations.