To increase the productivity of electronic systems design we offer to use UML – the standard specification language of high level systems. The higher level of abstraction and automatic design methods could decrease a gap of hardware design. We offer to use UML class diagrams for the specification of electronic systems structure and UML state diagrams to specify the behavior of electronic systems. We introduce metamodels which describe mapping between UML class and state diagrams and hardware description languages (VHDL, SystemC), as the possible realization of ideas we introduced earlier. Also we provide code generator which translates notations of UML class and state diagrams to VHDL and SystemC languages.

Une simple puce ou un système peut contenir plus d'un milliard de transistors, et des milliards de vias connectés au travers de kilomètres d'interconnexions. Cette thèse vise à analyser les erreurs permanentes, tels que, les phénomènes ‘Electromigration’ et ‘Hot Carrier Injection,’ au niveau fonctionnel et d'estimer la précision du simulateur de la fiabilité du processeur. Ce simulateur est utilisé pour fournir le taux cumulé de défaillance pour un processeur simulé au niveau fonctionnel, sous divers ensembles de tension et de fréquence. Les simulations sont supposés représenter des conditions idéales, sans aucune humidité ni variabilité. / A single chip or a system can have more than billion transistors, and billions of vias connected through miles of interconnections. This thesis aims at analyzing hard errors, such as, electromigration, hot carrier injection at functional level and to estimate the accuracy of the reliability aware processor simulator. We use this simulator to provide the cumulative failure rate for a processor simulated at functional level, at various voltage and frequency sets. The simulations are assumed to be under consideration of ideal environment, with no humidity and no variability.

Une carte multi-échelle est un ensemble de cartes à différentes échelles, dans lequel l’utilisateur peut naviguer via un géoportail. Chacune de ces cartes est préalablement construite par généralisation cartographique, processus qui adapte la représentation cartographique à une échelle donnée. Les changements de représentations qu’implique la généralisation entre deux cartes à différentes échelles sont susceptibles de perturber l’utilisateur, rendant sa navigation plus difficile. Nous proposons dans cette thèse d’ajouter des représentations intermédiaires dans une carte multi-échelle existante, pour créer une évolution plus fluide du contenu cartographique au fil des échelles. Alors que de solides connaissances théoriques existent pour la conception cartographique traditionnelle, on ne sait pas encore comment concevoir une carte multi-échelle efficace. Pour formaliser des connaissances à ce sujet, nous avons étudié un panel de seize cartes multi-échelles existantes. Nous avons analysé les systèmes de zoom utilisés ainsi que l’évolution des représentations cartographiques au fil des échelles, en particulier les changements de niveaux d’abstraction pour les objets bâtis et routiers. Nous avons aussi évalué la variation de complexité visuelle du contenu cartographique au fil des échelles, en utilisant des mesures de clutter visuel. Nous avons ainsi identifié les tendances générales en termes de représentations multi-échelles (comme l’application du standard WMTS), certains facteurs que nous considérons comme ayant une influence négative sur la navigation de l’utilisateur (comme l’utilisation d’une même carte à différentes échelles), ainsi que des pratiques intéressantes visant à la faciliter (comme les représentations mixtes). A partir de ces constats, nous avons formulé des hypothèses sur l’influence des variables de construction des représentations intermédiaires sur la fluidité de navigation. Nous avons construit un matériel de test à partir d’un extrait de la carte multi-échelle Scan Express de l’IGN, entre les cartes existant au 1 : 25k et au 1 : 100k. Nous avons ainsi produit quatre versions différentes de représentations intermédiaires entre ces deux cartes, implémentant nos différentes hypothèses. Cet exercice nous a permis de mieux cerner les verrous techniques que soulève la production de représentations intermédiaires. Nous avons enfin conduit un test utilisateurs contrôlé, en demandant à 15 participants de réaliser une tâche cartographique sur ces différentes cartes multi-échelles, pour évaluer la pertinence de nos hypothèses / A multi-scale map is a set of maps at different scales, displayed on mapping applications, in which users may navigate by zooming in or out. Each of these maps is produced beforehand by cartographic generalization, which aims to adapt the cartographic representation for a target scale. Due to generalization, the representation changes between maps at different scales may disturb the user during its navigation. We assume that adding intermediate representations in an existing multi-scale map may enable a smooth evolution of cartographic content across scales. While theoretical knowledge exists for traditional cartography, we still do not know how to design efficient multi-scale maps. To formalize knowledge on that subject, we studied sixteen existing multi-scale maps. We focused on the used zooming system (zoom levels and display scales) and on the evolution of cartographic representations across scales, in particular for building and road entities. We also analyzed the variation of visual complexity of the map content across scales, using visual clutter measures. We thus identified general trends in terms of multi-scale representation (i.e. use of WMTS standard), some potential disturbing factors (i.e. use of a same map at different scales), but also good practices which may ease the user navigation (i.e. mixed representations). Based on these findings, we made assumptions on the influence of intermediate representations design on user navigation. We built test material from an extract of the Scan Express multi-scale map of the French IGN, between the existing maps at 1:25k and 1:100k scales. We thus produced four different versions of intermediate representations between these two maps, implementing our different hypotheses. This way, we highlighted the technical issues that we faced when producing intermediate representations. Finally, we conducted a controlled user study, asking 15 participants to perform a cartographic task on these different multi-scale maps, to evaluate our hypotheses

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<p>Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka vilka ordtyper som är lätta respektive svåraatt nå fram till med bliss standardkarta och vilka strategier som är mer respektive mindreeffektiva. Deltagarna, 24 kvinnliga studenter utan funktionshinder, delades upp i par. Den enai paret fick i uppgift att förklara 12 målord, som inte finns med på bliss standardkarta, enbartgenom att använda bliss standardkarta. Den andra i paret fick i uppgift att gissa vilkamålorden var. Eftersom tidigare studier indikerat att ordklass, frekvensnivå ochabstraktionsnivå kan påverka ords svårighetsgrad, valdes målorden i föreliggande studieutifrån dessa variabler. Resultatet visade att målordens ordklass inte påverkade derassvårighetsgrad. Målordens frekvensnivå påverkade svårighetsgraden i viss utsträckning.Abstraktionsnivå var den variabel som påverkade svårighetsgraden mest. Eftersom deabstrakta och ovanliga målorden var svårast, kan det vara klokt att inkludera de ordtyperna påblisskartan. Några strategier som gynnade kommunikationen var när blissaren använde syntaxoch syntaktiskt prompting samt när gissaren gav blissaren tid att avsluta sina fraser. Dessastrategier kan vara lämpliga att rekommendera till blissanvändare och deras samtalspartners.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to investigate which types of words that are easy and difficult toreach with Bliss Swedish standard chart and also which strategies that is more and lessefficient. The participants, 24 female students with no functional limitations, were grouped inpairs. One in each pair was given the task to explain 12 target words that is not present onBliss standard chart, by using only Bliss standard chart. The other person in each pair wasgiven the task to guess which words that were asked for. Since former studies have indicatedthat word class, level of frequency and level of abstraction can affect words' degree ofdifficulty, the target words in this study were chosen based upon those factors. The resultsdemonstrated that the word class of the target words did not affect their degree of difficulty.The frequency of the target words affected their degree of difficulty in some ways. The levelof abstraction of the target words was the factor that affected the degree of difficulty the most.Since the abstract and infrequent target words were most difficult, it may be a good idea toinclude those types of words on the Bliss chart. Some of the strategies that were beneficial forcommunication were the blisser’s use of syntax and syntactic prompting. Another strategy thatwas beneficial for the communication was giving the blisser enough time to finish herphrases. It may be appropriate to recommend those strategies to Bliss users and theircommunication partners.</p>

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka vilka ordtyper som är lätta respektive svåraatt nå fram till med bliss standardkarta och vilka strategier som är mer respektive mindreeffektiva. Deltagarna, 24 kvinnliga studenter utan funktionshinder, delades upp i par. Den enai paret fick i uppgift att förklara 12 målord, som inte finns med på bliss standardkarta, enbartgenom att använda bliss standardkarta. Den andra i paret fick i uppgift att gissa vilkamålorden var. Eftersom tidigare studier indikerat att ordklass, frekvensnivå ochabstraktionsnivå kan påverka ords svårighetsgrad, valdes målorden i föreliggande studieutifrån dessa variabler. Resultatet visade att målordens ordklass inte påverkade derassvårighetsgrad. Målordens frekvensnivå påverkade svårighetsgraden i viss utsträckning.Abstraktionsnivå var den variabel som påverkade svårighetsgraden mest. Eftersom deabstrakta och ovanliga målorden var svårast, kan det vara klokt att inkludera de ordtyperna påblisskartan. Några strategier som gynnade kommunikationen var när blissaren använde syntaxoch syntaktiskt prompting samt när gissaren gav blissaren tid att avsluta sina fraser. Dessastrategier kan vara lämpliga att rekommendera till blissanvändare och deras samtalspartners. / The aim of this study was to investigate which types of words that are easy and difficult toreach with Bliss Swedish standard chart and also which strategies that is more and lessefficient. The participants, 24 female students with no functional limitations, were grouped inpairs. One in each pair was given the task to explain 12 target words that is not present onBliss standard chart, by using only Bliss standard chart. The other person in each pair wasgiven the task to guess which words that were asked for. Since former studies have indicatedthat word class, level of frequency and level of abstraction can affect words' degree ofdifficulty, the target words in this study were chosen based upon those factors. The resultsdemonstrated that the word class of the target words did not affect their degree of difficulty.The frequency of the target words affected their degree of difficulty in some ways. The levelof abstraction of the target words was the factor that affected the degree of difficulty the most.Since the abstract and infrequent target words were most difficult, it may be a good idea toinclude those types of words on the Bliss chart. Some of the strategies that were beneficial forcommunication were the blisser’s use of syntax and syntactic prompting. Another strategy thatwas beneficial for the communication was giving the blisser enough time to finish herphrases. It may be appropriate to recommend those strategies to Bliss users and theircommunication partners.