<p>This thesis concerns object oriented modelling and automatic generalisation of geographic information. The focus however is not on traditional paper maps, but on screen maps that are automatically generated from a geographical database. Object oriented modelling is used to design screen maps that are equipped with methods that automatically extracts information from a geographical database, generalises the information and displays it on a screen. The thesis consists of three parts: a theoretical background, an object oriented model that incorporates automatic generalisation of geographic information and a case study where parts of the model have been implemented.</p><p>An object oriented model is an abstraction of reality for a certain purpose. The theoretical background describes different aspects that have impact on how an object oriented model shall be designed for automatic generalisation. The following topics are described: category theory, the human ability to recognise visual patterns, previous work in automatic cartographic generalisation, and object oriented modelling.</p><p>A view is here defined to consist of several static levels, or maps, defined at different resolutions. As the user zooms the level that is appropriate for the particular resolution is shown. An object class belongs to one and only one level and has a certain symbolisation. The automatic creation of new objects in a level is discussed as well as the relation between objects in different levels. To preserve topological relations between objects in a level a network structure is formed between all linear objects in a level and objects that might cause conflicts are modelled using dependencies.</p><p>The model is designed for a set of typical geographical object classes such as road, railroad, lake, river, stream, building, built-up area etc. The model is designed to handle information in a scale-range from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000. The model has been implemented for a subset of these classes and tested for an area covering approximatley 60 km².</p>

This thesis concerns object oriented modelling and automatic generalisation of geographic information. The focus however is not on traditional paper maps, but on screen maps that are automatically generated from a geographical database. Object oriented modelling is used to design screen maps that are equipped with methods that automatically extracts information from a geographical database, generalises the information and displays it on a screen. The thesis consists of three parts: a theoretical background, an object oriented model that incorporates automatic generalisation of geographic information and a case study where parts of the model have been implemented. An object oriented model is an abstraction of reality for a certain purpose. The theoretical background describes different aspects that have impact on how an object oriented model shall be designed for automatic generalisation. The following topics are described: category theory, the human ability to recognise visual patterns, previous work in automatic cartographic generalisation, and object oriented modelling. A view is here defined to consist of several static levels, or maps, defined at different resolutions. As the user zooms the level that is appropriate for the particular resolution is shown. An object class belongs to one and only one level and has a certain symbolisation. The automatic creation of new objects in a level is discussed as well as the relation between objects in different levels. To preserve topological relations between objects in a level a network structure is formed between all linear objects in a level and objects that might cause conflicts are modelled using dependencies. The model is designed for a set of typical geographical object classes such as road, railroad, lake, river, stream, building, built-up area etc. The model is designed to handle information in a scale-range from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000. The model has been implemented for a subset of these classes and tested for an area covering approximatley 60 km2. / <p>NR 20140805</p>

The aim of this work is to design automatic detection of spot heights from airborne laser scanning data and its generalization. The first part is about the idea of spot height: the importance of spot heights for altimetry representation on maps and suggestions concerning the scatter of spot heights on maps. In the following part, different approaches for terrain critical points extraction (peaks, depressions, passes) from digital terrain models are described as suitable places for spot heights location. Further, we introduce a description of geomorphological characteristics of these points by which is possible to identify its significance and generalize them. In accordance to analysis of Základní mapa ČR and recommendation for spot heights location described in literature we designed own method of automatic generation and generalization spot heights from digital terrain models. This method were implemented and there is a description of the test data and results on the real data DMR 5G of the algorithm in the end of the work. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste na elaboração de mapas áudio-dinâmicos em múltiplas escalas automáticas, para um Sistema de Navegação e Guia de Rota em Automóvel (SINGRA). O projeto das representações cartográficas foi dividido em duas fases: projeto de composição geral e projeto áudio-gráfico. Os mapas visuais dinâmicos foram elaborados com base nos princípios da comunicação cartográfica e da percepção visual, com ênfase nas operações de generalização. A área de estudo apresenta uma malha urbana com diferentes tipos de vias, cruzamentos e limites de velocidade. Os mapas foram projetados para serem exibidos em um monitor de pequeno formato (sete polegadas), com alta resolução, e um total de quatro escalas de representação foi determinado: 1/10.000, 1/5.000, 1/2.500 e 1/1.000. Tais escalas foram definidas em função do tamanho da mídia de apresentação e do tipo de tarefa tática. Os mapas generalizados foram obtidos pela aplicação das operações de simplificação, exagero e deslocamento, sobre uma base cartográfica na escala 1/1.000. As representações áudio-dinâmicas foram produzidas a partir de variáveis áudio-dinâmicas. As mensagens de voz foram pré-gravadas na voz feminina, executadas em sincronia com as informações visuais. O projeto foi implementado em um SINGRA disponível na FCT-UNESP, a partir do compilador Visual Basic e da biblioteca MapObjects. Ao comparar o sistema de múltiplas escalas com o de escala única, observa-se que os novos mapas adaptados ao contexto de direção do motorista, podem permitir que o usuário receba a informação de acordo com a tarefa de navegação desenvolvida ao longo da rota ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this research is to design and implement an automatics multi-scale and audio-dynamic map for an In-Car Route Guidance and Navigation System (RGNS). The design was organized in two stages: general composition and auditory-graphic design. The visual-dynamic maps were designed based on cartographic communication principles and visual perception, especially on the generalization operators. The area of study presents an urban network with different types of roads, nodes, and speed limits. The maps were designed for a small-screen display, and a total of four different scales were employed: 1:10.000, 1:5.000, 1:2.500 and 1:1.000. These scales were chosen according to the media size and type of tactical task. The maps were derived from an accurate cartographic database at scale of 1:1000, by applying generalization techniques, such as simplification, displacement, and enhancement. The audio-dynamic representations were produced by taking account a set of audio-dynamic variables. The voice messages were recorded in a female voice, and they were presented with visual information, simultaneously. The design was implemented in a navigation system, which is available in the Faculty of Sciences and Technology, by using Visual Basic compiler and MapObjects library. The results of comparison between the automatic multiple-scale and single scale system show that the new system, enhanced driver's context, can allow the user receiving information according to the tasks performed along of the route. From the employment of generalization technique it was possible to present in a properly way the amount of information in the display, in which it can contribute for reducing navigational errors and visual demand, when compared with single-scale map ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Mônica Modesta Santos Decanini / Coorientador: Edmur Azevedo Pugliesi / Banca: Claudia Robbi Sluter / Banca: Milton Hirokazu Shimabukuro / Mestre

Production of cartographically correct countour lines from airborne laserscanning data in flat terrain Abstract The thesis is dedicated to the creation of contour lines from the data of airborne laserscanning in flat areas. For creation of contour lines in these parts is necessary specific generalization, that smooths unwanted artifacts, but does not delete the shapes, which are characteristic for the relief. The first part of the thesis is to serve as a short insight into the areas on which it is built, this thesis: the principle of airborne laserscanning and basic information on the contour line model. On the basis of technical literature are defined the requirements for the correct representation of the contour and cartographicly presented the different types of the DEM and generalization of contours. The main aim of this work is to design an algorithm that will combine several methods of generalization of contour while maintaining altitude accuracy as well as other requirements on their cartographicly the right terms, and to test this approach in several territories. In conclusion, the results of the methods of work and its implementation critically evaluated and outlined other possible developments of this issue. Keywords hypsography, airborne laserscanning, digital cartography, contour lines,...

Simplification of contour lines in flat areas The diploma thesis is focused on the cartographic generalization of contour lines derived from dense point clouds in flat territories, where the original contour lines tend to oscillate. The main aim is to propose, develop and test a new algorithm for the contour simplification preserving the given vertical error and reflecting the cartographic rules. Three methods designed for large scale maps (1 : 10 000 and larger) are presented: the weighted average, modified Douglas-Peucker and potential-based approach. The most promising method is based on the repeated simplification of contour line segments by calculating the generalization potential of its vertices. The algorithm is implemented in Python 2.7 with the use of Arcpy library was tested on DMR5G data, the simplified contour lines were compared with the result created by a professional cartographer. Achieved results are presented on attached topographic maps. Keywords: contours, cartographic generalization, digital cartography, vertical buffer, smoothing, GIS

Une carte multi-échelle est un ensemble de cartes à différentes échelles, dans lequel l’utilisateur peut naviguer via un géoportail. Chacune de ces cartes est préalablement construite par généralisation cartographique, processus qui adapte la représentation cartographique à une échelle donnée. Les changements de représentations qu’implique la généralisation entre deux cartes à différentes échelles sont susceptibles de perturber l’utilisateur, rendant sa navigation plus difficile. Nous proposons dans cette thèse d’ajouter des représentations intermédiaires dans une carte multi-échelle existante, pour créer une évolution plus fluide du contenu cartographique au fil des échelles. Alors que de solides connaissances théoriques existent pour la conception cartographique traditionnelle, on ne sait pas encore comment concevoir une carte multi-échelle efficace. Pour formaliser des connaissances à ce sujet, nous avons étudié un panel de seize cartes multi-échelles existantes. Nous avons analysé les systèmes de zoom utilisés ainsi que l’évolution des représentations cartographiques au fil des échelles, en particulier les changements de niveaux d’abstraction pour les objets bâtis et routiers. Nous avons aussi évalué la variation de complexité visuelle du contenu cartographique au fil des échelles, en utilisant des mesures de clutter visuel. Nous avons ainsi identifié les tendances générales en termes de représentations multi-échelles (comme l’application du standard WMTS), certains facteurs que nous considérons comme ayant une influence négative sur la navigation de l’utilisateur (comme l’utilisation d’une même carte à différentes échelles), ainsi que des pratiques intéressantes visant à la faciliter (comme les représentations mixtes). A partir de ces constats, nous avons formulé des hypothèses sur l’influence des variables de construction des représentations intermédiaires sur la fluidité de navigation. Nous avons construit un matériel de test à partir d’un extrait de la carte multi-échelle Scan Express de l’IGN, entre les cartes existant au 1 : 25k et au 1 : 100k. Nous avons ainsi produit quatre versions différentes de représentations intermédiaires entre ces deux cartes, implémentant nos différentes hypothèses. Cet exercice nous a permis de mieux cerner les verrous techniques que soulève la production de représentations intermédiaires. Nous avons enfin conduit un test utilisateurs contrôlé, en demandant à 15 participants de réaliser une tâche cartographique sur ces différentes cartes multi-échelles, pour évaluer la pertinence de nos hypothèses / A multi-scale map is a set of maps at different scales, displayed on mapping applications, in which users may navigate by zooming in or out. Each of these maps is produced beforehand by cartographic generalization, which aims to adapt the cartographic representation for a target scale. Due to generalization, the representation changes between maps at different scales may disturb the user during its navigation. We assume that adding intermediate representations in an existing multi-scale map may enable a smooth evolution of cartographic content across scales. While theoretical knowledge exists for traditional cartography, we still do not know how to design efficient multi-scale maps. To formalize knowledge on that subject, we studied sixteen existing multi-scale maps. We focused on the used zooming system (zoom levels and display scales) and on the evolution of cartographic representations across scales, in particular for building and road entities. We also analyzed the variation of visual complexity of the map content across scales, using visual clutter measures. We thus identified general trends in terms of multi-scale representation (i.e. use of WMTS standard), some potential disturbing factors (i.e. use of a same map at different scales), but also good practices which may ease the user navigation (i.e. mixed representations). Based on these findings, we made assumptions on the influence of intermediate representations design on user navigation. We built test material from an extract of the Scan Express multi-scale map of the French IGN, between the existing maps at 1:25k and 1:100k scales. We thus produced four different versions of intermediate representations between these two maps, implementing our different hypotheses. This way, we highlighted the technical issues that we faced when producing intermediate representations. Finally, we conducted a controlled user study, asking 15 participants to perform a cartographic task on these different multi-scale maps, to evaluate our hypotheses

Submitted by Sandra Maria Neri Santiago (sandra.neri@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-18T18:41:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertação.pdf: 1661681 bytes, checksum: a525e39e828632534b1a6e345c1ba890 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T18:41:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertação.pdf: 1661681 bytes, checksum: a525e39e828632534b1a6e345c1ba890 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-29 / Este trabalho aborda o problema de transpor ferramentas e conceitos cartográficos para aplicações de realidade virtual, focando o uso da generalização cartográfica em mundos urbanos virtuais para turismo. A Generalização Cartográfica é uma área de Cartografia utilizada para se obter versões de mapas cartográficos. Em mundos virtuais este processo pode ser implementado com a geração de níveis de detalhamento (Level of Detail – LOD), mas não existem regras precisas para construir esses níveis de forma automática; grande parte dos trabalhos encontrados na literatura foca apenas na simplificação de polígonos. Para se obter versões generalizadas de mapas, a cartografia faz uso de doze operadores, aplicados pelo Cartógrafo segundo o seu conhecimento do problema. Estes operadores são: simplificar, suavizar, agregar, amalgamar, “merging”, colapsar, refinar, exagerar, aumentar, deslocar, classificação e simbolização. É realizada uma análise destes operadores verificando a viabilidade de sua aplicação em mundos virtuais. O conhecimento de um especialista na área de Cartografia é modelado através de regras de conhecimento, as quais alimentam um sistema especialista utilizado para selecionar os objetos de acordo com o tema, que nesta dissertação é o turismo, e para a aplicação dos operadores sobre o mundo virtual. Três dos operadores cartográficos foram escolhidos para serem implementados para mundos virtuais, pois já eram utilizados de forma isolada: simplificar, suavizar e simbolização. A partir destas informações, o SisGen3D, Sistema de Generalização para mundos virtuais construídos em VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language), é apresentado e validado com um mundo virtual, o Recife Antigo Virtual. Este sistema foi desenvolvido em JAVA, modelado com UML (Unified Modelling Language) e utiliza o gerenciador de banco de dados MySQL. / This work deals with the transposition of cartographic concepts and tools to virtual reality applications, using cartographic generalization in virtual urban worlds for tourism applications. Cartographic Generalization is an area in Cartography concerned with the generation of versions of cartographic maps. In virtual worlds, it can be implemented using Levels of Detail - LODs, but there are no known rules for constructing these levels automatically; most of the literature concentrates in polygon simplification. To get versions of maps, Cartography uses twelve operators, applied by the cartographer using domain-specific knowledge: simplification, smoothing, aggregation, amalgamation, merging, collapse, refinement, exaggeration, enhancement, displacement, classification and symbolization. An analysis of these operators is performed in the context of virtual reality. The cartographer domain-specific knowledge is modelled in knowledge rules in an expert system. This expert system is responsible for the selection of important objects and of the application of cartographic operators in virtual worlds. Three operators were implemented to virtual worlds: simplification, smoothing and symbolization. Finally, SisGen3D, a system for generalization virtual VRML worlds is presented. This system, developed in Java, modelled in UML and using the MySQL database, is validated using the Recife Antigo Virtual as a testbed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_aps_me_prud.pdf: 1844754 bytes, checksum: 98269ab519565c997b4f261950db8198 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste na elaboração de mapas áudio-dinâmicos em múltiplas escalas automáticas, para um Sistema de Navegação e Guia de Rota em Automóvel (SINGRA). O projeto das representações cartográficas foi dividido em duas fases: projeto de composição geral e projeto áudio-gráfico. Os mapas visuais dinâmicos foram elaborados com base nos princípios da comunicação cartográfica e da percepção visual, com ênfase nas operações de generalização. A área de estudo apresenta uma malha urbana com diferentes tipos de vias, cruzamentos e limites de velocidade. Os mapas foram projetados para serem exibidos em um monitor de pequeno formato (sete polegadas), com alta resolução, e um total de quatro escalas de representação foi determinado: 1/10.000, 1/5.000, 1/2.500 e 1/1.000. Tais escalas foram definidas em função do tamanho da mídia de apresentação e do tipo de tarefa tática. Os mapas generalizados foram obtidos pela aplicação das operações de simplificação, exagero e deslocamento, sobre uma base cartográfica na escala 1/1.000. As representações áudio-dinâmicas foram produzidas a partir de variáveis áudio-dinâmicas. As mensagens de voz foram pré-gravadas na voz feminina, executadas em sincronia com as informações visuais. O projeto foi implementado em um SINGRA disponível na FCT-UNESP, a partir do compilador Visual Basic e da biblioteca MapObjects. Ao comparar o sistema de múltiplas escalas com o de escala única, observa-se que os novos mapas adaptados ao contexto de direção do motorista, podem permitir que o usuário receba a informação de acordo com a tarefa de navegação desenvolvida ao longo da rota... / The aim of this research is to design and implement an automatics multi-scale and audio-dynamic map for an In-Car Route Guidance and Navigation System (RGNS). The design was organized in two stages: general composition and auditory-graphic design. The visual-dynamic maps were designed based on cartographic communication principles and visual perception, especially on the generalization operators. The area of study presents an urban network with different types of roads, nodes, and speed limits. The maps were designed for a small-screen display, and a total of four different scales were employed: 1:10.000, 1:5.000, 1:2.500 and 1:1.000. These scales were chosen according to the media size and type of tactical task. The maps were derived from an accurate cartographic database at scale of 1:1000, by applying generalization techniques, such as simplification, displacement, and enhancement. The audio-dynamic representations were produced by taking account a set of audio-dynamic variables. The voice messages were recorded in a female voice, and they were presented with visual information, simultaneously. The design was implemented in a navigation system, which is available in the Faculty of Sciences and Technology, by using Visual Basic compiler and MapObjects library. The results of comparison between the automatic multiple-scale and single scale system show that the new system, enhanced driver's context, can allow the user receiving information according to the tasks performed along of the route. From the employment of generalization technique it was possible to present in a properly way the amount of information in the display, in which it can contribute for reducing navigational errors and visual demand, when compared with single-scale map ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)