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<p> In chapter five of the Second Treatise, John Locke explains that every man's natural right in his person and his person's labour gives him an exclusive right over whatever he removes from the natural common by his labour vdthout the __ consent of all the other commoners. This natural appropriation initially has two limits. First, everyone is entitled to have as much property as he can use before it spoils. Second, each appropriation must leave enough and as good in common for others. These limits give everyone direct access to nature and restrict each man's property. </p> <p> At section thirty-six of the Second Treatise, however, Locke states that the invention of money alters original appropriation. Since money does not spoil, men may acquire as much property in it as they desire with the consequence that men now begin to acquire more of everything, especially land, than they themselves can use. Soon there is no longer enough and as good land left in common for everyone. Can men move to a mode of appropriation which does not leave sufficient land in common for all?</p> <p> Leo Strauss and C. B. Macpherson argue that according to Locke, once men introduce money they consent to transcend the limits to appropriation and move to unlimited individual appropriation. James Tully and John Dunn oppose this interpretation. Dunn argues that the notion that men may acquire property without limit contradicts Locke's view that a man's labour is his way to eternal salvation. Tully argues that once the sufficiency proviso is violated, natural appropriation in the state of nature becomes disfunctional, and men must move to reconstitute in civil society the natural mode of limited appropriation. </p> <p> This study compares and contrasts the main lines of each author's argument with respect to unlimited appropriation, and how each author employs key passages in Locke's works to support his position. This reveals how key passages in Locke's works can have radically different meaning for different interpreters. Rather than attempt to arrive at a new interpretation of Locke on property, my intention is to set side by side two opposed views of the significance of Locke's theory of property, and hence systematize a small part of the vast body of literature on Locke on property.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

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This is a study of how a teacher's understanding of the nature of science (NOS) correlates to student understanding of the nature of science. Participants are in semester long seventh grade science classes in a suburban school district. Seven strands of the nature of science were identified in the literature. Four strands were analyzed in this study. Teachers were ranked according to their understanding of the nature of science and compared to their corresponding students' average gain. There was no definitive pattern between the teacher's and corresponding students' gain. When broken down by strand, there still was no definitive pattern between teacher's rank and their students' average gain. Teaching experience varied and provided significant differences between experience groups. Two student ethnic groups produced significant negative overall gains. Only two student ethnic groups showed positive overall gains; however, they were insignificant. Students who reported to enjoy science showed a higher understanding of NOS than those who reported to not enjoy science.

In this thesis I treat success in explicating probabilistic laws of nature (e.g., laws of radioactive decay) as a criterion of adequacy for a metaphysics of laws. I devote a chapter of analysis to each of the three best known theories of laws: the best systems analysis, contingent necessitation, and dispositional essentialism. I treat the problem of undermining that David Lewis identified in his theory of chance as a challenge that any metaphysical theory of probabilistic laws must overcome. I argue that dispositional essentialism explicates probabilistic laws while the other two theories fail to do so. Lewis's best systems analysis explicates probabilistic laws only with a solution to the problem of undermining. Michael Thau's solution was met with Lewis's approval. I argue that Thau's solution is ad hoc and renders impossible the fit of best systems with probabilistic laws to indeterministic worlds. Bas van Fraassen argued that David Armstrong's theory of contingent necessitation is totally incapable of explicating probabilistic laws of nature. I argue that Armstrong is able to respond to some of van Fraassen's arguments, but not to the extent of rehabilitating his theory. I also argue that Armstrong's theory of probabilistic laws suffers from the problem of undermining. This result adds to the widely held suspicion that Armstrong's theory is a version of a regularity theory of laws. With propensities grounding probabilistic laws of nature, the problem of undermining does not arise for dispositional essentialism, because all nomically possible futures are compatible with the propensities instantiated in the world. I conclude that dispositional essentialism explicates probabilistic laws of nature better than Lewis's and Armstrong's theories do. Since probabilistic laws are ubiquitous in contemporary physics, I conclude that dispositional essentialism furnishes a better metaphysics of laws than Lewis's and Armstrong's theories do. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p> This dissertation explores the nature and incidence of several non-standard work arrangements (NSWAs). Statistics confirm the growing prevalence of NSWAs. By 1995, less than one third of Canadian workers were employed in a single full-time, permanent job with a "normal" work schedule. Conventional wisdom suggests that the net effect of the increasing incidence of NSWAs is negative for workers. However, certain NSWAs potentially provide better work-life balance for employees and more flexible utilization of labour for employers. Thus, it is suggested that far too little attention has been paid to the varying nature of particular NSWAs. A typology of NSWAs, consisting of five dimensions and three types, is conceptualized. After examining the dataset and some preliminary data analysis, a modified typology of four dimensions and two types is presented and analyzed. In particular, the two key types of NSWAs are categorized as employee-friendly or employer-friendly. In addition to the typology, the workplace and worker characteristics that affect the incidence of NSWAs is examined.</p> <p> This dissertation has a quantitative research design, and utilizes Statistics Canada's 1999 Workplace and Employee Survey (WES). The chosen dataset and methodology also allow inferences to be made regarding employer strategies. Results suggest that job satisfaction is positively related to employee-friendly NSWAs but negatively related to employer-friendly NSWAs. When controlling for a range of worker and workplace variables, it was found that industry, occupation, gender, tenure, and employee participation are related to the incidence of NSWAs. Finally, consistent with existing research, only a tenuous link was found between workplace outcomes and the incidence of NSWAs. The implication is that the implementation of NSWAs is affected more by employers' strategic choices rather than economic necessity.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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This is a collection of poems surrounding issues of eco-conservation and depression.