The learning process consists of different steps: building a Training Set (TS), training the system, testing its behaviour and finally classifying unknown objects. When using a distance based rule as a classifier, i.e. 1-Nearest Neighbour (1-NN), the first step (building a training set) includes editing and condensing data. The main reason for that is that the rules based on distance need many time to classify each unlabelled sample, x, as each distance from x to each point in the training set should be calculated. So, the more reduced the training set, the shorter the time needed for each new classification process. This thesis is mainly focused on building a training set from some already given data, and specially on condensing it; however different classification techniques are also compared.The aim of any condensing technique is to obtain a reduced training set in order to spend as few time as possible in classification. All that without a significant loss in classification accuracy. Somenew approaches to training set size reduction based on prototypes are presented. These schemes basically consist of defining a small number of prototypes that represent all the original instances. That includes those approaches that select among the already existing examples (selective condensing algorithms), and those which generate new representatives (adaptive condensing algorithms).Those new reduction techniques are experimentally compared to some traditional ones, for data represented in feature spaces. In order to test them, the classical 1-NN rule is here applied. However, other classifiers (fast classifiers) have been considered here, as linear and quadratic ones constructed in dissimilarity spaces based on prototypes, in order to realize how editing and condensing concepts work for this different family of classifiers.Although the goal of the algorithms proposed in this thesis is to obtain a strongly reduced set of representatives, the performance is empirically evaluated over eleven real data sets by comparing not only the reduction rate but also the classification accuracy with those of other condensing techniques. Therefore, the ultimate aim is not only to find a strongly reduced set, but also a balanced one.Several ways to solve the same problem could be found. So, in the case of using a rule based on distance as a classifier, not only the option of reducing the training set can be afford. A different family of approaches consists of applying several searching methods. Therefore, results obtained by the use of the algorithms here presented are compared in terms of classification accuracy and time, to several efficient search techniques.Finally, the main contributions of this PhD report could be briefly summarised in four principal points. Firstly, two selective algorithms based on the idea of surrounding neighbourhood. They obtain better results than other algorithms presented here, as well as better than other traditional schemes. Secondly, a generative approach based on mixtures of Gaussians. It presents better results in classification accuracy and size reduction than traditional adaptive algorithms, and similar to those of the LVQ. Thirdly, it is shown that classification rules other than the 1-NN can be used, even leading to better results. And finally, it is deduced from the experiments carried on, that with some databases (as the ones used here) the approaches here presented execute the classification processes in less time that the efficient search techniques.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese, dem Reaktionsverhalten, den Festkörperstukturen und den elektronischen Eigenschaften von neuartigen Übergansmetall-komplexen der Gruppen 4, 8 und 10 des Peridoensystems der Elemente. Die Arbeit befasst sich unter anderem mit der Darstellung von Alkyloxy- und Aryloxy-substituierten Titanocenverbindungen des Typs [Ti](Cl)(OR) {[Ti] = (C5H5SiMe3)2Ti; R = organischer Rest). Mittels cyclovoltammetrischer Experimente und anhand von Festkörpestrukturen wird der elektronische Einfluss der organischen Reste auf das Metallzentrum untersucht. Weiterhin befasst sich die Arbeit mit der Synthese von in para-Position substituierten NCN-Pincerverbindungen. Durch die Wahl des Substituenten in para-Postition sowie des Übergangsmetalls der Gruppe 10 des Periodensystems der Elemente ist es möglich, verschiedenartig gerichtete polymere Strukturen zu bilden. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt in der Synthese und Untersuchung der elektronischen Eigenschaften von NCN-Pincer-substituierten Ferrocenen. Der Einfluss der NCN-Pincer auf die Elektronendichte des Ferrocens wird bestimmt sowie die Eignung derartiger Systeme als elektrochemische Sensoren zur molekularen Erkennung von Schwefeldioxid wird untersucht.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese, dem Reaktionsverhalten, den Festkörperstukturen und den elektronischen Eigenschaften von neuartigen Übergansmetall-komplexen der Gruppen 4, 8 und 10 des Peridoensystems der Elemente. Die Arbeit befasst sich unter anderem mit der Darstellung von Alkyloxy- und Aryloxy-substituierten Titanocenverbindungen des Typs [Ti](Cl)(OR) {[Ti] = (C5H5SiMe3)2Ti; R = organischer Rest). Mittels cyclovoltammetrischer Experimente und anhand von Festkörpestrukturen wird der elektronische Einfluss der organischen Reste auf das Metallzentrum untersucht. Weiterhin befasst sich die Arbeit mit der Synthese von in para-Position substituierten NCN-Pincerverbindungen. Durch die Wahl des Substituenten in para-Postition sowie des Übergangsmetalls der Gruppe 10 des Periodensystems der Elemente ist es möglich, verschiedenartig gerichtete polymere Strukturen zu bilden. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt in der Synthese und Untersuchung der elektronischen Eigenschaften von NCN-Pincer-substituierten Ferrocenen. Der Einfluss der NCN-Pincer auf die Elektronendichte des Ferrocens wird bestimmt sowie die Eignung derartiger Systeme als elektrochemische Sensoren zur molekularen Erkennung von Schwefeldioxid wird untersucht.

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O jornalismo transnacional (in. cross border journalism; es. periodismo transfronteirizo; din. journalistik over grænser) ganhou visibilidade nos anos 2010 a partir de séries como o OffshoreLeaks e o SwissLeaks, por estabelecer uma rede de investigação colaborativa entre equipes de diferentes países em torno de temas de relevância continental ou mundial, que normalmente envolvem estratagemas nas finanças internacionais com fins ilícitos. Tais séries jornalísticas são o ponto de partida desta tese, sendo contextualizadas com a renovação dos marcos do jornalismo profissional, que inclui o jornalismo pós-industrial (ANDERSON, BELL&SHIRKY, 2013), o qual coincide com uma \"improvável época de ouro do jornalismo investigativo\" (LEWIS, 2009). Procura-se, na presente pesquisa, mapear um território de pioneiros dessa prática de imprensa, que atrai jornalistas veteranos e interessa até às redações clássicas. A partir das constatações do crescimento dessa prática, esta tese procura refletir sobre essa tendência e identificar nela fundamentos de um método, ainda que não plenamente consolidado. E de tal método extrair elementos para um conceito, cuja prática expõe as assimetrias da globalização e se projeta numa \"sociedade civil global\" (IANNI, 1996; KALDOR, 2003). Praticado por jornalistas investigativos como David Kaplan e jornalistas-pesquisadoras como a dinamarquesa Brigitte Alfter (2015) e a chilena Florencia Melgar Hourcade (2015), o jornalismo transnacional se beneficia do saber acumulado pelo \"jornalismo de dados\" e pelo \"jornalismo sem fins lucrativos\", o que estimula uma cultura não competitiva entre redações, fortalece empreendimentos não corporativos e dá abertura a uma estimulante discussão sobre identidade profissional. No campo teórico, esta tese investiga se essa nova fronteira profissional da imprensa subsidia de fato a emergência de uma opinião pública global de caráter generalista na medida em que abre um horizonte multifacetado e plural para o conceito de objetividade jornalística (agora entendida como transparência), e na medida em que incorpora valores de uma \"ética de jornalismo global\" (WARD, 2005, 2008, 2010). / The cross border journalism (es. periodismo transfronteirizo; din. journalistik over grænser; pt. jornalismo transnacional) gained visibility in the years 2010 from series like OffshoreLeaks and SwissLeaks, by establishing a network of collaborative reporting between teams from different countries around issues of continental or global relevance, which usually involves stratagems in international finances for illicit purposes. These journalistic series are the starting point of this thesis, and they are contextualized with the renovation of the milestones of professional journalism, including the post-industrial journalism (ANDERSON, BELL & SHIRKY, 2013) and its coincidence with an \"unlikely golden era of investigative journalism\" (LEWIS, 2009). The research tries to report this territory of pioneers of this new practice from press, which attracts veteran journalists and interests even the classic newsrooms. From the factual findings, this thesis aims to reflect on this trend identifying foundations of a method, although not fully consolidated, and tries to extract therefrom the elements of a concept, and relating its practice to an emergent \"global civil society\" (IANNI, 1996; KALDOR, 2003) and exposing the asymmetries of globalization. Practiced by investigative journalists like David Kaplan and journalists-researchers as the Danish Brigitte Alfter (2015) and the Chilean Florencia Melgar Hourcade (2015), the transnational method takes benefit from the accumulated knowledge by the \"data journalism\" and the \"nonprofit journalism\" and can stimulates a non-competitive culture among newsrooms. This journalism strengthens non-corporate enterprises and gives opening to a stimulating discussion about professional identity. In theory, this thesis investigates if this new professional frontier of press subsidizes indeed the emergence of a global public opinion in a \"generalist\" character as it opens to journalistic field a multifaceted and plural horizon to objectivity (now understood as transparency), and as it incorporates values from a \"global journalism ethics\" (WARD, 2005, 2008, 2010).

O jornalismo transnacional (in. cross border journalism; es. periodismo transfronteirizo; din. journalistik over grænser) ganhou visibilidade nos anos 2010 a partir de séries como o OffshoreLeaks e o SwissLeaks, por estabelecer uma rede de investigação colaborativa entre equipes de diferentes países em torno de temas de relevância continental ou mundial, que normalmente envolvem estratagemas nas finanças internacionais com fins ilícitos. Tais séries jornalísticas são o ponto de partida desta tese, sendo contextualizadas com a renovação dos marcos do jornalismo profissional, que inclui o jornalismo pós-industrial (ANDERSON, BELL&SHIRKY, 2013), o qual coincide com uma \"improvável época de ouro do jornalismo investigativo\" (LEWIS, 2009). Procura-se, na presente pesquisa, mapear um território de pioneiros dessa prática de imprensa, que atrai jornalistas veteranos e interessa até às redações clássicas. A partir das constatações do crescimento dessa prática, esta tese procura refletir sobre essa tendência e identificar nela fundamentos de um método, ainda que não plenamente consolidado. E de tal método extrair elementos para um conceito, cuja prática expõe as assimetrias da globalização e se projeta numa \"sociedade civil global\" (IANNI, 1996; KALDOR, 2003). Praticado por jornalistas investigativos como David Kaplan e jornalistas-pesquisadoras como a dinamarquesa Brigitte Alfter (2015) e a chilena Florencia Melgar Hourcade (2015), o jornalismo transnacional se beneficia do saber acumulado pelo \"jornalismo de dados\" e pelo \"jornalismo sem fins lucrativos\", o que estimula uma cultura não competitiva entre redações, fortalece empreendimentos não corporativos e dá abertura a uma estimulante discussão sobre identidade profissional. No campo teórico, esta tese investiga se essa nova fronteira profissional da imprensa subsidia de fato a emergência de uma opinião pública global de caráter generalista na medida em que abre um horizonte multifacetado e plural para o conceito de objetividade jornalística (agora entendida como transparência), e na medida em que incorpora valores de uma \"ética de jornalismo global\" (WARD, 2005, 2008, 2010). / The cross border journalism (es. periodismo transfronteirizo; din. journalistik over grænser; pt. jornalismo transnacional) gained visibility in the years 2010 from series like OffshoreLeaks and SwissLeaks, by establishing a network of collaborative reporting between teams from different countries around issues of continental or global relevance, which usually involves stratagems in international finances for illicit purposes. These journalistic series are the starting point of this thesis, and they are contextualized with the renovation of the milestones of professional journalism, including the post-industrial journalism (ANDERSON, BELL & SHIRKY, 2013) and its coincidence with an \"unlikely golden era of investigative journalism\" (LEWIS, 2009). The research tries to report this territory of pioneers of this new practice from press, which attracts veteran journalists and interests even the classic newsrooms. From the factual findings, this thesis aims to reflect on this trend identifying foundations of a method, although not fully consolidated, and tries to extract therefrom the elements of a concept, and relating its practice to an emergent \"global civil society\" (IANNI, 1996; KALDOR, 2003) and exposing the asymmetries of globalization. Practiced by investigative journalists like David Kaplan and journalists-researchers as the Danish Brigitte Alfter (2015) and the Chilean Florencia Melgar Hourcade (2015), the transnational method takes benefit from the accumulated knowledge by the \"data journalism\" and the \"nonprofit journalism\" and can stimulates a non-competitive culture among newsrooms. This journalism strengthens non-corporate enterprises and gives opening to a stimulating discussion about professional identity. In theory, this thesis investigates if this new professional frontier of press subsidizes indeed the emergence of a global public opinion in a \"generalist\" character as it opens to journalistic field a multifaceted and plural horizon to objectivity (now understood as transparency), and as it incorporates values from a \"global journalism ethics\" (WARD, 2005, 2008, 2010).