Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Dr. Jonathan S. Colton; Committee Member: Dr. Mark R. Prausnitz; Committee Member: Dr. Rudolph L. Gleason. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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This thesis examines the development, production and function of dress pins in Anglo- Saxon England. It proposes a dated typology for the mid-5th to the mid-llth century and notes the implications of this for discussions of contact and cultural interaction between England and other parts of Europe. Chapter 1 defines the parameters of the study, and describes the data that was assembled on Anglo-Saxon pins. An evaluation of the previous work on pins from Northern Europe (Chapter 2) is followed by an investigation in Chapter 3 of the methods and process of typological analysis. After arguing that one of the most important (and neglected) aspects of typological research is 'the process of study1 the chapter provides terminological definitions for the components of pins. Chapter 4 examines the problems, principal methods and developments in pin production and discusses how changes in method reflected changes both in fashion and metalworking techniques. Building on this, Chapter 5 defines the groups of pins that have been found on sites of the Anglo-Saxon period, including: (1) definition of the types and sub-types; (2) determination of their date ranges; (3) description of their distribution; and (4) suggestions about the origin of each type. In Chapter 6 the types are put into chronological order, to demonstrate which types existed simultaneously and how pins developed over time. The function of pins is considered in Chapter 7 and several tentative hypotheses are put forward. The final chapter draws a number of conclusions from the study including: (1) Anglo-Saxon pins display a great deal of insularity during all periods, but particularly in the 8th and 9th centuries; (2) while regionalism may have been a feature of 6th century pins, it ceases to be important by the 8th century when many finds from middle Saxon trading sites seem consistently to be the same types, suggesting that in addition to trade between England and the Continent and Scandinavia it is time to evaluate the micro-economic and information exchange networks in Anglo- Saxon England; (3) lastly it notes the problem of dissemination of artefactual analyses and the difficulties to be encountered in using typologies and it puts forward a preliminary proposal for the use of expert systems (computer programs that simulate human performance in specialist task areas) as a tool to distribute this information. An example of a knowledge base that might be used to disseminate the typology presented here, The Anglo-Saxon Pin Identification Assistant, is to be found in Appendix 2, as are several sample identification sessions.

Bakgrund: Uppskattningsvis lider 10 % av världens befolkning utav någon form av stickrädsla. Vaccinationer och blodprovstagning är vanligt förekommande i dagens moderna sjukvård och stickrädda patienter kan undvika sjukvården och på så vis försämra sin hälsa. Sjuksköterskan kan lindra lidandet som rädslan medför hos den enskilda individen genom beprövad kunskap om stickrädsla. Syfte: Belysa omvårdnadsmetoder sjuksköterskan kan använda sig av för att lindra patientens lidande vid stickrädsla. Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på kvalitativa artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Resultatet redovisas i enligt med de fyra teman som framkom i analysen. Miljö som visat sig spela stor roll för den stickrädda patienten och om sjuksköterskan kan skapa en mindre klinisk miljö samt dölja nålar och dylikt så hjälper det patienten att klara sin rädsla bättre. Tid som ges till patienter som känner rädsla och obehag inför vaccinationer, blodprovstagning eller dylikt, har visat sig lugna stickrädslan. Likaså sjuksköterskans förmåga att göra proceduren kort om så önskas, uppskattas utav patienten. Distraktion har visat sig som en mycket bra metod att omhänderta stickrädda patienter och kan ske i form utav samtal, andningstekniker, ordspel eller pussel. Bli tagen på allvar är ofta avgörande om patienten upplever vården som god och en förutsättning för att en stickrädd patient vid ett senare tillfälle skall förlita sig på sjukvården och söka sig dit om behov finns. Slutsats: Det finns vetenskapligt bevisade omvårdnadsmetoder sjuksköterskan kan använda sig utav för att lindra lidandet hos patienter med stickrädsla. Klinisk betydelse: Ett stort problem hos vårdpersonal är kunskapsbrist om att stickrädsla förekommer hos vuxna. Därför hoppas författarna att genom att belysa ämnet inom sjukvården, skall även vuxna få likvärdigt omhändertagande för sin stickrädsla som barn har tillgång till. / Background: Approximately 10% of the world population suffers from some kind of needle fear. Vaccinations and blood sampling is common in today's modern health care and patients with needle fear may therefore avoid medical care which in turn could have a negative impact on their health. The nurse can alleviate suffering caused on the individual through proven knowledge of needle fear. Aim: To illustrate different nursing practices that can be used to relieve patients suffering from needle fear. Method: Literature review. Result: The results are reported under four themes. The Environment is shown to play a major role for the needle fear patient. The nurse can create a less clinical setting and hide needles, which have shown to help the patient cope with their fears better. The Time given to patients who feel fear and discomfort with vaccinations, blood tests or similar, have been shown to calm the needle fear. Likewise, the nurse's ability to make the process short, if desired, is appreciated by the patient. Distraction has been proven as a very good method to take care of needle fear patients and good examples are conversations, breathing techniques, word games or puzzles. Being taken seriously is often important to give a needle fear patient a good care experience and has also shown to be crucial as to whether the needle patient at a later date would rely on medical services and seek help or not. Conclusion: There are nursing care methods, which have been scientifically proven, that nurse can use to alleviate the suffering from patients with needle fear. Clinical significance: A major problem within the health profession is a lack of knowledge that needle fear occurs among adults. Therefore, the authors hope that by highlighting the topic in health care, adults should receive the same considerate needle fear care as children have access to today.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 46 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 27-30).

The phenomenon of a fire occurring in nature comes with a very high level of complexity. One central obstacle is the range of scales in such fires. In order to understand wildfires, research has to be conducted across these scales in order to study the mechanisms which drive wildfire behavior. The hazard related to such fires is ever more increasing as the living space of communities continues to increase and infringe with the wildland at the wildland-urban interface. In order to do so, a strong understanding on the possible wildfire behavior that may occur is critical. An array of factors impact wildfire behavior, which are generally categorized into three groups: (1) fuel (type, moisture content, loading, structure, continuity); (2) environmental (wind, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation); and (3) topography (slope, aspect). The complexity and coupling of factors impacting various scales of wildfire behavior has been the focus of much experimental and numerical work over the past decades. More recently, the need to quantify wildland fuel flammability and use the knowledge in mitigating risks, for example by categorizing vegetation according to their flammability has been recognized. Fuel flammability is an integral part of understanding wildfire behavior, since it can provide a quantification of the ignition and burning behavior of wildland fuel beds. Determining flammability parameters for vegetative fuels is however not a straight forward task and a rigorous standardized methodology has yet to be established. It is the intent of this work to aid in the path of finding a most suitable methodology to test vegetative fuel flammability. This is achieved by elucidating the fundamental heat and mass transfer mechanisms that drive ignition and burning behavior of porous wildland fuel beds. The work presented herein is a continuation of vegetative fuel flammability research using bench-scale calorimetry (the FM Global Fire Propagation Apparatus). This apparatus allows a high level of control of critical parameters. Experimental studies investigate how varying external heat flux (radiative), ventilation conditions (forced airflow rate, oxygen concentration, and temperature), and moisture content affect the ignition and burning behavior of wildland fuel. Two distinct ignition regimes were observed for radiative heating with forced convection cooling: (1) convection/radiation for low heating rates; and (2) radiation only for high heating rates. The threshold for the given convection conditions was near 45 kW.m-2. For forced convection, ignition behavior is dominated by convection cooling in comparison to dilution; ignition times were constant when the oxygen flow rate was varied (constant flow magnitude). Analysis of a radiative Biot number including heat losses (convection and radiation) indicated that the pine needles tested behaved thermally thin for the given heating rates (up to 60 kW.m-2). A simplified onedimensional, multi-phase heat transfer model for porous media is validated with experimental results (in-depth temperature measurements, critical heat flux and ignition time). The model performance was adequate for two species only, when the convective Froude number is less than 1.0 (only one packing ratio was tested). Increasing air flow rates resulted in higher heat of combustion due to increased pyrolysis rates. In the given experiments (ventilation controlled environment) combustion efficiency decreased with increasing O2 flow rates. Flaming combustion of pine needles in such environments resulted in four times greater CO generation rates compared to post flaming smoldering combustion. A link was made to live fuel flammability that is important for understanding the occurrence of extreme fire conditions such as crowning and to test if live fuel flammability contributes to the occurrence of a typical fire season. Significant seasonal variations were observed for the ignition and burning behavior of conditioned live pine needles. Variation and peak flammability due to ignition time and heat release rate can be associated to the growing season (physical properties and chemical composition of the needles). Seasonal trends were masked when unconditioned needles were tested as the release of water dominated effects. For wet fuel, ignition time increases linearly with fuel moisture content (FMC, R2 = 0.93). The peak heat release rate decreased non-linearly with FMC (R2 = 0.77). It was determined that above a threshold of 60% FMC (d.w.), seasonal variation in the heat release rate can be neglected. A novel live fuel flammability assessment to evaluate the seasonality of ignition and burning behavior is proposed. For the given case (NJ Pine Barrens, USA), the flammability assessment indicated that the live fuel is most flammable in August. Such assessment can provide a framework for a live fuel flammability classification system that is based on rigorous experimentation in well controlled fire environments.

Orientador: Aparecido Carlos Gonçalves / Resumo: O medo da dor relacionada à injeção é um empecilho à terapia de injetáveis. As injeções hipodérmicas são motivos de grande ansiedade e de reduzida adesão à aplicação subcutânea de insulina para o controle glicêmico em diabéticos ou no tratamento da esclerose múltipla, aumentando o risco de complicações e mortalidade. Neste trabalho foi analisado como algumas das características da agulha podem influenciar a sensação de dor na injeção. Mediu-se o esforço de penetração de agulhas em um tecido artificial (modelo substituto da pele), para diferentes diâmetros de cânula, rugosidade, profundidade de penetração, lubrificação e ângulos do bisel da ponta perfurante. Este estudo visou encontrar alternativas para facilitar a aplicação e a autoaplicação de injeções hipodérmicas, aumentando a segurança e conforto, diminuindo a intensidade da dor percebida pelo paciente. Para isso, analisou-se no projetor de perfil e no MEV o bisel de agulhas usadas repetidas vezes para verificar a perda do perfil ou a formação de rebarbas que possam dificultar a penetração ou traumatizar o tecido durante o reuso de agulhas. Também foi analisado sob o ponto de vista mecânico, o que pode ser feito para prevenir que as agulhas usadas na aplicação subcutânea não atinjam inadvertidamente o músculo. O maior esforço de penetração observado nas agulhas com maior ângulo do bisel é responsável pela percepção de dor do paciente. / Mestre

Submitted by SIDNEI CAVASSANA null (sidnei5333@gmail.com) on 2017-09-16T17:06:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado Sidnei versão Final.pdf: 4006618 bytes, checksum: 3e1f03fc6f46516ae312a5bc3c98f9bb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-19T18:25:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cavassana_s_me_ilha.pdf: 4006618 bytes, checksum: 3e1f03fc6f46516ae312a5bc3c98f9bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-19T18:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cavassana_s_me_ilha.pdf: 4006618 bytes, checksum: 3e1f03fc6f46516ae312a5bc3c98f9bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-01 / O medo da dor relacionada à injeção é um empecilho à terapia de injetáveis. As injeções hipodérmicas são motivos de grande ansiedade e de reduzida adesão à aplicação subcutânea de insulina para o controle glicêmico em diabéticos ou no tratamento da esclerose múltipla, aumentando o risco de complicações e mortalidade. Neste trabalho foi analisado como algumas das características da agulha podem influenciar a sensação de dor na injeção. Mediu-se o esforço de penetração de agulhas em um tecido artificial (modelo substituto da pele), para diferentes diâmetros de cânula, rugosidade, profundidade de penetração, lubrificação e ângulos do bisel da ponta perfurante. Este estudo visou encontrar alternativas para facilitar a aplicação e a autoaplicação de injeções hipodérmicas, aumentando a segurança e conforto, diminuindo a intensidade da dor percebida pelo paciente. Para isso, analisou-se no projetor de perfil e no MEV o bisel de agulhas usadas repetidas vezes para verificar a perda do perfil ou a formação de rebarbas que possam dificultar a penetração ou traumatizar o tecido durante o reuso de agulhas. Também foi analisado sob o ponto de vista mecânico, o que pode ser feito para prevenir que as agulhas usadas na aplicação subcutânea não atinjam inadvertidamente o músculo. O maior esforço de penetração observado nas agulhas com maior ângulo do bisel é responsável pela percepção de dor do paciente. / Fear of injection-related pain is a drawback to injectable therapy. Hypodermic injections are a cause for great anxiety and reduced adherence to the subcutaneous application of insulin for glycemic control in diabetics or in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, increasing the risk of complications and mortality. In this work, it was analyzed how some of the characteristics of the needle can influence the sensation of pain in the injection. The needle penetration effort was measured in an artificial tissue (substitute skin model) for different cannula diameters, roughness, depth of penetration, lubrication and angles of the perforating tip bevel. This study aimed to find alternatives to facilitate the application and self-application of hypodermic injections, increasing safety and comfort, reducing the pain intensity perceived by the patient. To do this, the bevel of needles used repeatedly was analyzed in the profile projector and SEM to verify the loss of the profile or the formation of burrs that could hamper the penetration or traumatize the tissue during the reuse of needles. It has also been mechanically analyzed, which can be done to prevent that the needles used in the subcutaneous application do not inadvertently reach the muscle. The greater penetration effort observed in the needles with greater angle of the bevel is responsible for the patient's perception of pain.

Women of Needles and Holes is a hybrid memoir focusing on the immigrant story of the speaker's lineage through the lens of mother-daughter relationships. Through a collection of lyrical essays, prose poems, journal entries, and poems, the narrative explores the concept of curing or succumbing to generational curses. There is an emphasis on the importance of female relationships and the complicated nature of motherhood. The speaker's maternal line is explored by framing the grandmother's and mother's stories through needle and sewing motifs. The family's Cuban and Spanish heritage is considered through the perception of each woman's relationship with both countries. The speaker's matriarchal history binds together when shifts in point-of-view occur such as in "A Cuban Cockroach," "The Burning Street," and excerpts from the speaker's mother's journal. Women of Needles and Holes explores what it means to pass down customs, female roles, traumas, and fears.

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. / Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix reproduces four papers and manuscripts co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.