Background         Across centuries, games are part of human life. In his article "Keeping up with ... Gamification," Kim (2015) indicated that the development of Information Technology has taken gaming to the reach of individuals around the world, thus expanding worldwide collaboration and interaction. Parallelly, With the removal of the obstructions of time and space, E-learning platforms have attracted millions of students. "Here we are now, entertain us," if we could pick one phrase that would portray modern learning procedure, this statement would suit best. Games have been available in education for quite a while (Sciforce, 2018). Turning to this strategy in E-learning would have been unavoidable. However, gamification is not equivalent to games intrinsically. It is alluded to as the "utilization of game components within non-game contexts" (Deterding, Dixon, Khaled, & Nacke, 2011). Although previous studies illustrate the noticeable benefits of gamification in E-learning, the negative effects however remain largely implicit and overlooked. Purpose:              The purpose of this study is to explore the negative effect of Gamification in E-learning in the eyes of university students who are familiar with modern technology and terms in learning field and has decided to choose a course that is very focus and meet their need. The study thereby helps university students and the others to understand the comprehensive view about gamification in E-learning, especially in the negative side. Moreover, this paper would help the E-learning platforms for better Gamification-design. Method:              Following the purpose of this study, an exploratory qualitative research with an inductive approach was used. In particular, in-depth interviews with open-ended questions were utilized to have an insight into the interviewees' perception about Gamification in E-learning.   Conclusion:          The result of the study indicate that gamification could make student get bored (Attention), losing confident, stressful and feeling helplessness (Confident), annoying, uncomfortable and reluctant (Satisfaction), distracted and want to give up (Volition) In the theme of Engagement, gamification has the noticeable negative impact on Community Support factor, slightly impact on Peer Collaboration and Cognitive Problem solving, and almost no effect on Interact with Instructor and Learning Management factor. In detail, gamification could make learners feel useless, frustrate, confusing, and want to give up.

In this paper, I study the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on a group of host country economic growth for the period 1994-2011. Using aggregate level FDI data for a group of five emerging countries, the paper reveals that FDI has a positive effect on economic growth. Then I use sectoral data and test whether all the sectors have positive effects on growth. The results vary across the sectors. The results seem to be positive for mining and quarrying as well as manufacturing sector, while trade and financial intermediation sectors to have a negative effect on economic growth.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O processo de introdução de espécies é reconhecido como a segunda causa mais importante de erosão da diversidade biológica em muitos ambientes no Brasil e no mundo. As espécies invasoras possuem não apenas o poder de sobrevivência e adaptação em outros ambientes, mas a capacidade de dominar a diversidade biológica nativa através da alteração das características básicas dos processos ecológicos naturais e das interações. A jaqueira, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck (Moraceae), tem sua origem nas florestas tropicais da Índia, tendo sido introduzida no Brasil ainda no período Colonial e atualmente é invasora em áreas de Mata Atlântica. Este estudo fornece os primeiros dados sobre a influência da espécie exótica invasora Artocarpus heterophyllus sobre comunidades de anuros de folhiço. As amostragens foram realizadas em uma área de Mata Atlântica, no litoral sudoeste do estado do Rio de Janeiro, incluindo informações sobre riqueza de espécies, densidades específicas e parâmetros ambientais. Nosso estudo foi realizado no Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande entre janeiro de 2009 e março de 2011. Para amostrar a comunidade de anuros de folhiço usamos 154 parcelas de 5 x 5 m, sendo 77 delas em áreas com jaqueiras e 77 em áreas sem jaqueiras, totalizando 3.850 m de chão de floresta amostrados. Nós amostramos um total de 613 anuros habitando o chão da floresta, pertencentes a dez espécies: Brachycephalus didactylus; Chiasmocleis sp.; Haddadus binotatus; Ischnocnema guentheri; Ischnocnema octavioi; Ischnocnema parva; Leptodactylus marmoratus; Physalaemus signifer; Rhinnela ornata e Zachaenus parvulus. Seis das dez espécies foram comuns às áreas com e sem jaqueiras, sendo a similaridade entre as duas áreas de 60%. As áreas com jaqueiras tiveram o dobro (N = 18) de parcelas sem nenhum anfíbio. O número de anfíbios registrados nas parcelas com jaqueiras (38%) foi menor do que o encontrado nas áreas sem jaqueiras (62%). O anfíbio predominante no folhiço em ambas às condições foi Ischnocnema parva, tendo abundancia maior nas parcelas sem jaqueiras. A densidade total de anuros vivendo no chão da floresta nas áreas com jaqueiras (12,2 ind/100 m) foi menor que nas áreas sem jaqueiras (19,7 ind/100 m). Entre os parâmetros ambientais analisados os que possuíram maior influência sobre a abundância de anfíbios foram a profundidade do folhiço e o pH do solo. Os dados sugerem que a jaqueira, além de ocupar o habitat de espécies nativas, é capaz de promover alterações na estrutura desses habitats que irão intervir na fauna do local. / The process of species introduction is recognized as the second most important cause of biological diversity erosion in many environments in Brazil and worldwide. Invasive species have not only the power to survive and adapt in other environments, but also the ability to master the native biodiversity by altering the basic characteristics of natural ecological processes and interactions. The jackfruit tree, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck (Moraceae), has its origin in the tropical forests of India, being introduced in Brazil during the Colonial period and is currently invading the Atlantic Forest. In this study we provide the first data about the influence of the invasive alien species Artocarpus heterophyllus on anuran communities. Samples were taken in an area of Atlantic Forest, on the Southwest coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, and included information on species richness, density and environmental parameters. Our study was conducted at the Ilha Grande State Park, between January 2009 and March 2011. To sample the community of litter anurans we constructed 154 plots of 5 x 5 m, being 77 of them in areas with jackfruit and 77 in areas with no jackfruit, totaling 3.850m of forest floor sampled. We collected a total of 613 frogs inhabiting the forest floor, being distributed within ten species: Brachycephalus didactylus; Chiasmocleis sp.; Haddadus binotatus; Ischnocnema guentheri; Ischnocnema otavioi; Ischnocnema parva; Leptodactylus marmoratus; Physalaemus signifer; Rhinnela ornata and Zachaenus parvulus. Six of this species were common to areas with and without jackfruit, and the similarity between the two areas was 60%. Areas with jackfruit had the double (N = 18) of plots with no amphibian. The number of amphibians recorded in plots with jackfruit (38%) was lower than the number found in areas without jackfruit (62%). The predominant amphibian species in both conditions was Ischnocnema parva, which had greater abundance in plots without jackfruit. The total density of frogs living on the forest floor in areas with jackfruit (12.2 ind/100 m) was lower than in areas without jackfruit (19.7 ind/100 m). Among the environmental parameters analyzed those with greater influence on the abundance of amphibians were the depth of leaf litter and soil pH. The data suggested that the addition of jackfruit, besides occupying the habitat of native species, is able to promote changes in the structure of these habitats that may intervene in the local fauna.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O processo de introdução de espécies é reconhecido como a segunda causa mais importante de erosão da diversidade biológica em muitos ambientes no Brasil e no mundo. As espécies invasoras possuem não apenas o poder de sobrevivência e adaptação em outros ambientes, mas a capacidade de dominar a diversidade biológica nativa através da alteração das características básicas dos processos ecológicos naturais e das interações. A jaqueira, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck (Moraceae), tem sua origem nas florestas tropicais da Índia, tendo sido introduzida no Brasil ainda no período Colonial e atualmente é invasora em áreas de Mata Atlântica. Este estudo fornece os primeiros dados sobre a influência da espécie exótica invasora Artocarpus heterophyllus sobre comunidades de anuros de folhiço. As amostragens foram realizadas em uma área de Mata Atlântica, no litoral sudoeste do estado do Rio de Janeiro, incluindo informações sobre riqueza de espécies, densidades específicas e parâmetros ambientais. Nosso estudo foi realizado no Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande entre janeiro de 2009 e março de 2011. Para amostrar a comunidade de anuros de folhiço usamos 154 parcelas de 5 x 5 m, sendo 77 delas em áreas com jaqueiras e 77 em áreas sem jaqueiras, totalizando 3.850 m de chão de floresta amostrados. Nós amostramos um total de 613 anuros habitando o chão da floresta, pertencentes a dez espécies: Brachycephalus didactylus; Chiasmocleis sp.; Haddadus binotatus; Ischnocnema guentheri; Ischnocnema octavioi; Ischnocnema parva; Leptodactylus marmoratus; Physalaemus signifer; Rhinnela ornata e Zachaenus parvulus. Seis das dez espécies foram comuns às áreas com e sem jaqueiras, sendo a similaridade entre as duas áreas de 60%. As áreas com jaqueiras tiveram o dobro (N = 18) de parcelas sem nenhum anfíbio. O número de anfíbios registrados nas parcelas com jaqueiras (38%) foi menor do que o encontrado nas áreas sem jaqueiras (62%). O anfíbio predominante no folhiço em ambas às condições foi Ischnocnema parva, tendo abundancia maior nas parcelas sem jaqueiras. A densidade total de anuros vivendo no chão da floresta nas áreas com jaqueiras (12,2 ind/100 m) foi menor que nas áreas sem jaqueiras (19,7 ind/100 m). Entre os parâmetros ambientais analisados os que possuíram maior influência sobre a abundância de anfíbios foram a profundidade do folhiço e o pH do solo. Os dados sugerem que a jaqueira, além de ocupar o habitat de espécies nativas, é capaz de promover alterações na estrutura desses habitats que irão intervir na fauna do local. / The process of species introduction is recognized as the second most important cause of biological diversity erosion in many environments in Brazil and worldwide. Invasive species have not only the power to survive and adapt in other environments, but also the ability to master the native biodiversity by altering the basic characteristics of natural ecological processes and interactions. The jackfruit tree, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck (Moraceae), has its origin in the tropical forests of India, being introduced in Brazil during the Colonial period and is currently invading the Atlantic Forest. In this study we provide the first data about the influence of the invasive alien species Artocarpus heterophyllus on anuran communities. Samples were taken in an area of Atlantic Forest, on the Southwest coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, and included information on species richness, density and environmental parameters. Our study was conducted at the Ilha Grande State Park, between January 2009 and March 2011. To sample the community of litter anurans we constructed 154 plots of 5 x 5 m, being 77 of them in areas with jackfruit and 77 in areas with no jackfruit, totaling 3.850m of forest floor sampled. We collected a total of 613 frogs inhabiting the forest floor, being distributed within ten species: Brachycephalus didactylus; Chiasmocleis sp.; Haddadus binotatus; Ischnocnema guentheri; Ischnocnema otavioi; Ischnocnema parva; Leptodactylus marmoratus; Physalaemus signifer; Rhinnela ornata and Zachaenus parvulus. Six of this species were common to areas with and without jackfruit, and the similarity between the two areas was 60%. Areas with jackfruit had the double (N = 18) of plots with no amphibian. The number of amphibians recorded in plots with jackfruit (38%) was lower than the number found in areas without jackfruit (62%). The predominant amphibian species in both conditions was Ischnocnema parva, which had greater abundance in plots without jackfruit. The total density of frogs living on the forest floor in areas with jackfruit (12.2 ind/100 m) was lower than in areas without jackfruit (19.7 ind/100 m). Among the environmental parameters analyzed those with greater influence on the abundance of amphibians were the depth of leaf litter and soil pH. The data suggested that the addition of jackfruit, besides occupying the habitat of native species, is able to promote changes in the structure of these habitats that may intervene in the local fauna.

P53 est un gène suppresseur de tumeur ubiquitaire qui empêche la prolifération de cellules malignes chez l’humain. En réponse à des dommages à l’ADN ou à des stress cellulaires, p53 entraine l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire et initie la réparation des lésions du génome. Si ces réparations échouent, p53 déclenche alors la mort de la cellule endommagée par apoptose. De plus, p53 présente une forte homologie avec deux autres gènes suppresseurs de tumeur : p63 et p73. Ces trois protéines forment une famille de facteurs de transcription qui protège l’organisme contre le développement de tumeurs. Ce système de défense est enrichi par les multiples isoformes de p53, p63 et p73 dont les rôles sont encore mal décrits. La neutralisation de la fonction de suppression de tumeur de p53, p63 et p73 est un mécanisme clef du développement tumoral auquel participent les mutants hotspots de p53 ainsi que certaines isoformes de p53, p63 et p73 par un effet dominant-négatif. Toutefois, de nombreuses zones d’ombre limitent notre compréhension de ce phénomène. Tout d’abord, l’identification des membres de la famille de p53 impliqués dans l’effet dominant-négatif reste incomplète. Ensuite, les mécanismes responsables de l’effet dominant-négatif sont débattus, suite notamment à l’émergence d’une nouvelle hypothèse impliquant un mécanisme de type prion. Enfin, l’effet dominant-négatif de la famille de p53 pourrait également être mis en cause dans d’autres types de pathologies comme les syndromes développementaux associés à des mutations de p63. Au cours de cette thèse, j’ai étudié l’impact fonctionnel des mutations hotspots de p53 ainsi que celui des principales isoformes de la famille de p53 sur l’activité transcriptionnelle des isoformes actives de p53, p63 et p73. En utilisant comme modèle d’étude un eucaryote simple, la levure S. cerevisiae, nous avons pu démontrer que l’effet dominant-négatif des mutants et isoformes de la famille de p53 repose sur la formation d’hétéro-tétramères entre formes actives et inactives de ces protéines et n’implique pas de mécanisme de type prion. De plus nos travaux ont montré que certains mutants de p53 interfèrent avec les isoformes actives de p63 et p73 par un mécanisme partiellement basé sur la tétramérisation. En outre, nos résultats préliminaires suggèrent que les mutants de p63 impliqués dans les syndromes développementaux EEC, ADULT et NSCL1 exercent également un effet dominant-négatif similaire à celui des mutants de p53. L’identification des mécanismes de l’effet dominant-négatif observé au sein de la famille de p53 permet d’envisager de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques tant dans les cancers que dans certaines maladies rares du développement humain. / P53 is a ubiquitous tumor suppressor gene that prevents damaged cells from proliferating. Following DNA damage or cellular stress, p53 induces a cell cycle arrest and initiates an attempt to repair the lesions. If the repair fails, p53 triggers the apoptosis of the cell. p53 shares a high homology with two other tumor suppressor genes: p63 and p73. Together they form a family of transcription factors, which are actively protecting the organism from tumor development. This defense network is enriched by multiple N-terminal and C-terminal isoforms of p53, p63 and p73. The loss of p53, p63 and p73 tumor suppression function is a key step of cancer progression. Mutants of p53 and isoforms of p53, p63 and p73 often exhibit a dominant-negative behavior resulting in the loss of p53 tumor suppression activity. However, the extent of the dominant-negative effect within p53 family remains unclear. The mechanisms behind the dominant-negative effect are also debated due to the recent emergence of a prion-like hypothesis. Finally, the dominant-negative effect of p53 family members could be involved in other pathologies such as p63-related developmental syndromes During this PhD, I studied the functional consequences of hotspot mutations of p53 and of the main isoforms of the p53 family on the transcriptional activity of p53, p63 and p73. Using the naïve eukaryotic model S. cerevisiae we have demonstrated that the dominant-negative effect of mutants and isoforms of the p53 family relies on the formation of hetero-tetramers between functional and non-functional members of the family but not on a prion-like mechanism. In addition, certain p53 mutants are able to interfere with p63 and p73 isoforms though a mechanism that is only partially based on tetramerization. Of note, we obtained preliminary results suggesting that mutants of p63, which are involved in EEC, ADULT and NSCL1 developmental syndromes, behave like dominant-negative hotspot mutants of p53. The identification of the mechanisms of the dominant-negative effect occurring within p53 family could lead to new therapeutic targets both in cancer and in rare developmental syndromes.1 EEC : ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate syndrome, ADULT : acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome, NSCL : non-syndromic cleft lip

The text summarize the contens of a problematic the psychosocial aspect of watching TV broadcast within the group of the children at the pre-school age. The theoretic part is focused on the essential information of the problem. The practical part shows results, which are concentrated on issues mentioned above.

特約條款於我保險法之體例中始終為一灰色地帶，不僅立法原意付之闕如，學術探究與實務應用亦呈二極化，學說上之論述多謂與英美法中之warranty相當，惟深入以視，英美法中之warranty可大致區分為海上保險之warranty與非海上保險之warranty，細分之又有數種迥異之類型，相較於我國之特約條款，於意義上並無法完全契合；於效力上亦有所扞格；加以實務界所應用之特約條款林林而群，種種而生，與我保險法之規定亦有矛盾，接踵而至的疑問，激盪出筆者澎湃之思緒，是以筆者乃自我期許能自不同之角度切入以觀，由比較中知其所異，由質疑中求其真意，不為任何權威所左右，所有之論述皆立於制度之原創性，希能抽絲剝繭，以明特約條款於我國法上之立意、內涵、功能，亦希冀實務界能藉本論文，掙脫出文字之泥淖與制式之束縛，俾能導正其觀念上之繆誤，以杜爭議，筆者擬分為六章論述: 首章述明本論文之研究動機、目的、方法及其範圍。第二章則以特約條款之立法沿革與立法目的為主軸，求諸立法文獻與學者意見，初探其核心，再輔以各國之立法例，並以對價平衡、特約條款之內容、warranty之立意等不同角度，切入其核心。第三章乃深入探究特約條款之法律性質與法律定位，相較英美法上warranty之分類與學者立論，相互其間是否全然契合無缺，並提出管見以測其圓融性，加以與其他相關法律概念如除外、不包括條款、據實說明義 務、基本條款、定型化契約條款等之比較，以明其相互間之差異與關係，使特約條款之真意與缺陷得以完全現形。第四章為效力層面之探究，首觀英美法上warranty之效力，次以我保險法上之架構，分為積極效力與消極效力，於積極效力之架構下探求主體義務人、違反特約條款之效力與解約後之相關問題；於消極效力之架構下，則論及例外事由與情事變更原則之應用，併論特約條款效力上之嚴厲性與矛盾性。第五章係就實務運作之情形以為研析，是否實務上應用之特約條款皆符我保險法上之意義？其效力是否與我保險法有所扞格？是否亦合其立法原意？是以筆者擬將其予以類型化，以明實務曲解特約條款之處。第六章，筆者綜合前述五章之相關爭點提出結論並給予建議，以竟全功。