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The international donor community led by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has in the last decade or so intensified and consolidated its promotion of poverty reduction as the central focus of international aid. The two institutions claim that this new approach is radically different from the top-down structural adjustment policies of the preceding two decades. Drawing on the West African state of Ghana, this study interrogates the arguments, policies, practices, evolution and implementation of this new architecture of aid. Drawing on the critical social theory of Michel Foucault and postcolonial scholars, the study concludes that contemporary discourses about, and practices of, poverty reduction in Africa and elsewhere represent an attempt to discursively (re)produce the global South in ways that justify and legitimize Western interventions through the imposition of neoliberal reforms. I interrogate discontinuities and continuities in the new aid and development agenda in order to show that what is produced and maintained through the various interventions is, in fact, the dominance and influence of a neoliberal agenda in Africas postcolonies. This hegemony of neoliberal orthodoxy persists despite the rhetoric of a post-Washington Consensus development paradigm, which points to practices of consultation, civil society participation and local ownership as core principles that mark a difference from the earlier paradigm. More fundamentally, I show that, as with earlier structural adjustment policies, the poverty reduction strategy framework can be seen as a governing technology that reinscribes the status quo of western economic power and dominance. I argue that contrary to the claim that the poverty reduction strategy framework alters aid relationships by transferring power and influence from donors to aid recipient countries or even developing an equitable partnership, there is, in fact, continuity and intensification of disproportionate donor influence and even domination in the development policy making process

No / The Crises of Postcoloniality in Africa is an assemblage of transdisciplinary essays that offer a spirited reflection on the debate and phenomenon of postcoloniality in Africa, including the changing patterns and ramifications of problems, challenges and opportunities associated with it. A key conceptual rhythm that runs through the various chapters of the book is that, far from being demised, postcoloniality is still firmly embedded in Africa, manifesting itself in both blatant and insidious forms. Among the important themes covered in the book include the concepts of postcolonialism, postcoloniality, and neocolonialism; Africa’s precolonial formations and the impact of colonialism; the enduring patterns of colonial legacies in Africa; the persistent contradictions between African indigenous institutions and western versions of modernity; the unravelling of the postcolonial state and issues of armed conflict, conflict intervention and peacebuilding; postcolonial imperialism in Africa and the US-led global war on terror, the historical and postcolonial contexts of gender relations in Africa, as well as pan-Africanism and regionalist approaches to redressing the crises of postcoloniality.

A pesquisa nacional sobre internacionalização de empresas brasileiras, via aquisições por empresas estrangeiras desde a abertura do mercado ocorrida a partir de 1990, trata este assunto sob o aspecto comportamental ou então sob o aspecto econômico, e eventuais dificuldades durante a integração entre as empresas são analisadas sob o aspecto da cultura organizacional e nacional. Entretanto, é possível observar que as empresas brasileiras, visando competir no mercado internacional e globalizado, são direcionadas a se associarem a empresas de países mais desenvolvidos economicamente, via processos de aliança, que muitas vezes evoluem para uma fusão ou aquisição, em que a empresa brasileira é a adquirida, salvo algumas exceções. A aceitação desta posição de submissão em uma relação comercial vem do conceito generalizado de que o estrangeiro, por ser mais bem sucedido internacionalmente, é superior, e esta situação pode revelar a presença de relações de poder características de uma dominação neocolonialista, onde as empresas estrangeiras assumem o papel de metrópole, e as empresas brasileiras o papel de colônia, e eventuais conflitos são gerenciados ou mesmo mascarados através de uma explicação reducionista que evoca diferenças culturais e institucionais. O objetivo desta tese é analisar a presença a dominação neocolonialista no processo de aquisição de empresas brasileiras por empresas estrangeiras estudando o desenvolvimento do processo de aquisição de duas empresas adquiridas por multinacionais europeia e norte-americana, assim compreender como os conflitos existentes são gerenciados e como este processo de dominação pode ser normalizado pelo uso do discurso da globalização. / The national research on the internationalization of Brazilian companies, through acquisitions by foreign companies since the opening of Brazilian market in the 1990’s, approach this issue considering behavioral or economic aspects, and possible difficulties during the integration stage of the companies involved are analyzed under the aspect of organizational culture and national. However, it is possible to observe that Brazilian companies, desiring to compete in the international and globalized market, are inclined to form alliances with companies belonging to more economically developed countries, a movement that often evolves into a merger or acquisition, in which the Brazilian company is the acquired one, with some exceptions. The acceptance of a position of submission in a commercial relationship comes from the generalized concept that the foreign company, being internationally successful, has superior knowledge, and this situation can reveal the presence of power relations characteristic of a neocolonialist domination, where foreign companies assume the role of a metropolis, and Brazilian companies play the role of a cologne, and possible conflicts are managed or even disguised using a reductionist explanation that evokes cultural and institutional differences. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the presence of neocolonialist domination in the acquisition process of Brazilian companies by foreign companies, studying the development of the acquisition process of two companies acquired by European e North American multinational companies, seeking to understand how existing conflicts are managed and how this domination process can be normalized by using the globalization discourse.

A pesquisa nacional sobre internacionalização de empresas brasileiras, via aquisições por empresas estrangeiras desde a abertura do mercado ocorrida a partir de 1990, trata este assunto sob o aspecto comportamental ou então sob o aspecto econômico, e eventuais dificuldades durante a integração entre as empresas são analisadas sob o aspecto da cultura organizacional e nacional. Entretanto, é possível observar que as empresas brasileiras, visando competir no mercado internacional e globalizado, são direcionadas a se associarem a empresas de países mais desenvolvidos economicamente, via processos de aliança, que muitas vezes evoluem para uma fusão ou aquisição, em que a empresa brasileira é a adquirida, salvo algumas exceções. A aceitação desta posição de submissão em uma relação comercial vem do conceito generalizado de que o estrangeiro, por ser mais bem sucedido internacionalmente, é superior, e esta situação pode revelar a presença de relações de poder características de uma dominação neocolonialista, onde as empresas estrangeiras assumem o papel de metrópole, e as empresas brasileiras o papel de colônia, e eventuais conflitos são gerenciados ou mesmo mascarados através de uma explicação reducionista que evoca diferenças culturais e institucionais. O objetivo desta tese é analisar a presença a dominação neocolonialista no processo de aquisição de empresas brasileiras por empresas estrangeiras estudando o desenvolvimento do processo de aquisição de duas empresas adquiridas por multinacionais europeia e norte-americana, assim compreender como os conflitos existentes são gerenciados e como este processo de dominação pode ser normalizado pelo uso do discurso da globalização. / The national research on the internationalization of Brazilian companies, through acquisitions by foreign companies since the opening of Brazilian market in the 1990’s, approach this issue considering behavioral or economic aspects, and possible difficulties during the integration stage of the companies involved are analyzed under the aspect of organizational culture and national. However, it is possible to observe that Brazilian companies, desiring to compete in the international and globalized market, are inclined to form alliances with companies belonging to more economically developed countries, a movement that often evolves into a merger or acquisition, in which the Brazilian company is the acquired one, with some exceptions. The acceptance of a position of submission in a commercial relationship comes from the generalized concept that the foreign company, being internationally successful, has superior knowledge, and this situation can reveal the presence of power relations characteristic of a neocolonialist domination, where foreign companies assume the role of a metropolis, and Brazilian companies play the role of a cologne, and possible conflicts are managed or even disguised using a reductionist explanation that evokes cultural and institutional differences. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the presence of neocolonialist domination in the acquisition process of Brazilian companies by foreign companies, studying the development of the acquisition process of two companies acquired by European e North American multinational companies, seeking to understand how existing conflicts are managed and how this domination process can be normalized by using the globalization discourse.

A pesquisa nacional sobre internacionalização de empresas brasileiras, via aquisições por empresas estrangeiras desde a abertura do mercado ocorrida a partir de 1990, trata este assunto sob o aspecto comportamental ou então sob o aspecto econômico, e eventuais dificuldades durante a integração entre as empresas são analisadas sob o aspecto da cultura organizacional e nacional. Entretanto, é possível observar que as empresas brasileiras, visando competir no mercado internacional e globalizado, são direcionadas a se associarem a empresas de países mais desenvolvidos economicamente, via processos de aliança, que muitas vezes evoluem para uma fusão ou aquisição, em que a empresa brasileira é a adquirida, salvo algumas exceções. A aceitação desta posição de submissão em uma relação comercial vem do conceito generalizado de que o estrangeiro, por ser mais bem sucedido internacionalmente, é superior, e esta situação pode revelar a presença de relações de poder características de uma dominação neocolonialista, onde as empresas estrangeiras assumem o papel de metrópole, e as empresas brasileiras o papel de colônia, e eventuais conflitos são gerenciados ou mesmo mascarados através de uma explicação reducionista que evoca diferenças culturais e institucionais. O objetivo desta tese é analisar a presença a dominação neocolonialista no processo de aquisição de empresas brasileiras por empresas estrangeiras estudando o desenvolvimento do processo de aquisição de duas empresas adquiridas por multinacionais europeia e norte-americana, assim compreender como os conflitos existentes são gerenciados e como este processo de dominação pode ser normalizado pelo uso do discurso da globalização. / The national research on the internationalization of Brazilian companies, through acquisitions by foreign companies since the opening of Brazilian market in the 1990’s, approach this issue considering behavioral or economic aspects, and possible difficulties during the integration stage of the companies involved are analyzed under the aspect of organizational culture and national. However, it is possible to observe that Brazilian companies, desiring to compete in the international and globalized market, are inclined to form alliances with companies belonging to more economically developed countries, a movement that often evolves into a merger or acquisition, in which the Brazilian company is the acquired one, with some exceptions. The acceptance of a position of submission in a commercial relationship comes from the generalized concept that the foreign company, being internationally successful, has superior knowledge, and this situation can reveal the presence of power relations characteristic of a neocolonialist domination, where foreign companies assume the role of a metropolis, and Brazilian companies play the role of a cologne, and possible conflicts are managed or even disguised using a reductionist explanation that evokes cultural and institutional differences. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the presence of neocolonialist domination in the acquisition process of Brazilian companies by foreign companies, studying the development of the acquisition process of two companies acquired by European e North American multinational companies, seeking to understand how existing conflicts are managed and how this domination process can be normalized by using the globalization discourse.

In recent years, while China has become one of the global power in the world, it has also been accused of its activities, and some of them have been referred to bear neocolonial intention in Africa. While China has also increased its engagement in the South American and Asian countries in the last two decades, its engagement in Africa has led to more concerns in the world due to the claims on China's neocolonial activities and exploitation of African resources. On the other hand, African countries have also started to form a much deeper relationship with China, especially after 2000. One of the main reasons for the development of this relationship has been China's non-interference principle within its 'Soft Power' policy and its emphasis on 'South-South' solidarity against the EU's 'North-South' relationship in Africa. Consequently, China has increased its development policy with no-strings-attached aids and loans to Africa. However, this increasing engagement raised a serious question as to whether China's activities purely target African countries' improvement or those are self- interested activities. As a result, in light of these arguments, this thesis attempts to analyze China's development policy and shed light on the claims of neocolonialism with the comparison of the EU's development policy...

Many nation-states have their potential for growth hindered by the involvement of developed nations. These low-income nation-states are primarily located on the continent of Africa. There are three parts to this phenomenon of neocolonialism which is the process of continuing involvement of developed nations in developing nations that creates a negative growth in those nations. The research I've conducted is in three parts. The first consists of analyzing the social construction of neocolonialism, how the phenomenon occurs, and where it stems from. The second part is to show how this involvement is damaging to the developing nations. I will use examples such as the multinational corporation profit recycling, the life of foreign aid, and unwise economic deals. As it turns out the phenomena brings on the hindrance of developing in the low-income nation. The last part of my research is to come up with an economic improvement plan. For instance, rather than country A trading money (or some monetary value) for a resource in country B, "A" would build a school, hospital, or infrastructure in "B" to improve the conditions in the low-income nation. It is hypothesized that will leave room for growth in both nations without creating harmful economic repercussions because money would be taken out of the equation.

This thesis examines the relationship between China and Zambia through an in-depth study of Chinese investments and loans, focusing specifically on Special Economic Zones (SEZs). The central research question investigates whether China’s economic involvement in Zambia fosters mutual development through interdependence or contributes to neocolonialism. Chinese loans to Zambia have been substantial, enabling significant infrastructure projects. However, these loans have also led to increased debt dependency, limiting Zambia's economic sovereignty. The frequent need for loan forgiveness highlights the sustainability issues of this financial model. Chinese investments in Zambia, particularly in SEZs, aim to stimulate economic growth. While these investments have led to job creation and infrastructure development, there is criticism that they primarily benefit Chinese interests and perpetuate an extractive economic model. China's involvement in Zambia raises concerns about political influence. The dependence on Chinese loans and investments can potentially undermine Zambia's political sovereignty, as seen in instances where Chinese financial support has continued despite Zambia’s debt crisis. The influx of Chinese companies and workers has had mixed social effects. While creating employment, it has also sparked debates about labor conditions and environmental practices. The balance between economic benefits and social costs remains a contentious issue. This thesis employs both neocolonialism and interdependence as theoretical frameworks to analyze these dynamics. Neocolonialism helps in understanding the power imbalances and economic dependency that may arise from China's strategic investments. In contrast, the interdependence perspective highlights the potential for mutual benefits and collaborative economic growth. Overall, the relationship between China and Zambia is complex, characterized by both opportunities for development and risks of dependency. The results show that China shows slightly more neocolonialistic tendencies, rather than working towards interdependence.

Orientador: Maria Clara Bonetti Paro / Banca: Alda Maria Quadros do Couto / Banca: Márcio Roberto do Prado / Banca: Karin Volobuef / Banca: Ana Luiza Silva Camarani / Resumo: Esta tese, com base nos pensamentos de Franz Fanon, Homi Bhabha e Albert Memmi, faz uma leitura pós-colonial da obra do escritor brasileiro Gastão Cruls (1888-1959), examinando-a pelo viés de sua crítica à colonização e à neocolonização do Brasil e situando seu autor ao lado de Euclides da Cunha de Os sertões, como um dos mais importantes - se não o mais importante entre os de sua época - reveladores da realidade nacional, principalmente do Nordeste e do Norte do Brasil. Paralelamente, esta tese realiza uma leitura decadentista de alguns contos crulsianos e os examina em paralelo à obra de outros decadentistas, como Augusto dos Anjos, Alain Fournier e Oscar Wilde. O objetivo dessa leitura é, sobretudo, ressaltar, na obra de Gastão Cruls, sua produção decadentista de alto nível, ainda pouco estudada, como é a maioria de seus textos. Dessa forma, ao entrelaçar na análise da obra crulsiana a perspectiva pós-colonialista, para revelar o posicionamento crítico do autor em face de uma realidade histórica e de uma realidade social emergente, e a perspectiva decadentista, para explorar sua obra como uma manifestação estética singular que reage aos paradigmas da poética adotados pela sociedade burguesa, esta tese revela Gastão Cruls como um autor crítico, que nos dá uma faceta pouco explorada do período Modernista da Literatura Brasileira. / Abstract: Based on FF's, HB's and AM's thought, this dissertation offers a postcolonial reading of the work of the Brazilian writer Gastão Cruls (1888-1959) and examines his texts in the light of his critical stance against the colonization and neocolonization of Brazil. It also places Cruls, together with Euclides da Cunha, as one of the most important writers - and maybe the most important in his time - who revealed our national reality, especially of the north and northeast regions of the country. This dissertation also examines some of Cruls's short stories with the lenses of the Decadent movement and compares them to the work of other writers, such as Augusto dos Anjos, Alain Fournier and Oscar Wilde. It stresses the importance of Cruls's decadent texts and claims that they have not received the attention they deserve, as is also the case for most of his texts. Therefore, by intertwining a postcolonial perspective, that reveals Cruls's critical view of the historical and emerging social reality of his country, with a decadent perspective, that elicits his singular literary response to the aesthetic paradigms of the Brazilian burgeois society of his time, this dissertation presents Gastão Cruls as a critical author that represents an almost unexplored aspect of the Brazilian Modernist period. / Doutor