Legislation about the water use in Morocco including the watering of green spaces is about to change. Indeed, the watering of green spaces will have to be made from waste water treatment plant. This report focuses on a golf course located in Agadir which is subject to the new regulation. The option studied through this paper is the desalination of salt water powered by solar energy. This paper focuses specifically on the generation of solar energy. The aim of the report is to compare the levelized cost of water express in €/m3 for three different alternatives: A) water from the drinking water plant; B) water from a reverse osmosis desalination plant driven by electricity from the national grid; C) water from a reverse osmosis desalination plant driven mainly by solar energy and some electricity from the national grid.The paper will first present the boundary conditions for the case study (part I), the technical analysis (part II-A & B) and then the economic analysis (part II-C). Part III presents the results, based on the simulation results from the software PVsyst, for both the technical and economic analysis and part IV explains the technical part in more detail.In the conclusion, the writer of the report would recommend to another in depth economic analysis in few years as the capital cost for the system with the reverse osmosis desalination plant and the photovoltaic plant is at the moment too high. However, regarding at the levelized cost of water, this case study become competitive with the other alternative. Moreover, looking at the environmental issues (water depletion, greenhouse gas emission) one could decide to take action and therefore take some economic risks.

As an increasing number of homeowners decide to take advantage of distributed renewable resources such as rooftop solar, we may need to rethink the current regulatory paradigm and governance structure of the electric market. This thesis examines the shortcomings of current net metering programs in California. While the current Net Metering 2.0 proceeding highlights a clash of solar advocates and electric utilities, it is in fact revealing an underlying structural flaw that has been present all along. In order to send the appropriate price signals to solar customers, both the structure by which utilities recover costs and the rate at which solar customers are compensated must be reconceived. I show how the current debates over the appropriate price to compensate solar customer are built on a flawed rate structure. Without addressing the underlying inefficiencies of current rate structures, it is unlikely that we will maintain utilities’ financial ability to operate and maintain grid infrastructure and provide solar customers with the proper incentives to reach the ideal transition to solar energy.

In the U.S., clean energy goals and the move towards a clean energy economy are causing the electric power sector to add emerging and innovative renewable energy resources into their generation mix. Electric utilities (EU) face a monumental challenge to create, deliver, and capture value from emerging and disruptive technologies. This study seeks to address the impact of solar photovoltaics on the EU market by investigating the role of business model changes within the domain of urban and rural U.S. electric utility organizations. By integrating the evolving EU business model with the Competing Values Framework (CVF), a new lens is created to assess the changing and evolving business behavior within the EU industry. Furthermore, a predictive and prescriptive tool emerges associated with organizational ambidexterity (OA). Finally, four lessons are presented that will help EU leaders become more anticipatory, adaptable, and responsive in this changing renewable environment.

Solar photovoltaics have received government support in the form of rebates, tax credits and net metering tariff mechanisms. The intended goal of these incentives is to encourage innovation in the manufacturing and installation of these systems, which is expected to eventually help overcome the high cost barrier for the adoption of the technology. These systems have the advantages of abundant availability of the solar resource, low environmental footprint, and the possibility of onsite installation, reducing the need for additional generation and transmission capacity. Since millions of dollars have been invested in these incentive programs, there is an interest in tracking the progress in the cost and capacity installed. In the first part of this thesis, I analyzed the trends in costs and adoption of solar PV by residential and commercial customers in the city of Austin. This is accomplished by tabular and graphical analysis of data on PV installations from 2004, when Austin Energy’s rebate program started, to early 2010. In the second part of the thesis, I used technology diffusion models to analyze and forecast the diffusion of residential PV systems in Austin. Three types of models were used to model the adoption trends: Logistic growth model, Bass model without price effects and Bass model including price effects. In the final part of the thesis, I analyzed the net metering tariff mechanism in Austin and studied the difference between the current and an alternative tariff. The alternative tariff uses actual ‘grid usage’ to calculate the energy charge (cost of providing distribution service) instead of the ‘net energy consumed’ that is currently in use. Using simulated PV generation data and ERCOT load profile data, I calculated the difference in revenue for Austin Energy with the alternative tariff. The results indicate that the alternative tariff adds little revenue to Austin Energy’s energy charge revenues at the current level of penetration of solar PV. However, at a higher penetration level of PV, the alternative tariffs might result in significant additional revenue for the utility. The thesis concludes with a discussion on the possible rationale for the alternative tariff and directions for future research. / text

What impacts the residential use of solar in the United States? There are many factors including financial barriers to entry and financial incentives. However, what is missing in the current academic conversations is net metering. I focus on net metering policies in two of the most solar capable states, California and Arizona. The main difference between these states is that Arizona revoked its net metering policies in 2016 while California has chosen to keep net metering policies into the future. This thesis suggests that net metering is important because it in some way effects the decisions of utilities, solar companies, and residents and therefore should be more focused on in academia.

Ingeniero Civil Eléctrico / La generación distribuida (GD) es un hecho en nuestros días. Los avances tecnológicos han posibilitado la introducción de unidades de GD que aprovechan los energéticos primarios convencionales, así como los no convencionales, para la producción de energía eléctrica, satisfaciendo de este modo las crecientes necesidades de los usuarios. Bajo esta premisa, se hace estrictamente necesario conocer los efectos concretos que tiene este tipo de generación en las redes de distribución, la cual rompe el paradigma clásico de operación de los sistemas eléctricos. Dicho conocimiento permitirá mantener los estándares de calidad de servicio que exige la normativa técnica y también resguardar la seguridad de usuarios y de operadores de red. El objetivo general de este trabajo de título corresponde a la formulación de una metodología para la definición de los niveles máximos agregados de GD dentro de una red baja tensión, o bien, los niveles de penetración. Dicha metodología debe prestar atención a los posibles problemas que se presenten por el aumento de la GD en una red: variación de la tensión en la barra de conexión y las adyacentes, restricciones de capacidad de los conductores y equipos, variación de las pérdidas, así como efectos sobre la tensión por conexión/desconexión intempestiva de unidades de generación y la contribución al nivel de cortocircuito. La validación de la metodología se realizó con el software DIgSILENT Power Factory, a partir de la información provista por dos empresas de distribución. Se evaluaron dos casos de estudio, correspondientes a una red radial, de consumo residencial, ubicada en el área típica 1 y una red radial, urbana, presente en el área típica 3. El escenario analizado en las instalaciones fue de baja demanda, siendo éste el identificado como el caso crítico para la aplicación de la metodología. En ambas redes se realizó un análisis global y específico, tanto para introducción exclusiva de generación a partir de paneles fotovoltaicos como para un mix tecnológico que incluyó también tecnologías eólica y minihidro, verificando con ello la variación de todos los parámetros mencionados en el párrafo anterior. Los resultados obtenidos fueron 27% y 25% de penetración de GD (con respecto a la capacidad nominal del transformador de distribución de la red), respectivamente. Por otro lado, la experiencia internacional indica que el promedio permitido de penetración es de un 30%, mostrando que los valores obtenidos para cada red se hayan en el orden de lo desarrollado en otros países. Es importante mencionar que la metodología formulada y detallada en este documento corresponde a un insumo para la determinación del reglamento asociado a la Ley 20.571, también conocida como Ley Net Metering . Se propone como trabajo futuro la introducción de unidades de GD monofásicas en la red, analizando el efecto que tiene ello en los desbalances de potencia y tensión en las fases de los alimentadores de distribución.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-11-12T14:43:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 kamilaperesrocha.pdf: 4837972 bytes, checksum: 8ccb175cc20788fe527b134046b240f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-11-23T13:11:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kamilaperesrocha.pdf: 4837972 bytes, checksum: 8ccb175cc20788fe527b134046b240f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T13:11:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kamilaperesrocha.pdf: 4837972 bytes, checksum: 8ccb175cc20788fe527b134046b240f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para o planejamento ótimo de microrredes em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Para tanto, é apresentada a formulação dos elementos propostos incluindo sua modelagem técnico-econômica. O objetivo principal é a abordagem das vantagens do sistema de compensação de energia elétrica estipulado pela resolução normativa n◦ 482/2012 da ANEEL, na busca por redução dos custos de energia em um horizonte de planejamento de longo prazo. Para isso, faz-se a utilização da meta-heurística denominada SIA com propósito de obter o dimensionamento otimizado dos elementos da microrrede. A determinação dessa técnica se deve a quantidade de combinações possíveis devido a complexidade do problema apresentado. É traçado, ainda, um comparativo com o método de busca exaustiva para análise das soluções geradas e do tempo computacional requerido para as duas metodologias propostas. O projeto aborda a implantação de fontes de energia renovável eólica e solar e gerador a diesel para análise de estudos de caso para consumidores comercial e residencial. Por último, é realizado um comparativo com resultados provenientes de um software de dimensionamento de microrredes, denominado HOMER Pro R . / The present work presents a methodology for the optimal planning of microgrids in electricitydistributionnetworks. Forthatreason, theformulationoftheproposedelements includingtheirtechnical-economicmodelingispresented. Themainobjectiveistoapproach the advantages of the net metering stipulated by ANEEL normative resolution 482/2012, in the search for reduction of energy costs in a long-term planning horizon. Therefore, the meta-heuristic called SIA is implemented with the purpose of obtaining the optimized sizing of the elements of the microgrid. The determination of this technique come from the amount of possible combinations due to the complexity of the presented problem. A comparison with the exhaustive search method for the analysis of the generated solutions and the computational time required for the two proposed methodologies is also drawn. The project addresses the deployment of wind and solar renewable energy sources and diesel generator for analysis of case studies for commercial and residential consumers. Finally, a comparison is made with results from HOMER Pro R, a microgrid software.

A participação da fonte solar fotovoltaica na matriz elétrica cresce de forma exponencial ao redor de todo o globo, tanto na modalidade centralizada quanto de forma distribuída. Essa inserção massiva tem relação direta com inúmeras políticas de incentivo aplicadas às fontes renováveis, motivadas pelas discussões sobre mudança do clima e pelos acordos para redução da emissão de gases de efeito estufa.Tais políticas são suportadas por subsídios governamentais, que dependem dos impostos e tributos pagos pela população, ou por encargos nas tarifas de energia elétrica, com impacto direto para o consumidor e para a competitividade econômica do país. Apesar de ainda incipiente no Brasil, a fonte solar fotovoltaica tem apresentado queda expressiva nos preços praticados em leilões, além de ter ultrapassado seus primeiros 700 MW instalados de forma distribuída no início de 2019, principalmente em residências e comércios. Este trabalho busca avaliar qual o impacto, para a receita das distribuidoras e para a tarifa dos consumidores, da inserção da fonte solar fotovoltaica na geração distribuída, impulsionada pelo sistema de compensação net metering. As projeções feitas neste estudo apontam para uma capacidade instalada próxima de 15 GW, no ano de 2030, em pouco mais de 2,2 milhões de residências, comércios e indústrias. Esse nível de inserção poderá causar perda de receita acumulada para as distribuidoras em torno de R$ 5 bilhões, até 2030. Para os consumidores, o efeito acumulado dos reajustes tarifários pode superar 10%, dependendo da área de concessão avaliada. Isso demonstra que o sistema de compensação net metering deve ser continuamente revisto, a fim de dar os estímulos corretos para a inserção da geração distribuída, sem, contudo, penalizar as empresas do setor e os demais consumidores. / The participation of the solar photovoltaic source in the electric matrix grows exponentially around the globe, both centrally and in distributed form. This massive insertion is directly related to numerous incentive policies applied to renewable sources, motivated by the discussions on climate change and agreements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Such policies are supported by government subsidies, which depend on the taxes paid by the population, or by charges on electricity tariffs, with a direct impact on the consumer and on the economic competitiveness of the country. Although still incipient in Brazil, the solar photovoltaic source has shown a significant drop in prices at auctions, in addition to having exceeded its first 700 MW installed in a distributed form at the beginning of 2019, mainly in residences and trade. This work aims to evaluate the impact of the utilities revenue and the consumers\' tariff due to the insertion of solar photovoltaic power in distributed generation, driven by the net metering compensation system. The projections made in this study point to an installed capacity of about 15 GW in 2030 in just over 2.2 million houses, businesses and industries. This level of insertion could cause accumulated revenue losses to utilities around R$ 5 billion by 2030. For consumers, the accumulated effect of tariff adjustments may exceed 10%, depending on the concession area evaluated. This demonstrates that the net metering compensation system must be continually revised in order to give the correct incentives for the insertion of distributed generation, without, however, penalizing the companies of the sector and other consumers.

abstract: Today's energy market is facing large-scale changes that will affect all market players. Near the top of that list is the rapid deployment of residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Yet that growing trend will be influenced multiple competing interests between various stakeholders, namely the utility, consumers and technology provides. This study provides a series of analyses--utility-side, consumer-side, and combined analyses--to understand and evaluate the effect of increases in residential solar PV market penetration. Three urban regions have been selected as study locations--Chicago, Phoenix, Seattle--with simulated load data and solar insolation data at each locality. Various time-of-use pricing schedules are investigated, and the effect of net metering is evaluated to determine the optimal capacity of solar PV and battery storage in a typical residential home. The net residential load profile is scaled to assess system-wide technical and economic figures of merit for the utility with an emphasis on intraday load profiles, ramp rates and electricity sales with increasing solar PV penetration. The combined analysis evaluates the least-cost solar PV system for the consumer and models the associated system-wide effects on the electric grid. Utility revenue was found to drop by 1.2% for every percent PV penetration increase, net metering on a monthly or annual basis improved the cost-effectiveness of solar PV but not battery storage, the removal of net metering policy and usage of an improved the cost-effectiveness of battery storage and increases in solar PV penetration reduced the system load factor. As expected, Phoenix had the most favorable economic scenario for residential solar PV, primarily due to high solar insolation. The study location--solar insolation and load profile--was also found to affect the time of year at which the largest net negative system load was realized. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Engineering 2014

Submitted by Hernani Medola (hernani.medola@mackenzie.br) on 2018-03-21T23:32:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Thais Paranhos Mariz de Oliveira.pdf: 1256756 bytes, checksum: 407ab34292370a5f646994c8e575d1e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2018-04-04T11:46:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Thais Paranhos Mariz de Oliveira.pdf: 1256756 bytes, checksum: 407ab34292370a5f646994c8e575d1e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-04T11:46:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Thais Paranhos Mariz de Oliveira.pdf: 1256756 bytes, checksum: 407ab34292370a5f646994c8e575d1e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / Distributed generation of electricity from photovoltaic solar systems has become a worldwide trend. Although many countries have implemented policies to encourage consumer participation in the generation of electricity through photovoltaic panels, Brazil still needs to consolidate a policy in this direction. The objective of this study is to investigate whether the use of photovoltaic solar energy, through distributed generation, increases access to electric energy, promoting social inclusion both for communities that are not supplied with electricity and for society in general. Also, to explore the role of public policies in promoting solar energy and social inclusion by reducing electricity expenditure, promoting citizen participation in energy production processes and guaranteeing safe, reliable, modern access and electricity to all. In order to reach its objectives, bibliographic review pertinent to the theme and analysis of the legal norms adopted in the three spheres of the Federation, notably Normative Resolution No. 482, published by the National Agency of Electric Energy - ANEEL, in the year of 2012 to the citizen to generate the energy for your own consumption have been done. As an example of public policies about solar energy, and for a better understanding of the two incentive mechanisms used in the world, German and Californian policies were analysed: feed-in tariff and net metering, respectively. The comparison between models suggest that net metering is the most appropriate regulatory framework for Brazil, and showed the importance of adopting an incentive model for the acquisition of photovoltaic panels, as well. / A disseminação da geração distribuída de eletricidade, a partir da energia solar fotovoltaica, tem se mostrado uma tendência mundial. Embora muitos países tenham implementado políticas públicas de incentivo à participação do consumidor na geração de eletricidade por meio de painéis fotovoltaicos, o Brasil ainda precisa consolidar uma política nesse sentido. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar se o emprego da energia solar fotovoltaica, por meio da geração distribuída, tem o condão de ampliar o acesso à energia elétrica, promovendo inclusão social tanto para as comunidades desprovidas do fornecimento de energia elétrica como para a sociedade em geral. Especificamente, questiona-se o papel de políticas públicas de promoção da energia solar na busca por maior inclusão social, promovendo redução no valor de contas de luz, a participação dos cidadãos nos processos de produção energética e o acesso seguro, confiável, moderno e a preços módicos à eletricidade a todas e todos. Para tanto, foi utilizada revisão bibliográfica pertinente ao tema e análise das normas jurídicas adotadas nas três esferas da Federação, notadamente da Resolução Normativa nº 482, editada pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica – ANEEL, no ano de 2012, que trouxe ao Brasil a possibilidade ao cidadão de gerar a energia elétrica para consumo próprio. A título ilustrativo, e para uma melhor compreensão dos dois mecanismos de incentivo existentes hoje no mundo para a geração distribuída a partir da energia solar fotovoltaica, foram analisados os modelos utilizados na Alemanha e no Estado norte-americano da Califórnia: feed-in tariff e net metering, respectivamente. A comparação entre eles reforça a importância na adoção do segundo modelo como marco regulatório no Brasil, bem como na promoção de um modelo de incentivo à aquisição de painéis fotovoltaicos, notadamente nas comunidades dos sistemas isolados.