Master of Philosophy (Medicine) / The actin cytoskeleton is important in many cellular processes such as motility, and establishing and maintaining cell morphology. Members of the tropomyosin protein family associate with the actin cytoskeleton along the major groove of actin filaments (F-actin), stabilising them and regulating actin-filament dynamics. To date over 40 non-muscle tropomyosin isoforms have been identified, which are encoded by 4 different genes (α, β, γ, δ). Individual tropomyosin isoforms define functionally distinct F-actin populations. Previous studies have shown that tropomyosins sort to distinct subcellular compartments at different stages of development in polarised cells. Neuronal growth cones are highly dynamic polarised structures, dependent on a constant reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton. By eliminating tropomyosins in a knockout (KO) mouse model, we investigated the role of two tropomyosin isoforms, Tm5NM1 and Tm5NM2 (γTm gene products) in growth cone dynamics and neurite outgrowth. Growth cone protrusion rates were significantly increased in one day old Tm5NM1/2 KO hippocampal neurons compared to WT controls. Neuritogenesis was significantly affected by the elimination of Tm5NM1/2, with a slight decrease in neurite length and an increase in neuronal branching in neurons cultured for four days. At the molecular level, the depletion of Tm5NM1/2 had no impact on the protein levels and activity of ADF/cofilin in hippocampal neurons while in cortical neurons a subtle but significant increase in ADF/cofilin activity was observed. The subtle phenotype in the early stages of neuritogenesis observed from eliminating Tm5NM1/2 may be explained with functional compensation by other tropomyosin isoforms. Functional compensation for the loss of Tm5NM1/2 may be provided by isoforms Tm5a/5b, TmBr2 and Tm4 as they localise to the growth cones, structures where Tm5NM1/2 are normally found. These results suggest that Tm5NM1/2 may not be required for early stages of neuritogenesis but may still play a fine-tuning role for this process.

Master of Philosophy (Medicine) / The actin cytoskeleton is important in many cellular processes such as motility, and establishing and maintaining cell morphology. Members of the tropomyosin protein family associate with the actin cytoskeleton along the major groove of actin filaments (F-actin), stabilising them and regulating actin-filament dynamics. To date over 40 non-muscle tropomyosin isoforms have been identified, which are encoded by 4 different genes (α, β, γ, δ). Individual tropomyosin isoforms define functionally distinct F-actin populations. Previous studies have shown that tropomyosins sort to distinct subcellular compartments at different stages of development in polarised cells. Neuronal growth cones are highly dynamic polarised structures, dependent on a constant reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton. By eliminating tropomyosins in a knockout (KO) mouse model, we investigated the role of two tropomyosin isoforms, Tm5NM1 and Tm5NM2 (γTm gene products) in growth cone dynamics and neurite outgrowth. Growth cone protrusion rates were significantly increased in one day old Tm5NM1/2 KO hippocampal neurons compared to WT controls. Neuritogenesis was significantly affected by the elimination of Tm5NM1/2, with a slight decrease in neurite length and an increase in neuronal branching in neurons cultured for four days. At the molecular level, the depletion of Tm5NM1/2 had no impact on the protein levels and activity of ADF/cofilin in hippocampal neurons while in cortical neurons a subtle but significant increase in ADF/cofilin activity was observed. The subtle phenotype in the early stages of neuritogenesis observed from eliminating Tm5NM1/2 may be explained with functional compensation by other tropomyosin isoforms. Functional compensation for the loss of Tm5NM1/2 may be provided by isoforms Tm5a/5b, TmBr2 and Tm4 as they localise to the growth cones, structures where Tm5NM1/2 are normally found. These results suggest that Tm5NM1/2 may not be required for early stages of neuritogenesis but may still play a fine-tuning role for this process.

Cisplatina é um agente quimioterápico altamente eficaz utilizado no tratamento de vários tipos de câncer. No entanto, seu uso clínico é limitado por ser o mais neurotóxico entre os derivados de platina. A neuropatia sensorial periférica induzida pela cisplatina é caracterizada pela degeneração distal dos axônios podendo progredir para a degeneração dos corpos celulares e apoptose. O mecanismo de ação tóxica tem sido associado aos danos no DNA, mas a cisplatina também pode interferir no crescimento de neuritos. No entanto, o mecanismo neurotóxico ainda permanece incerto. Embora vários compostos tenham demonstrado efeito protetor contra a neurotoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina, nenhum tratamento efetivo foi desenvolvido. O éster fenetil do ácido cafeico (CAPE) é um composto fenólico extraído da própolis, cujo efeitos neuroprotetores tem sido atribuído às suas propriedades antioxidantes. Do contrário, poucos estudos avaliam o potencial neurotrófico do CAPE como uma possível fonte de proteção. Sendo assim, no presente estudo foram investigados os mecanismos pelos quais a cisplatina induz neurotoxicidade, bem como o possível efeito neuroprotetor do CAPE e os mecanismos envolvidos na neuroproteção. Os resultados demonstraram que os efeitos neurotóxicos da cisplatina foram induzidos por uma concentração não citotóxica (5 ?M), a qual foi capaz de inibir o crescimento de neuritos e reduzir a expressão das proteínas neuronais (GAP-43, sinapsina I e sinaptofisina) e do citoesqueleto (NF-200, ?-III-tubulina e F-actina) em células PC12 sem induzir dano mitocondrial, apoptose e estresse oxidativo. Neste estágio, a neurotoxicidade da cisplatina não foi mediada pelo NGF e nem pelos receptores trkA, sugerindo um mecanismo independente da via NGF/trkA. A diminuição da captação da glicose induzida pela cisplatina, pode estar associada à redução na expressão das proteínas relacionadas ao estado energético, sugerindo que a regulação negativa da AMPK ?, da fosfo-AMPK ? e da SIRT1 podem estar envolvidas no mecanismo de neurotoxicidade da cisplatina. A cisplatina também inibiu a captação do glutamato via EAAT2 de uma maneira não específica, sugerindo que outros processos podem ser modulados e participarem desta inibição. O CAPE atenuou os efeitos inibitórios da cisplatina sobre a diferenciação celular, sobre os marcadores da neuroplasticidade axonal (GAP-43, sinapsina I e sinaptofisina), sobre as proteínas do citoesqueleto (NF-200, ?-III-tubulina e F-actina) e também sobre os marcadores do perfil energético (AMPK ?, da fosfo- AMPK ? e da SIRT1). O CAPE também aumentou a viabilidade das células PC12 expostas à IC50 da cisplatina. O mecanismo neuroprotetor do CAPE é independente e não aditivo ao efeito do NGF, pode envolver a ativação dos receptores trkA, bem como das vias de sinalização neurotrófica MAPK/Erk e PI3K/Akt. Tais resultados sugerem a contribuição da neuroplasticidade no mecanismo de neuroproteção do CAPE contra a neurotoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina. / Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent that is used in the treatment of several types of cancer. However, its clinical use is limited because it is the most neurotoxic among platinum compounds. Peripheral sensory neuropathy induced by cisplatin is characterized by distal axonal degeneration that might progress to degeneration of cell bodies and apoptosis. The toxic mechanism of cisplatin has been mainly associated with DNA damage, but cisplatin might also affect nerite outgrowth. Nevertheless, the neurotoxic mechanism of cisplatin remains unclear. Although many compounds have demonstrated protective effect against the neurotoxicity induced by cisplatin, no effective treatment has been developed. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a propolis component with neuroprotective effects mainly attribute to antioxidant properties. On the other hand, there are few studies addressing the neurotrophic potential of CAPE as a possible source of protection. Thus, the present study investigated the mechanism by which cisplatin induces neurotoxicity, as well as the possible neuroprotective effect of CAPE and the mechanisms involved in neuroprotection. According to the results, the neurotoxic effects of cisplatin were induced by a non-cytotoxic concentration (5 ?M), which was able to inhibit the neurite outgrowth and reduce the expression of neuronal proteins (GAP-43, synapsin I and synaptophysin), and cystoskeleton (NF-200, ?-III-tubulin and F-actin) in PC12 cells, without inducing mitochondrial damage, apoptosis and oxidative stress. At this stage, the neurotoxicity of cisplatin was not mediated by NGF or trkA receptors, suggesting a NGF/trkA independent mechanism. Decreased cisplatin-induced glucose uptake might be associated with reduced expression of energy-related proteins, suggesting that downregulation of AMPK ?, phospho-AMPK ? and SIRT1 expression might be involved in the neurotoxicity mechanism of cisplatin. Cisplatin also inhibited glutamate uptake via EAAT2 in a non-specific manner, suggesting that other processes can be involved in this modulation, resulting in uptake inhibition. CAPE attenuated the inhibitory effects of cisplatin on cell differentiation, on axonal neuroplasticity markers (GAP-43, synapsin I and synaptophysin), on cystoskeleton proteins (NF-200, ?-III-tubulin and F-actin) and also on energy profile markers (AMPK ?, phospho-AMPK ? and SIRT1). CAPE also increased the viability of PC12 cells exposed to IC50 of cisplatin. The neuroprotective mechanism of CAPE is not dependent on NGF nor is it additive to the effect of NGF, but might involve the activation of trkA receptors, as well as the neurotrophic signaling MAPK/Erk and PI3K/Akt pathways. These results suggest the contribution of neuroplasticity in the neuroprotection mechanism of CAPE against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity.

Cerebral palsy (CP) as a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals’ movement, posture, and balance and occurs in every 2-3 out of 1,000 live births. Symptoms of CP can include seizures, hydrocephalus, impairment of the limbs, and learning disabilities. External contributors to CP are well known, but there are 80% of CP cases are idiopathic and in which no brain injury is reported. Recently, several genetic studies have shown that deleterious de novo mutations in CP patients may be implicated in CP pathogenesis. One such potentially deleterious de novo mutation of RhoB was identified in two CP patients. RhoB encodes for RHOB protein, a Rho GTPase that regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Biochemical and structural analyses of RhoB (S73F) protein suggested that the RhoB mutation generates a hyperactive form of RhoB. However, how the RhoB (S73F) protein may interfere with brain development and can contribute to CP is unknown. To determine whether RhoB (S73F) expression affects cortical development, we used in utero electroporations in mice to study the effect of RhoB (S73F) expression on cellular morphology, polarity, migration, and Golgi localization in the embryonic mouse model at E15.5 and P0, comparing it to a RhoB overexpression model as well as control. To address changes in cell morphology, we examined the cell size, shape, and volume of RhoB expressing cells using Imaris software. We show that RhoB overexpression and RhoB (S73F) expression cause detrimental changes in cell shape, polarity, and neuritogenesis. Furthermore, RhoB (S73F) expressing cells migrate less compared to RhoB overexpressing cells and control. Interestingly, we found that RhoB (S73F) expressing cells that did not migrate away from the ventricular surface still became neurons. To determine the effect of RhoB (S73F) expression on the subcellular environment, we examined the localization of the Golgi apparatus, and found the Golgi to be mislocalized and fragmented when RhoB (S73F) was expressed. Overall, this study shows that overexpression of RhoB is sufficient to cause changes in cell morphology, polarity, migration, and subcellular localization of the Golgi. Importantly, expression of RhoB (S73F) is distinct and unique from RhoB overexpression, causing more severe changes in cell size, shape, polarity, cell process number, and Golgi localization that result in failed neuronal migration. This data suggests the potential for genetic mutations to enact changes within the structure and function of cortical cells, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of CP. / Cell Biology

No description available.

L'autisme et la déficience mentale (DM) sont des pathologies neurodéveloppementales fréquentes qui partagent des facteurs génétiques communs. Afin de mieux comprendre leur étiologie, nous avons étudié les mécanismes moléculaires de la neurofibromatose de type 1 (NF1), qui est souvent associée à l'autisme et à la DM. La neurofibromine, dont le gène est muté dans la NF1 interagit avec LIMK2. Cette protéine fait partie de la voie des Rho-GTPases dont des mutations de plusieurs membres ont été trouvés mutés dans des cas d'autisme et de DM. Chez le rat, nous avons montré que l’expression de Limk2d, une isoforme sans domaine kinase, augmente la croissance des neurites des cellules neuronales NSC-34. Chez l'homme, LIMK2-1 est la seule isoforme qui comporte un domaine inhibiteur de la phosphatase 1 (PP1i). Nous avons montré que l’expression de cette protéine diminue la longueur des neurites des cellules NSC-34 in vitro. Nous avons observé l'association de la variation située dans le domaine PP1i à la DM (p.S668P, rs151191437) (p=0,04, test de Fisher, OR = 3,29). Elle abolit l’effet inhibiteur de croissance des neurites de l'isoforme LIMK2-1 diminue l'interaction de LIMK2-1 avec la neurofibromine. La fréquence de l'autisme est plus élevée chez les patients atteints ayant des délétions de 14 gènes du locus NF1. Nous avons observé une association entre la variation R115K (rs111902263) du gène RNF135 de ce locus et l'autisme (p=0,00014, test de Fisher) ainsi qu’une anomalie du nombre de copies située dans l'intron 2 de ce gène chez un d’entre eux. Ce travail souligne la spécificité de deux isoformes de LIMK2 sur la croissance des neurites. Il renforce l’intérêt d’étudier l’implication du gène RNF135 dans l’autisme. Des études fonctionnelles seront entreprises afin de confirmer le rôle de LIMK2 et de RNF135 dans l'étiologie de l'autisme et de la DM. / Autism and mental deficiency (MD) are two neurodevelopemental diseases which share genetic factors in common. To better understand their etiologies, we studied the molecular mechanisms of neurofibromatosis type 1, a pathology frequently associated with autism and MD. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is due to deletions or mutations of the NF1 gene which encodes neurofibromin. This protein interacts with several proteins such as LIMK2. This protein belongs to the Rho-GTPases pathway in wich mutations of numerous members have been associated with autism and MD. In our study, we showed that LIMK2 isoforms do not only have important structural differencies but have also functional specificities. Limk2d, which lacks the kinase domain, promotes neurite outgrowth of NSC-34 cells. On the contrary, LIMK2-1, which is primate specific and has a C-terminal PP1i domain, inhibits neurite outgrowth. Analysis of the LIMK2-1 coding sequence, revealed the association between MD and a variation located in the PP1i domain, S668P (rs151191437) (p=0.04, Fisher test, OR = 3.29). This variation abrogated the LIMK2-1 effect on neurite outgrowth and inhibited LIMK2-1 interaction with neurofibromin. Deletions occuring in neurofibromatosis type 1 which include the NF1 gene and 13 others are associated with a higher frequency of autism. Mutations of one of them, RNF135, have been identified in patients with MD and overgrowth syndrome. Two of these patients also presented autistic features. By analysing RNF135 gene in autistic patients, we showed the association of the variation R115K (rs111902263) with autism. We also identified a duplication of a region located in RNF135 gene intron 2 in one patient presenting autism and MD. Our results highlight the importance and specificity of LIMK2 isoforms on neurite outgrowth and strengthen the importance to analyze both the sequence and copy-number of RNF135 gene. Further functional experiments will be undertaken to confirm the implication of LIMK2 and RNF135 in autism and MD etiology.

O aumento da expectativa de vida da população mundial tem se associado com uma maior prevalência de doenças neurodegenerativas. A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a doença neurodegenerativa mais comum e a principal causa de demência em indivíduos com mais de 60 anos, sendo caracterizada por um declínio progressivo na memória e função mental dos pacientes. Esses sintomas são acompanhados por alterações histopatológicas no cérebro desses indivíduos, incluindo a presença de uma grande quantidade de placas senis, formadas pela deposição do peptídeo beta-amiloide (Aβ), e de emaranhados neurofibrilares formados pela hiperfosforilação da proteína Tau. Estudos indicam que a deposição do Aβ é uma das principais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da DA, causando dano neuronal através da ativação de várias vias pró-apoptóticas e dando origem aos sintomas de demência típicos dessa doença. Até o momento, não existem tratamentos eficazes para o combate à DA, de forma que a maior parte das intervenções farmacológicas é destinada apenas ao tratamento de alguns de seus sintomas. A proteína translocadora (TSPO) se localiza em pontos de contato entre as membranas mitocondriais interna e externa e está relacionada com o transporte de colesterol para o interior da mitocôndria e com a regulação da esteroidogênese e da apoptose. Estudos mostram que ligantes da TSPO apresentam efeitos neuroprotetores em diferentes modelos experimentais de lesão cerebral e doenças neurodegenerativas. Especificamente em relação à DA, um estudo indicou que o 4’-clorodiazepam (4’-CD), um ligante da TSPO, apresenta efeitos neuroprotetores em um modelo animal dessa doença, sendo um possível candidato para o seu tratamento. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o efeito neuroprotetor do 4’-CD em diferentes modelos in vitro de toxicidade induzida pelo Aβ, além de seus efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento de neurônios hipocampais. Inicialmente, demonstramos que o 4’-CD reduziu a morte celular de células SH-SY5Y expostas a um modelo de toxicidade induzida pela administração de Aβ. Esses efeitos estiveram associados com a redução da expressão da proteína pró-apoptótica Bax e com um aumento da expressão da survivina, uma proteína anti-apoptótica. A expressão das proteínas Bcl-xl e procaspase-3, por outro lado, não foi alterada pelos tratamentos. Posteriormente, estudamos os efeitos neuroprotetores do 4’-CD contra a toxicidade induzida pela administração do Aβ em culturas organotípicas de hipocampo. Nesses experimentos, foi demonstrado que o 4’-CD reduz a morte celular de culturas organotípicas de hipocampo expostas ao Aβ através de um aumento na expressão da enzima SOD, sem alterar, no entanto, a expressão das proteínas Akt e procaspase-3. Por fim, foi avaliado o efeito do 4’-CD sobre o desenvolvimento de culturas primárias de neurônios hipocampais de camundongos machos e fêmeas. Foi observado que as culturas de neurônios hipocampais das fêmeas apresentaram um desenvolvimento mais rápido do que as dos machos. O 4’-CD acelerou a maturação e aumentou a ramificação neurítica dos neurônios hipocampais dos machos, mas não exerceu qualquer efeito sobre os neurônios das fêmeas. Em suma, foi observado que o 4’-CD apresenta efeitos neuroprotetores contra o Aβ em células SH-SY5Y e em culturas organotípicas do hipocampo, apresentando-se como um fármaco em potencial para o tratamento da DA. Além disso, foi observado que o 4’-CD exerceu um efeito dependente do sexo sobre o desenvolvimento de culturas primárias de neurônios hipocampais, estimulando o desenvolvimento e a ramificação neurítica de neurônios hipocampais de machos, mas não de fêmeas. / The increase in life expectancy of the world population has been associated with a higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. The Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the main cause of dementia among people over 60 years, being characterized by a progressive decline in the memory and mental function of the patients. These symptoms are associated with histopathological changes in the brain of these patients, including the presence of senile plaques, formed by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles, which are related to the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein. Studies indicate that Aβ deposition is a major contributor to AD progression, promoting neuronal damage through the activation of different pro-apoptotic pathways and giving rise to the typical dementia symptoms of this disease. To date, there are no effective treatments for AD, so that most of the pharmacological intervention is intended for the treatment of some of its symptoms. The translocator protein (TSPO) is located in contact sites between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes and is involved in the cholesterol transport into the mitochondria and in the regulation of steroidogenesis and apoptosis. Studies show that TSPO ligands present neuroprotective effects in different experimental models of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically regarding AD, a study indicated that 4’-chlorodiazepam (4’-CD), a TSPO ligand, is neuroprotective in an animal model of this disease, being a possible candidate for its treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of 4’-CD in different experimental models of Aβ- induced neurotoxicity in vitro, as well as its effects on the development of hipocampal neurons. First, it was demonstrated that 4’-CD decreased the cell death of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to the Aβ. This effect was associated with the inhibition of the Aβ-induced upregulation of Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, and downregulation of survivin, a prosurvival protein. On the other hand, the expression of Bcl-xl and procaspase-3 was not change by the treatments. After, it was studied the neuroprotective effects of 4’-CD against Aβ in organotypic hipocampal cultures. In these experiments, it was shown that 4’-CD decreases the cell death of organotypic hippocampal slices exposed to the Aβ by increasing the protein expression of SOD, but without changing the expression of Akt and procaspase-3. Finally, due to the importance of the processes of neuronal development and maturation in the regeneration of CNS after injury, it was evaluated the effect of 4’-CD on the development of primary hippocampal neurons of male and female mice. It was observed that female primary hippocampal neurons presented an increased rate of development than male neurons. 4’-CD stimulated the development and increased the neuritic branching of male but not from female neurons. In summary, it was observed that 4’-CD presented a neuroprotective effect against Aβ in SH-SY5Y cells and in rat organotypical hippocampal slices, presenting itself as a promising agent for the treatment of AD. Also, it was observed that 4’-CD modulates the development of hippocampal neurons in a sex-dependent manner, stimulating the development of male but not from female cells.

O aumento da expectativa de vida da população mundial tem se associado com uma maior prevalência de doenças neurodegenerativas. A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a doença neurodegenerativa mais comum e a principal causa de demência em indivíduos com mais de 60 anos, sendo caracterizada por um declínio progressivo na memória e função mental dos pacientes. Esses sintomas são acompanhados por alterações histopatológicas no cérebro desses indivíduos, incluindo a presença de uma grande quantidade de placas senis, formadas pela deposição do peptídeo beta-amiloide (Aβ), e de emaranhados neurofibrilares formados pela hiperfosforilação da proteína Tau. Estudos indicam que a deposição do Aβ é uma das principais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da DA, causando dano neuronal através da ativação de várias vias pró-apoptóticas e dando origem aos sintomas de demência típicos dessa doença. Até o momento, não existem tratamentos eficazes para o combate à DA, de forma que a maior parte das intervenções farmacológicas é destinada apenas ao tratamento de alguns de seus sintomas. A proteína translocadora (TSPO) se localiza em pontos de contato entre as membranas mitocondriais interna e externa e está relacionada com o transporte de colesterol para o interior da mitocôndria e com a regulação da esteroidogênese e da apoptose. Estudos mostram que ligantes da TSPO apresentam efeitos neuroprotetores em diferentes modelos experimentais de lesão cerebral e doenças neurodegenerativas. Especificamente em relação à DA, um estudo indicou que o 4’-clorodiazepam (4’-CD), um ligante da TSPO, apresenta efeitos neuroprotetores em um modelo animal dessa doença, sendo um possível candidato para o seu tratamento. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o efeito neuroprotetor do 4’-CD em diferentes modelos in vitro de toxicidade induzida pelo Aβ, além de seus efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento de neurônios hipocampais. Inicialmente, demonstramos que o 4’-CD reduziu a morte celular de células SH-SY5Y expostas a um modelo de toxicidade induzida pela administração de Aβ. Esses efeitos estiveram associados com a redução da expressão da proteína pró-apoptótica Bax e com um aumento da expressão da survivina, uma proteína anti-apoptótica. A expressão das proteínas Bcl-xl e procaspase-3, por outro lado, não foi alterada pelos tratamentos. Posteriormente, estudamos os efeitos neuroprotetores do 4’-CD contra a toxicidade induzida pela administração do Aβ em culturas organotípicas de hipocampo. Nesses experimentos, foi demonstrado que o 4’-CD reduz a morte celular de culturas organotípicas de hipocampo expostas ao Aβ através de um aumento na expressão da enzima SOD, sem alterar, no entanto, a expressão das proteínas Akt e procaspase-3. Por fim, foi avaliado o efeito do 4’-CD sobre o desenvolvimento de culturas primárias de neurônios hipocampais de camundongos machos e fêmeas. Foi observado que as culturas de neurônios hipocampais das fêmeas apresentaram um desenvolvimento mais rápido do que as dos machos. O 4’-CD acelerou a maturação e aumentou a ramificação neurítica dos neurônios hipocampais dos machos, mas não exerceu qualquer efeito sobre os neurônios das fêmeas. Em suma, foi observado que o 4’-CD apresenta efeitos neuroprotetores contra o Aβ em células SH-SY5Y e em culturas organotípicas do hipocampo, apresentando-se como um fármaco em potencial para o tratamento da DA. Além disso, foi observado que o 4’-CD exerceu um efeito dependente do sexo sobre o desenvolvimento de culturas primárias de neurônios hipocampais, estimulando o desenvolvimento e a ramificação neurítica de neurônios hipocampais de machos, mas não de fêmeas. / The increase in life expectancy of the world population has been associated with a higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. The Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the main cause of dementia among people over 60 years, being characterized by a progressive decline in the memory and mental function of the patients. These symptoms are associated with histopathological changes in the brain of these patients, including the presence of senile plaques, formed by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles, which are related to the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein. Studies indicate that Aβ deposition is a major contributor to AD progression, promoting neuronal damage through the activation of different pro-apoptotic pathways and giving rise to the typical dementia symptoms of this disease. To date, there are no effective treatments for AD, so that most of the pharmacological intervention is intended for the treatment of some of its symptoms. The translocator protein (TSPO) is located in contact sites between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes and is involved in the cholesterol transport into the mitochondria and in the regulation of steroidogenesis and apoptosis. Studies show that TSPO ligands present neuroprotective effects in different experimental models of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically regarding AD, a study indicated that 4’-chlorodiazepam (4’-CD), a TSPO ligand, is neuroprotective in an animal model of this disease, being a possible candidate for its treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of 4’-CD in different experimental models of Aβ- induced neurotoxicity in vitro, as well as its effects on the development of hipocampal neurons. First, it was demonstrated that 4’-CD decreased the cell death of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to the Aβ. This effect was associated with the inhibition of the Aβ-induced upregulation of Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, and downregulation of survivin, a prosurvival protein. On the other hand, the expression of Bcl-xl and procaspase-3 was not change by the treatments. After, it was studied the neuroprotective effects of 4’-CD against Aβ in organotypic hipocampal cultures. In these experiments, it was shown that 4’-CD decreases the cell death of organotypic hippocampal slices exposed to the Aβ by increasing the protein expression of SOD, but without changing the expression of Akt and procaspase-3. Finally, due to the importance of the processes of neuronal development and maturation in the regeneration of CNS after injury, it was evaluated the effect of 4’-CD on the development of primary hippocampal neurons of male and female mice. It was observed that female primary hippocampal neurons presented an increased rate of development than male neurons. 4’-CD stimulated the development and increased the neuritic branching of male but not from female neurons. In summary, it was observed that 4’-CD presented a neuroprotective effect against Aβ in SH-SY5Y cells and in rat organotypical hippocampal slices, presenting itself as a promising agent for the treatment of AD. Also, it was observed that 4’-CD modulates the development of hippocampal neurons in a sex-dependent manner, stimulating the development of male but not from female cells.

O aumento da expectativa de vida da população mundial tem se associado com uma maior prevalência de doenças neurodegenerativas. A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a doença neurodegenerativa mais comum e a principal causa de demência em indivíduos com mais de 60 anos, sendo caracterizada por um declínio progressivo na memória e função mental dos pacientes. Esses sintomas são acompanhados por alterações histopatológicas no cérebro desses indivíduos, incluindo a presença de uma grande quantidade de placas senis, formadas pela deposição do peptídeo beta-amiloide (Aβ), e de emaranhados neurofibrilares formados pela hiperfosforilação da proteína Tau. Estudos indicam que a deposição do Aβ é uma das principais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da DA, causando dano neuronal através da ativação de várias vias pró-apoptóticas e dando origem aos sintomas de demência típicos dessa doença. Até o momento, não existem tratamentos eficazes para o combate à DA, de forma que a maior parte das intervenções farmacológicas é destinada apenas ao tratamento de alguns de seus sintomas. A proteína translocadora (TSPO) se localiza em pontos de contato entre as membranas mitocondriais interna e externa e está relacionada com o transporte de colesterol para o interior da mitocôndria e com a regulação da esteroidogênese e da apoptose. Estudos mostram que ligantes da TSPO apresentam efeitos neuroprotetores em diferentes modelos experimentais de lesão cerebral e doenças neurodegenerativas. Especificamente em relação à DA, um estudo indicou que o 4’-clorodiazepam (4’-CD), um ligante da TSPO, apresenta efeitos neuroprotetores em um modelo animal dessa doença, sendo um possível candidato para o seu tratamento. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o efeito neuroprotetor do 4’-CD em diferentes modelos in vitro de toxicidade induzida pelo Aβ, além de seus efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento de neurônios hipocampais. Inicialmente, demonstramos que o 4’-CD reduziu a morte celular de células SH-SY5Y expostas a um modelo de toxicidade induzida pela administração de Aβ. Esses efeitos estiveram associados com a redução da expressão da proteína pró-apoptótica Bax e com um aumento da expressão da survivina, uma proteína anti-apoptótica. A expressão das proteínas Bcl-xl e procaspase-3, por outro lado, não foi alterada pelos tratamentos. Posteriormente, estudamos os efeitos neuroprotetores do 4’-CD contra a toxicidade induzida pela administração do Aβ em culturas organotípicas de hipocampo. Nesses experimentos, foi demonstrado que o 4’-CD reduz a morte celular de culturas organotípicas de hipocampo expostas ao Aβ através de um aumento na expressão da enzima SOD, sem alterar, no entanto, a expressão das proteínas Akt e procaspase-3. Por fim, foi avaliado o efeito do 4’-CD sobre o desenvolvimento de culturas primárias de neurônios hipocampais de camundongos machos e fêmeas. Foi observado que as culturas de neurônios hipocampais das fêmeas apresentaram um desenvolvimento mais rápido do que as dos machos. O 4’-CD acelerou a maturação e aumentou a ramificação neurítica dos neurônios hipocampais dos machos, mas não exerceu qualquer efeito sobre os neurônios das fêmeas. Em suma, foi observado que o 4’-CD apresenta efeitos neuroprotetores contra o Aβ em células SH-SY5Y e em culturas organotípicas do hipocampo, apresentando-se como um fármaco em potencial para o tratamento da DA. Além disso, foi observado que o 4’-CD exerceu um efeito dependente do sexo sobre o desenvolvimento de culturas primárias de neurônios hipocampais, estimulando o desenvolvimento e a ramificação neurítica de neurônios hipocampais de machos, mas não de fêmeas. / The increase in life expectancy of the world population has been associated with a higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. The Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the main cause of dementia among people over 60 years, being characterized by a progressive decline in the memory and mental function of the patients. These symptoms are associated with histopathological changes in the brain of these patients, including the presence of senile plaques, formed by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles, which are related to the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein. Studies indicate that Aβ deposition is a major contributor to AD progression, promoting neuronal damage through the activation of different pro-apoptotic pathways and giving rise to the typical dementia symptoms of this disease. To date, there are no effective treatments for AD, so that most of the pharmacological intervention is intended for the treatment of some of its symptoms. The translocator protein (TSPO) is located in contact sites between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes and is involved in the cholesterol transport into the mitochondria and in the regulation of steroidogenesis and apoptosis. Studies show that TSPO ligands present neuroprotective effects in different experimental models of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically regarding AD, a study indicated that 4’-chlorodiazepam (4’-CD), a TSPO ligand, is neuroprotective in an animal model of this disease, being a possible candidate for its treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of 4’-CD in different experimental models of Aβ- induced neurotoxicity in vitro, as well as its effects on the development of hipocampal neurons. First, it was demonstrated that 4’-CD decreased the cell death of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to the Aβ. This effect was associated with the inhibition of the Aβ-induced upregulation of Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, and downregulation of survivin, a prosurvival protein. On the other hand, the expression of Bcl-xl and procaspase-3 was not change by the treatments. After, it was studied the neuroprotective effects of 4’-CD against Aβ in organotypic hipocampal cultures. In these experiments, it was shown that 4’-CD decreases the cell death of organotypic hippocampal slices exposed to the Aβ by increasing the protein expression of SOD, but without changing the expression of Akt and procaspase-3. Finally, due to the importance of the processes of neuronal development and maturation in the regeneration of CNS after injury, it was evaluated the effect of 4’-CD on the development of primary hippocampal neurons of male and female mice. It was observed that female primary hippocampal neurons presented an increased rate of development than male neurons. 4’-CD stimulated the development and increased the neuritic branching of male but not from female neurons. In summary, it was observed that 4’-CD presented a neuroprotective effect against Aβ in SH-SY5Y cells and in rat organotypical hippocampal slices, presenting itself as a promising agent for the treatment of AD. Also, it was observed that 4’-CD modulates the development of hippocampal neurons in a sex-dependent manner, stimulating the development of male but not from female cells.

No description available.