No description available.

Introduction: Neuroactive steroids represent a class of both synthetic and naturally occurring steroids that have an effect on neural function. In addition to classical genomic mechanism by the hormones progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and testosterone 3α-OH metabolites of these hormones enhance GABAA receptor through rapid non-genomic mechanism. The site(s) of action of these neuroactive steroids namely 3α-OH-5α-pregnan-20 one, (3α,5α)-3,21-deoxycorticosterone(3α5α-THDOC) and 5α androstane-3α,17β-diol on GABAA receptor are distinct from that of benzodiazepines and barbiturate binding sites. The modulation site(s) has a well-defined structure activity relationship with a 3α-hydroxy and a 20-ketone configuration in the pregnane molecule required for agonistic action. Pregnenolone sulfate is a noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist and inhibit GABA activated Cl- current in an activation dependant manner. 3β-hydroxy A-ring reduced pregnane steroids are also GABAA receptor antagonist and inhibit GABAA receptor function and its potentiation induced by their 3α-diesteromers in a noncompetitive manner. Aim: The aim was to investigate if the effect of GABA, pentobarbital antagonism by bicuculline and if the effect of GABA-agonist and antagonist neuroactive steroids including pregnenolone sulfate is dependant on the α-subunits of GABAA receptor. Furthermore, the studies aimed at investigating the binding site of pregnenolone sulfate and if its effect is dependent on γ-subunit. In addition, the inhibitory effect of pregnenolone sulfate and 3β-hydroxy steroids has been characterized. We also wanted to investigate if the neuroactive steroids effect vary between the human and rat recombinant α1β2γ2L receptors and between the long (L) and short (S) variants of γ2-subunit. Method: Experiments were performed by the two electrodes voltage-clamp technique using oocytes of Xenopus laevis expressed with recombinant GABAA receptors containing α1, α4 or α5, β2, γ2L and γ2S-subunits. Results: There was no difference between the α1, α4 and α5-containing subunits regarding GABA and pentobarbital inhibition by bicuculline. GABA-activated current in the binary αβ was potent than that of ternary αβγ receptor. Unlike Zn2+ effect, inhibition by pregnenolone sulfate on the GABAA receptor is not dependant on the γ-subunit. It is likely that the 2’ residue closest to the N-terminus of the protein at M2 helix on both α1 and β2 subunit are critical to the inhibitory actions of PS and the function of Cl- channels. Point mutation at M2 helix of the β2-subunit (b2A252S) can dramatically reduce the inhibitory effect of PS on the GABAA receptors without affecting the inhibitory properties of 3β-hydroxysteroids. Agonist and antagonist steroids also varied in their efficacy between the human and rat α1β2γ2L receptor. Neuroactive steroids also showed difference between human γ2L and γ2S-containing receptor. Conclusions: GABA and pentobarbital antagonism by bicuculline is not dependant on α-subunit. Pregnenolone sulfate binding site is different from that of Zn2+. 3β-hydroxysteroids and pregnenolone sulfate inhibit GABAA receptor through different mechanisms. Neuroactive steroids also differ between species and between the long and short variant of γ- subunit.

No description available.

Neuroactive steroids are a group of steroid hormones which act non-genomically to influence the neuron excitability of neuronal synapses. Addictive substances can interfere with the synthesis of neuroactive steroids through many mechanisms, affecting their levels and changing their functionality. At the same time, neuroactive steroids play a role in the development of addiction, since their levels change during attempts to quit and therefore affect the success of treatments for addiction. This study focuses on the relationships between individual addictive substances and neuroactive steroids, the individual functional mechanisms and how they influence each other. It is generally known that addictive substances result in the release of anxiolytics that act on neuroactive steroids. This plays a role in the development of addiction. We also describe in detail the effect of smoking on steroid hormones and the endocrine system in general. Using tobacco addition as a model, we studied the relationship between addiction and neuroactive steroids. As part of my doctoral studies we performed a prospective study that followed changes in the steroid spectra induced by smoking as well as when quitting smoking. We also developed a predictive model to predict the likelihood of success in treating tobacco...

Neurosteroids are an important group of substances that affect communication between neurons. They act as allosteric modulators of membrane receptors for neurotransmitters. One of the most important systems influenced by neurosteroids are NMDA receptors; however, a binding site(s) for their inhibition by steroids have not been found yet. This work is focused on the synthesis of fluorescently labeled photoaffinity probe, which may help explain the structure and location of binding site(s) and simplify the development of new neuroprotectives. A structural analogue of the endogenous neurosteroid, (20S)-20-Azido-5β-pregnan- 3α-yl N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-yl)-L-glutamyl 1-ester (8), was prepared. The structure of compound 8 includes photolabile azido group, as well as covalently bounded fluorescent NBD group. In addition, a photoaffinity probe with a modified steroid skeleton - pyridinium 17aα-azido-17α-methyl-17a-homo-5β-androstan-3α-yl 3-sulfate (29) - was synthesized. The ability of compound 8 and 29 to inhibit activated NMDA receptor has been verified for recombinant NR1-1a/NR2B receptors expressed in HEK293 cells using a patch-clamp technique. Additionally, the IC50 values of compounds 8 and 29 have been calculated. (In Czech) Key words: neuroactive steroid, NMDA receptor, photoffinity...

The neuroactive steroid pregnanolone glutamate (Pg glu), a synthetic analogue of the naturally occurring pregnanolone sulfate (3alpha5betaS), has neuroprotective properties and a minimum of adverse effects. The subject of my thesis is the influence of selected structural modifications of the molecule Pg glu on biological effects. The first modification involves an increase of lipophilicity, the second involves the attachment of a positively charged group to C3. All these neuroactive steroids are use-dependent inhibitors of NMDA receptors. The first aim of this thesis was to determine the neuroprotective effectiveness of the neuroactive steroids chosen. The second aim was to explore the influence of selected neuroactive steroids on motor coordination, reflexes, anxiety and locomotor activity, as well as the effect of their high doses. The third aim was to create a battery of behavioural tests for screening the biological effects of analogues of Pg glu in laboratory rodents. The neuroprotective effects were evaluated in a model of excitotoxic damage of hippocampus in the rat on the basis of its behavioural consequences. The neuroprotective efficacy of androstane glutamate (And glu) and Pg glu was demonstrated. In the case of positively charged molecules, neuroprotective efficacy was not demonstrated....

Los receptores cys-loop pertenecen a la familia de canales iónicos pentaméricos activados por ligandos (pLGICs). Se expresan ampliamente en el sistema nervioso, donde ejercen un rol vital en la comunicación neuronal. Están involucrados en los procesos de aprendizaje, memoria, movimiento, entre otros. Se han asociado alteraciones en la funcionalidad de estos receptores con una gran variedad de desórdenes neurológicos, tales como enfermedad de Alzheimer, enfermedad de Parkinson, epilepsia, síndromes miasténicos, esquizofrenia y depresión. Por ello, los receptores cys-loop son importantes blancos farmacológicos. En consecuencia, consideramos que el conocimiento de los mecanismos moleculares que conducen a su activación y disfunción es de suma relevancia. Los receptores Cys-loop están formados por un dominio extracelular, que contiene los sitios de unión de agonista, y un dominio transmembrana, que forma el poro iónico. La interfase entre ambos dominios, llamada región de acoplamiento, desempeña un rol clave en la propagación de los cambios conformacionales que se inician con la unión del agonista en la región extracelular y culminan con la apertura del poro iónico a nivel transmembranal. En este trabajo de Tesis Doctoral estudiamos dos regiones claves en el proceso de activación de los receptores Cys-loop: el sitio de unión de agonista, donde comienza la respuesta, y la interfase entre los dominios extracelular y transmembrana o región de acoplamiento. Utilizamos receptores homopentaméricos que por estar compuestos por cinco subunidades iguales, poseen cinco sitios de unión de agonista y cinco regiones de acoplamiento idénticas. Los receptores homoméricos surgieron más tempranamente en la escala evolutiva por lo que presentan características estructurales y funcionales comunes a todos los miembros Cys-loop, y son, por lo tanto, modelos útiles para el estudio de los receptores de esta familia. En el Capítulo I de esta Tesis determinamos el número de regiones de acoplamiento necesario para la activación de los receptores Cys-loop y su relación con los sitios de unión de agonista. Para ello, utilizamos como modelo de receptor homopentamérico al receptor quimérico a7-5HT3A, compuesto por secuencias del receptor a7 en su dominio extracelular y secuencias del receptor 5-HT3A en su dominio transmembrana, el que ha sido ampliamente utilizado como modelo de a7. Para conocer la contribución de cada una de las cinco regiones de acoplamiento a la estabilidad de canal abierto del receptor a7-5HT3A, empleamos nuestra estrategia experimental denominada electrical fingerprinting. Según esta estrategia, co-transfectamos células con una subunidad conteniendo la región de acoplamiento activa y otra subunidad conteniendo la región de acoplamiento inactiva, una de ellas conteniendo además mutaciones reporteras de conductancia. De esta forma, logramos expresar en membrana receptores con distinto número de regiones de acoplamiento funcionales que son identificados mediante registros de patch-clamp de canal único. Gracias a la presencia de las mutaciones reporteras de conductancia, la medición de la amplitud de cada apertura nos permitió conocer la estequiometria del receptor, es decir, el número de subunidades con región de acoplamiento funcional que tiene el receptor pentamérico que dio origen a esa apertura. Determinamos la duración de los eventos de apertura provenientes de receptores con distinto número de regiones de acoplamiento funcionales, que constituye una medida de la estabilidad de canal abierto. Encontramos que cada región de acoplamiento contribuye en forma independiente y simétrica a la estabilidad del canal abierto y que son necesarias las cinco regiones de acoplamiento funcionales para lograr la óptima activación del receptor. Demostramos además que la presencia de una sola región de acoplamiento funcional en el pentámero es suficiente para lograr la activación pero no permite mantener el canal abierto en su tiempo óptimo. Además generamos receptores a7-5HT3A mutantes, que contenían distinto número de sitios de unión de agonista y regiones de acoplamiento funcionales. Esta estrategia nos permitió establecer los requisitos estructurales mínimos que logran la activación del receptor, así como también los requerimientos estructurales que conducen a la máxima estabilidad del estado abierto. Encontramos que el receptor es capaz de responder al agonista mediante la ocupación de un único sitio si este se encuentra formado por dos subunidades con regiones de acoplamiento funcionales. Sin embargo, para lograr la óptima activación y duración máxima del canal abierto, el receptor modelo utilizado requiere de tres sitios de unión de agonista funcionales y sus cinco regiones de acoplamiento intactas. En el Capítulo II, estudiamos la activación del receptor neuronal a7 en condiciones de sub-ocupación de sus cinco sitios de unión de agonista. Este receptor se localiza principalmente en sitios distantes a los sitios de síntesis y liberación de acetilcolina (ACh), por lo que la ACh, o su producto colina, deben difundir y unirse a receptores a7 distantes. Este mecanismo colinérgico no sináptico predice que el grado de ocupación de los receptores a7 sería bajo en condiciones fisiológicas. Para estudiar la activación del receptor a7 en condiciones de sub-ocupación de sus sitios de agonista, realizamos ensayos electrofisiológicos y medimos la duración del canal abierto de receptores individuales que presentan un único sitio de unión de agonista funcional, y la comparamos con la de receptores que tienen sus cinco sitios funcionales. Para conocer el número de sitios de unión de agonista funcionales empleamos nuevamente la estrategia electrical fingerprinting. Esta estrategia requiere la medición exacta de la amplitud. Teniendo en cuenta que los receptores a7 presentan aperturas de duración breve que no permiten la resolución de su máxima amplitud, los estudios electrofisiológicos se realizaron sobre receptores a7 mutados o en presencia de potenciadores que aumentan la duración del canal abierto. En este trabajo, demostramos que la estabilidad del canal abierto de receptores a7 que presentan un único sitio de unión de agonista funcional es la misma que la de los receptores que presentan sus cinco sitios disponibles. Por otro lado, cuando reemplazamos el dominio transmembrana del receptor a7 por el del receptor 5-HT3A, encontramos que la duración del canal abierto se incrementa al aumentar el número de sitios ocupados por agonista. Este resultado demuestra por primera vez que el dominio extracelular no es el único determinante de la relación entre ocupación y estabilidad del canal abierto. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo demostramos la capacidad del receptor a7 de activarse y producir respuestas máximas con la ocupación de un solo sitio de unión de agonista, propiedad que es única y exclusiva de este receptor dentro de todos los miembros de la familia de receptores Cys-loop. Este resultado posee además relevancia fisiológica dado que esta propiedad le permitiría al receptor adaptarse al mecanismo de transmisión no sináptico. En su conjunto, los resultados que surgen de esta Tesis revelan una novedosa relación funcional entre dos dominios estructurales de estos receptores, el sitio de unión de agonista y la región de acoplamiento, y, además, contribuyen al conocimiento general del mecanismo de activación de los receptores de la familia Cys-loop. / Cys-loop receptors belong to the family of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). They are widely expressed in the nervous system, where they exert a vital role in neuronal communication. They are involved in learning, memory, movement processes, among others. Functional disorders of these receptors have been associated with several neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, myasthenic syndromes, schizophrenia and depression. Because Cys-loop receptors are important pharmacological targets for the development of therapies, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms leading to activation and dysfunction of these receptors is of great importance. Cys-loop receptors contain an extracellular domain that carries the agonist binding sites and a transmembrane region that forms the ion pore. The interface between both domains, named as the coupling region, plays a key role in the propagation of the conformational changes from the binding site at the extracellular domain to the pore, located at the transmembrane region. In this Thesis, we studied two key regions that are essential for the activation process of Cys-loop receptors: the agonist binding site, where the response begins, and the interface between the extracellular and transmembrane domains or coupling region. We used homopentameric receptors that contain five identical subunits, and therefore five identical agonist binding sites and coupling regions. Because homomeric receptors appeared earlier on the evolutionary scale, they present structural and functional features that are common to all Cys-loop members, and are therefore useful models for the study of this receptor family. In Chapter I of this Thesis we studied the number of coupling regions necessary for Cys-loop receptor activation and evaluated the functional relationship of this domain with the agonist binding sites. To this end, we used a model of homopentameric receptor, the a7-5HT3A chimeric receptor, which contains a7 sequences in the extracellular domain and 5-HT3A sequences in the transmembrane domain. To determine the contribution of each of the five coupling regions to the stability of the open channel, we used our experimental strategy which is called electrical fingerprinting. For this strategy, cells were co-transfected with a subunit with an active coupling region and another subunit with an inactive coupling region, one of which carrying reporter conductance mutations, to generate receptors with different number of functional coupling regions. Next, we performed single-channel recordings to identify functional receptors using the patch-clamp technique. Due to the introduction of reporter conductance mutations, the measurement of the amplitude of each opening event allowed us to know receptor stoichiometry, i.e., the number of subunits with functional coupling region present in the pentameric receptor which originated the event. We measured open channel duration of receptors with different numbers of functional coupling regions, which indicates the open channel stability. We found that each coupling region contributes independently and symmetrically to open channel stability. We showed that five coupling regions are necessary to achieve optimal receptor activation and that the presence of only one functional coupling region is sufficient for receptor activation, but with reduced open channel duration. Furthermore, we constructed a7-5HT3A mutant receptors, containing different number of agonist binding sites and functional coupling regions. This strategy allowed us to establish the minimum structural requirements for receptor activation as well as the structural requirements for maximal open channel stability. We found that a7-5HT3A receptors are capable of responding to agonist by occupying a single agonist binding site, only if this site is formed by two subunits carrying functional coupling regions. However, to achieve optimal activation and maximal open channel duration, the model receptor requires three functional agonist binding sites and five functional coupling regions. In Chapter II, we studied a7 neuronal receptor activation under sub-occupancy conditions of its five agonist binding sites. In the brain, this receptor is mainly located at distant sites from the sites of synthesis and release of acetylcholine (ACh), so ACh, or its product choline, diffuse to bind distant a7 receptors. This non-synaptic cholinergic mechanism predicts that the degree of a7 receptor occupancy is low under physiological conditions. To study a7 activation under sub-occupancy conditions we performed single-channel recordings and measured open channel duration of receptors with only one functional agonist binding site, and compared it with that of receptors containing their five intact agonist binding sites. To know the number of agonist binding sites, we employed again the electrical fingerprinting strategy. This strategy requires accurate measurement of open channel amplitude. Because the brief duration of a7 opening events do not allow full amplitude resolution, single-channel recordings were performed in either a7 mutant receptors or in the presence of potentiators that increase open channel duration. In this work, we demonstrated that open channel stability of receptors with a single agonist binding site is the same as that of receptors containing five functional sites. Moreover, when we replaced the transmembrane domain of a7 receptors by that of 5-HT3A receptor, we found that open channel lifetime increases as the number of sites occupied by agonist increases. This result shows for the first time that the extracellular domain is not the only determinant of the relationship between occupancy and open channel stability. Therefore, in this work we demonstrated the ability of a7 receptor for activation and eliciting maximal responses with occupancy of only one agonist binding site, a property that is unique for a7 among all members of the Cys-loop family. This result has a physiological relevance since this property would allow a7 receptors to adapt to their non-synaptic mechanism. Taken together, the results that emerge from this Thesis reveal a novel functional relationship between two structural domains, the agonist binding site and the coupling region, and contribute to the general knowledge of the activation mechanism of Cys-loop receptors.

Seguindo como um dos transtornos mais desafiadores, apesar dos avanços dos estudos que tentam elucidar sua fisiopatologia, a esquizofrenia continua sendo objeto de estudo de pesquisa na busca de novas opções de tratamento. Explicações que vão além da teoria dopaminérgica da esquizofrenia têm estimulado pesquisas, em particular as relacionadas a neurotransmissão glutamatérgica (com foco nos receptores N-metil-D-Aspartato - NMDA), receptor influenciado por diversas substâncias além do glutamato, como por exemplo, os aminoácidos D-serina e glicina, assim como os esteroides neuroativos, como a pregnenolona. Com a existência de estudos clínicos já sugerindo efeitos positivos da D-serina e da pregnenolona, como tratamento adjuvante aos antipsicóticos, tem-se acumulado interesse pelo estudo do papel desta na fisiopatologia da esquizofrenia. Ao mesmo tempo, pergunta-se se os antipsicóticos não influenciariam de alguma maneira a neurotransmissão gabaérgica e glutamatérgica, através de alteração nos níveis da pregnenolona e/ou de aminoácidos neuroativos, como a D-serina. Assim, este estudo objetivou a avaliação dos efeitos dos antipsicóticos atípicos clozapina e ziprasidona sobre os níveis cerebrais de aminoácidos neuroativos, como a D-serina, assim como da pregnenolona. Os testes foram feitos em cérebros de ratos após o tratamento com as medicações ou o placebo, após uso agudo (1, 3 e 24 horas) e subagudo (7 e 21 dias). Com grupos de 4 a 5 ratos, as medições dos aminoácidos e dos esteroides nos cérebros foram feitas através de cromatografia líquida de alta performance (CLAP) para os aminoácidos e de cromatografia gasosa/espectroscopia de massa para os esteroides neuroativos. Os dados foram analisados com software SPSS 17, através dos testes ANOVA e pós teste Student Newman Keuls. Como resultados, não observamos alterações dos níveis dos aminoácidos após o uso das medicações quando comparadas ao placebo. Já em relação a pregnenolona, esta se mostrou aumentada após o uso dos antipsicóticos, mas este aumento não manteve sua significância após análises pós teste. Apesar de estudos já terem demonstrado diferenças nos níveis de aminoácidos após uso de antipsicóticos, em regiões cerebrais de ratos, nosso estudo não evidenciou tal influência nas concentrações globais deaminoácidos nos cérebros estudados, assim como não demonstrou mudanças nos níveis de pregnenolona após o uso agudo e subagudo dos antipsicóticos. Considerando dados prévios, que apontavam para alterações de esteroides neuroativos após uso de psicotrópicos, inclusive com estudos demonstrando previamente efeitos da clozapina nos níveis de pregnenolona, nosso estudo obteve dados discordantes, que podem ser explicados pelo desenho de uso agudo das medicações. As observações feitas no presente estudo trazem novos dados em relação ao que já existia na literatura, quanto ao potencial de alterações dos níveis cerebrais de aminoácidos e esteroides neuroativos. Assim, esperamos contribuir de alguma forma, para um melhor entendimento do mecanismo de ação das medicações antipsicóticas, apesar de ressaltar a necessidade de estudos mais amplos que avaliem as alterações nos níveis das moléculas aqui estudadas, mas que considerem mensurações em regiões específicas cerebrais. / It is considered one of the most challenging disorders, despite advances in studies that attempt to elucidate its pathophysiology, schizophrenia continues to be the subject of research in the search for new treatment options. Explanations that go beyond the dopaminergic theory of schizophrenia, have stimulated research, in particular, those related to glutamatergic neurotransmission (focusing on N-methyl-D-Aspartate - NMDA receptors), a receptor influenced by several substances besides glutamate, , amino acids D-serine and glycine, as well as neuroactive steroids, such as pregnenolone. With the existence of clinical studies already suggesting positive effects of D-serine and pregnenolone, as an adjunctive treatment to antipsychotics, interest has been accumulated in the study of its role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. At the same time, it is questioned whether antipsychotics would not, in some way, influence gabaergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, through changes in the levels of pregnenolone and / or neuroactive amino acids, such as D-serine. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of atypical antipsychotics clozapine and ziprasidone on brain levels of neuroactive amino acids, such as D-serine, as well as pregnenolone. Tests were performed on rat brains after treatment with the medications or placebo, after acute (1, 3 and 24 hours) and subacute (7 and 21 days) use. With groups of 4 to 5 mice, measurements of amino acids and pregnenolone in the brains were made by high performance liquid chromatography (CLAP) for amino acids and gas chromatography / mass spectroscopy for pregnenolone. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 software, using ANOVA and Student Newman Keuls post hoc test. As a result, we did not observe changes in amino acid levels after the use of the medications when compared to placebo. Regarding pregnenolone, it was shown to be increased after the use of antipsychotics, but this increase did not maintain its significance after post-test analysis. Although studies have shown differences in amino acid levels after antipsychotic use in rat brain regions, our study failed to demonstrate such an influence on overall amino acid concentrations in the brains studied, as well as to demonstrate changes in pregnenolone levels after use acute and subacute antipsychotics. Considering previous data, which pointed to neuroactive steroid alterations after the use of psychotropic drugs, including studies showingpreviously effects of clozapine on pregnenolone levels, our study obtained discordant data, which can be explained by the design of acute use of medications. The observations made in the present study bring new data in relation to what already existed in the literature, regarding the potential of alterations of the cerebral levels of aminoacids and neuroactive steroids. Thus, we hope to contribute in some way to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of antipsychotic medications, although it emphasizes the need for broader studies that assess changes in the levels of the molecules studied here, but that consider measures in specific regions of the brain.

The steroid substances with effect on nervous tissue are plenteously studied in last years. Their biggest benefits are especially anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects. This thesis inspects the influence of newly discovered neruactive steroid pregnanolone pyroglutamate synthesized in The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science (IOCB CAS), which offer potential opportunity of a new therapy of epilepsy from actual pharmacokinetic results. Our goal was to detect, if this substance has any negative effects on locomotor skills of young laboratory rats. In theoretical part of the thesis the development of laboratory rat is briefly descibed, especially its motor skills and sensory functions in comparison with human. The process of the experiments and choice of especially motor skill tests are described in Metogology part. The results of experiment and its comparation with the effect of other neuromediators are introduced and discussed in the practical part of this thesis. There were no serious effects of pregnanolonepyroglutamate applied repeatedly in perinatal period on motor performance. Acute administration of the highest dose of PPG to 12-day-old rat pups resulted in prolongation of time in surface righting and negative geotxis tests. This data are positive for...

The thesis specializes in the computational description of pharmaceutically important compounds. A substantial number of pharmaceutical drugs are small molecules that are bound to an active site of an enzyme by the "lock (binding site) and key (drug)" model through non-covalent interactions. The association of enzymes with drugs cause an increase or decrease in the activity of enzymes. The main topic is focused on the computational elucidation of the structural basis for the interactions of the purine-like compounds with the enzyme cyclin- dependent kinase 2 that belongs to the protein-kinase enzyme family. These enzymes play an important role in the cell cycle regulation; their increased activity significantly contributes to the loss of control over cell proliferation, which is one of the primary causes of cancer cell formation. The study describes the binding motifs of roscovitine, which shows an inhibitory effect on the function of cyclin-dependent kinases, and its analogues containing bioisosteric central heterocycles in the complex with cyclin-dependent kinase 2. The binding affinity between the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 enzyme and the inhibitors was quantified as calculated binding scores and evaluated in relation to the conformation of the optimized structures. The hybrid model combining the...