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Reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by overexpression of the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-Myc holds great promise for the development of personalized cell replacement therapies. In an attempt to minimize the risk of chromosomal disruption and to simplify reprogramming, several studies demonstrated that a reduced set of reprogramming factors is sufficient to generate iPSC. We recently showed that a reduction of reprogramming factors in murine cells not only reduces reprogramming efficiency but also may worsen subsequent differentiation. To prove whether this is also true for human cells, we compared the efficiency of neuronal differentiation of iPSC generated from fetal human neural stem cells with either one (OCT4; hiPSC1F-NSC) or two (OCT4, KLF4; hiPSC2F-NSC) reprogramming factors with iPSC produced from human fibroblasts using three (hiPSC3F-FIB) or four reprogramming factors (hiPSC4F-FIB). After four weeks of coculture with PA6 stromal cells, neuronal differentiation of hiPSC1F-NSC and hiPSC2F-NSC was as efficient as iPSC3F-FIB or iPSC4F-FIB. We conclude that a reduction of reprogramming factors in human cells does reduce reprogramming efficiency but does not alter subsequent differentiation into neural lineages. This is of importance for the development of future application of iPSC in cell replacement therapies.

The built environment can inadvertently create obstacles for human cognition, emotion, and behavior when ill-designed, neglected, or poorly retrofitted. Deteriorating education facilities exemplify the lack of awareness in regard to the significant relationship between people and their environments. However, simply updating a school does not always accommodate occupant needs, especially for students who are sensitive to external stimuli. Students in behavioral schools who suffer from emotional behavioral disorder (EBD) often display adverse neurological affects from negative life experiences. Common disorders comorbid with EBD, as well as EBD itself, interferes with their ability to control and manage behavior. By identifying common challenges, the proposed behavioral school in Northampton, Massachusetts aims to support the building’s program and occupants to achieve specific goals, i.e. academic standards, and behavioral self-management. Environmental-behavior and neuropsychology principles are implemented in overarching themes including biophilic design, behavior defined space, safety, and transitions. Strategic design elements aim to assist students relearning behavior by clearly defining which behaviors are acceptable in specific spaces within the school and by addressing common cognitions and emotions often associated with the negative behavior. These implementations range from broad environmental-behavioral-neurology principles that manifest themselves in the built environment to address place, personalization, territory, and wayfinding, down to smaller details, including strategically framed exterior views. Unlike traditional day schools, this demographic is tasked with the extremely difficult goal to restructure their consciousness from the inside out, in addition to the baseline academic requirements. As the largest physical teaching tool, the school itself assists the sensitive students and hardworking staff in their transitional journey.

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Sammanfattning  Bakgrund: Neurologisk rehabilitering innefattar ofta livslånga kontinuerliga insatser. För att få ett önskvärt resultat av rehabilitering krävs en god följsamhet från patienten. Forskning har visat att god följsamhet kräver att patienten får information om sin behandling samt känner sig delaktig. Det saknas dock forskning om vilken information och vilken typ av informationsform patienten efterfrågar inom neurologisk rehabilitering.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva patientens perspektiv på behovet av information vid rehabilitering av neurologiska funktionsnedsättningar, och vad de upplever betydelsefullt för att uppnå följsamhet och delaktighet. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor (Januari 2022). Data analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Inklusive pilotintervju genomfördes 10 intervjuer med patienter som deltagit i neurologisk rehabilitering. Resultat: Analys av materialet resulterade i 4 kategorier, Erhållen information, Önskad information, Delaktighet, Fysioterapeuten bemötande och Kommunikation. Varje kategori kompletterades även med underrubriker.  Konklusion:  I resultatet framkom det att patienter har behov av en mångsidig information både avseende informationens innehåll och förmedling. Det framkom även att fysioterapeutens bemötande och en god kommunikation var viktiga faktorer för informationsförmedlingen och därmed betydelsefullt för att uppnå delaktighet och följsamhet.

Although headaches are a very common complaint, those accompanied by paresthesia and muscle wasting indicate an underlying neurological disorder. In this review, we present the case of a 58-year-old man with chronic headaches who developed tingling and numbness in his right limbs along with right-hand muscle atrophy.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is associated with seizures, visual disturbances, headache, and altered mental status. Given its presentation, the diagnosis can be mistaken for other severe conditions. Palliative medicine consultants should be aware of PRES and be prepared to counsel families on the treatment and prognosis of this syndrome.

This work of nonfiction examines the ways in which an unexpected and devastating health condition at the age of eighteen influences a person's identity and perception of self. The narrative is based largely around running, and the narrator explores what it means to live in a body that might fail.