Name of the thesis Effect of nitric oxide on cerebral blood flow during neuronal activity Aim of the thesis The aim of this thesis is to determine whether the application of 7-nitroindazole, relatively specific inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, affects the baseline blood pressure. Furthermore, to determine whether the application of the substance affects the baseline cerebral blood flow and whether it influences blood flow in brain during transcallosal stimulation with increasing frequency. Research method The research took place at the premises of the Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Experiments were carried out on laboratory albino Wistar rats. The group contained both experimental and control sample. General anesthesia was performed to rats, stimulating and sensing electrodes were implanted in epidural area of sensorimotor cortex and Laser Doppler flow probe was implanted into the contralateral hemisphere. A plastic catheter was applied in the carotid artery for measuring systemic blood pressure. In the first part of the experiment, we tested the effects of 7-nitroindazole on the systemic blood pressure. In the second part of the experiment, we investigated the effects of 7-nitroindazole on baseline cerebral blood flow. The third part of the...

Title: Acute neuroinflammatory reaction after focal cerebral ischemia Aim: The aim of this thesis is to evaluate neuroinflammatory response after focal cerebral cortical ischemia. Also, familiarizing with the method of displaying damage of blood brain barriers, neurons and the possibility of detection of microglia cells as a marker of acute neuroinflammatory processes. Methodology: This is an experimental study. We brought about cortical cerebral ischemia in rats using an application of photosensitive dye "bengal red," and a green laser. Two animals were were given the additional application of "Evans blue" in order to visualize the defects of the blood brain barrier. The animals were returned to their cage for the time needed before they were induced terminal anesthesia. This was followed by the process of brain perfusion, slicing the brain in sections 50 µm thick and then applied these sections onto slides. Sections with applied EB were immediately analyzed under the microscope. Sections to illustrate neuronal death were immunohistochemically stained via the Nissl method. Sections visualizing microglial activity were stained using CD11b antibody. Results: Following the induction of focal ischemia there occured brain tissue damage. In the vicinity of lesion there is degeneration of neurons and...

O tecido cerebral é altamente dependente de uma complexa rede vascular e um suprimento adequado de oxigênio, uma vez que o metabolismo oxidativo é a principal via de produção de ATP. Entretanto, durante o aumento da atividade neuronal existe uma relação não linear entre fluxo sanguíneo cerebral e consumo de oxigênio, verificado por tomografia de emissão de pósitrons e posteriormente por técnicas quantitativas de ressonância magnética nuclear. O aumento mais pronunciado do fluxo sanguíneo em comparação com o consumo de oxigênio levanta questões sobre a possibilidade de o oxigênio atuar como um fator limitante. Apesar dos efeitos devastadores da privação completa de oxigênio ao tecido cerebral dentro de minutos, a redução da disponibilidade de oxigênio por curtos períodos de tempo é comum em pacientes com apneia do sono e está associada como fator de risco à hipertensão e acidentes vasculares. Acreditamos que a obtenção de novas informações sobre o efeito da disponibilidade de oxigênio na regulação da resposta vascular e do metabolismo energético no cérebro humano in vivo é crucial para um melhor entendimento de aspectos básicos do metabolismo energético cerebral e sua relação com o sistema neurovascular. Nesta tese foi avaliado o impacto da redução da disponibilidade de oxigênio no acoplamento neurovascular e metabólico do cérebro humano saudável. Dois estudos foram realizados na presença de hipóxia moderada, com saturação sanguínea entre 80 a 85%, e normóxia como condição de controle. O primeiro utilizou técnicas quantitativas de ressonância magnética funcional (fMRI) em 3T para caracterizar a resposta vascular evocada de 9 sujeitos saudáveis perante a estimulação visual. O segundo visou caracterizar as concentrações metabólicas em repouso e também as alterações induzidas pela estimulação visual em 11 sujeitos, utilizando a técnica de espectroscopia de ressonância magnética funcional (fMRS) em 7T. Os dados de fMRI mostraram reduções significativas das áreas corticais recrutadas durante a hipóxia moderada, embora as áreas comuns às três técnicas que continuaram ativas demonstraram respostas com amplitude de fluxo e volume sanguíneos similares a normoxia. Além disto, a variação de consumo de oxigênio devido à estimulação visual foi menor durante a hipóxia. Tais achados potencialmente poderiam indicar diminuição da extensão do recrutamento neuronal, porém um novo desacoplamento entre atividade neuronal e a resposta vascular, ou seja, aumento da atividade neuronal sem uma mesma resposta vascular durante a hipóxia moderada não poderia ser descartado. O estudo de fMRS demonstrou alterações metabólicas (glutamato e lactato) induzidas pela estimulação similares em ambas as condições gasosas. Entretanto, alterações significativas nas concentrações de aspartato, glutamato e glutamina foram observadas entre as condições no repouso. A combinação dos achados de ambos os estudos aqui apresentados sugere que a hipóxia moderada não resulta na diminuição do recrutamento neuronal, pois variações similares de glutamato e lactato, considerados fortes marcadores do aumento de atividade neuronal, foram observadas durante hipóxia moderada. Entretanto, há evidências de que a disponibilidade reduzida de oxigênio leva a alterações no mecanismo do acoplamento vascular e também no metabolismo basal. Análises futuras serão necessárias para verificar se existe um mecanismo fisiológico que explica as alterações vasculares e metabólicas aqui observadas. / The cerebral tissue is highly dependent on a complex vascular network and a tight regulated supply of oxygen, since oxidative metabolism is the primary source of ATP synthesis. Increased neuronal activity leads to a well-established mismatch between CBF and CMRO2, measured by PET and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The much larger CBF evoked response as compared to CMRO2 response raises questions about the role played by oxygen as a potential limiting factor. Despite the devastating effects of intense hypoxia to cerebral tissue, moderate oxygen deprivation through short periods of time is frequent in chronic disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea and has been suggested to be a risk factor for morbidities such as hypertension and stroke. Identifying the impact of mild hypoxia on functional brain metabolism in the healthy human brain is a crucial step for understanding basics aspects of cerebral bioenergetics and its relationship with the neurovascular system. In this thesis we evaluate the impact of reduced oxygen availability in the neurovascular and metabolic coupling of the healthy human brain. Two studies were performed in the presence of mild hypoxia, with 80 to 85% arterial blood oxygen saturation, and normoxia as the control condition. The first study utilized functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques (fMRI) at 3T to characterize the vascular response to visual stimulation in 9 subjects. The second study aimed at characterizing the neurochemical profile of the human brain and quantifying the stimulus-induced metabolic changes as measured by fMRS at 7T in 11 subjects. The fMRI data showed significant reductions in the recruited cortical areas during mild hypoxia, although activated areas in all three imaging modalities showed responses with similar amplitude of blood flow and volume from normoxia. In addition, the variation of oxygen consumption due to stimulation was smaller during mild hypoxia. These findings could potentially suggest decreased neuronal recruitment, although a new decoupling between neuronal activity and vascular response (i.e. similar neuronal recruitment with different vascular response) could not be discarded. The fMRS study showed similar stimulus-induced glutamate and lactate changes during both gas conditions. However, significant concentration differences were observed in aspartate, glutamate and glutamine during rest conditions. Finally, the combination of the data from the two studies herein presented suggests that mild hypoxia does not result in reduced neuronal recruitment despite the altered vascular response, as shown by the similar glutamate and lactate stimulus-induced responses, known to be strong markers of increased neuronal activity. However, there are evidences that support altered neurovascular coupling and metabolic concentrations during reduced oxygen availability at rest. Further analysis will be necessary to elucidate how the new steady state concentrations of aspartate, glutamate and glutamine could be linked to physiological mechanism that potentially alters the neurovascular response.

The current work investigated the stimulation induced spatial response of the cerebral microvascular network by reconstruction of the 3D microvascular morphology from in vivo two photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) volumes using an automated, model based tracking algorithm. In vivo 2PFM imaging of the vasculature in the forelimb representation of the primary somatosensory cortex of alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats was achieved via implantation of a closed cranial window, and intravascular injection of fluorescent dextran. The dilatory and constrictory responses of the cerebral microvascular network to functional stimulation were heterogeneous and depended on resting vascular radius and response latency. Capillaries experienced large relative dilations and constrictions, but the larger vessel absolute volume changes dominated the overall network cerebral blood volume change.

The current work investigated the stimulation induced spatial response of the cerebral microvascular network by reconstruction of the 3D microvascular morphology from in vivo two photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) volumes using an automated, model based tracking algorithm. In vivo 2PFM imaging of the vasculature in the forelimb representation of the primary somatosensory cortex of alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats was achieved via implantation of a closed cranial window, and intravascular injection of fluorescent dextran. The dilatory and constrictory responses of the cerebral microvascular network to functional stimulation were heterogeneous and depended on resting vascular radius and response latency. Capillaries experienced large relative dilations and constrictions, but the larger vessel absolute volume changes dominated the overall network cerebral blood volume change.

O tecido cerebral é altamente dependente de uma complexa rede vascular e um suprimento adequado de oxigênio, uma vez que o metabolismo oxidativo é a principal via de produção de ATP. Entretanto, durante o aumento da atividade neuronal existe uma relação não linear entre fluxo sanguíneo cerebral e consumo de oxigênio, verificado por tomografia de emissão de pósitrons e posteriormente por técnicas quantitativas de ressonância magnética nuclear. O aumento mais pronunciado do fluxo sanguíneo em comparação com o consumo de oxigênio levanta questões sobre a possibilidade de o oxigênio atuar como um fator limitante. Apesar dos efeitos devastadores da privação completa de oxigênio ao tecido cerebral dentro de minutos, a redução da disponibilidade de oxigênio por curtos períodos de tempo é comum em pacientes com apneia do sono e está associada como fator de risco à hipertensão e acidentes vasculares. Acreditamos que a obtenção de novas informações sobre o efeito da disponibilidade de oxigênio na regulação da resposta vascular e do metabolismo energético no cérebro humano in vivo é crucial para um melhor entendimento de aspectos básicos do metabolismo energético cerebral e sua relação com o sistema neurovascular. Nesta tese foi avaliado o impacto da redução da disponibilidade de oxigênio no acoplamento neurovascular e metabólico do cérebro humano saudável. Dois estudos foram realizados na presença de hipóxia moderada, com saturação sanguínea entre 80 a 85%, e normóxia como condição de controle. O primeiro utilizou técnicas quantitativas de ressonância magnética funcional (fMRI) em 3T para caracterizar a resposta vascular evocada de 9 sujeitos saudáveis perante a estimulação visual. O segundo visou caracterizar as concentrações metabólicas em repouso e também as alterações induzidas pela estimulação visual em 11 sujeitos, utilizando a técnica de espectroscopia de ressonância magnética funcional (fMRS) em 7T. Os dados de fMRI mostraram reduções significativas das áreas corticais recrutadas durante a hipóxia moderada, embora as áreas comuns às três técnicas que continuaram ativas demonstraram respostas com amplitude de fluxo e volume sanguíneos similares a normoxia. Além disto, a variação de consumo de oxigênio devido à estimulação visual foi menor durante a hipóxia. Tais achados potencialmente poderiam indicar diminuição da extensão do recrutamento neuronal, porém um novo desacoplamento entre atividade neuronal e a resposta vascular, ou seja, aumento da atividade neuronal sem uma mesma resposta vascular durante a hipóxia moderada não poderia ser descartado. O estudo de fMRS demonstrou alterações metabólicas (glutamato e lactato) induzidas pela estimulação similares em ambas as condições gasosas. Entretanto, alterações significativas nas concentrações de aspartato, glutamato e glutamina foram observadas entre as condições no repouso. A combinação dos achados de ambos os estudos aqui apresentados sugere que a hipóxia moderada não resulta na diminuição do recrutamento neuronal, pois variações similares de glutamato e lactato, considerados fortes marcadores do aumento de atividade neuronal, foram observadas durante hipóxia moderada. Entretanto, há evidências de que a disponibilidade reduzida de oxigênio leva a alterações no mecanismo do acoplamento vascular e também no metabolismo basal. Análises futuras serão necessárias para verificar se existe um mecanismo fisiológico que explica as alterações vasculares e metabólicas aqui observadas. / The cerebral tissue is highly dependent on a complex vascular network and a tight regulated supply of oxygen, since oxidative metabolism is the primary source of ATP synthesis. Increased neuronal activity leads to a well-established mismatch between CBF and CMRO2, measured by PET and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The much larger CBF evoked response as compared to CMRO2 response raises questions about the role played by oxygen as a potential limiting factor. Despite the devastating effects of intense hypoxia to cerebral tissue, moderate oxygen deprivation through short periods of time is frequent in chronic disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea and has been suggested to be a risk factor for morbidities such as hypertension and stroke. Identifying the impact of mild hypoxia on functional brain metabolism in the healthy human brain is a crucial step for understanding basics aspects of cerebral bioenergetics and its relationship with the neurovascular system. In this thesis we evaluate the impact of reduced oxygen availability in the neurovascular and metabolic coupling of the healthy human brain. Two studies were performed in the presence of mild hypoxia, with 80 to 85% arterial blood oxygen saturation, and normoxia as the control condition. The first study utilized functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques (fMRI) at 3T to characterize the vascular response to visual stimulation in 9 subjects. The second study aimed at characterizing the neurochemical profile of the human brain and quantifying the stimulus-induced metabolic changes as measured by fMRS at 7T in 11 subjects. The fMRI data showed significant reductions in the recruited cortical areas during mild hypoxia, although activated areas in all three imaging modalities showed responses with similar amplitude of blood flow and volume from normoxia. In addition, the variation of oxygen consumption due to stimulation was smaller during mild hypoxia. These findings could potentially suggest decreased neuronal recruitment, although a new decoupling between neuronal activity and vascular response (i.e. similar neuronal recruitment with different vascular response) could not be discarded. The fMRS study showed similar stimulus-induced glutamate and lactate changes during both gas conditions. However, significant concentration differences were observed in aspartate, glutamate and glutamine during rest conditions. Finally, the combination of the data from the two studies herein presented suggests that mild hypoxia does not result in reduced neuronal recruitment despite the altered vascular response, as shown by the similar glutamate and lactate stimulus-induced responses, known to be strong markers of increased neuronal activity. However, there are evidences that support altered neurovascular coupling and metabolic concentrations during reduced oxygen availability at rest. Further analysis will be necessary to elucidate how the new steady state concentrations of aspartate, glutamate and glutamine could be linked to physiological mechanism that potentially alters the neurovascular response.

Le couplage étroit entre l'activité neuronale et l'augmentation du flux sanguin, appelé couplage neurovasculaire (CNV), est essentiel aux fonctions cérébrales. Ce processus est à la base de l'imagerie médicale cérébrale non invasive utilisée pour déterminer l'activité neuronale chez l'individu sain ou malade. Cependant, les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires du CNV restent encore débattus. La compréhension de ce processus permettra non seulement une interprétation plus fine des signaux d'imagerie cérébrale mais également un meilleur diagnostic des maladies neurologiques.De nombreux messagers vasoactifs sont impliqués dans le CNV du cortex cérébral. Les prostanoïdes, notamment libérés lors de l'activation des récepteurs NMDA, sont impliqués dans l'augmentation du flux sanguin cérébral. Cependant, l'origine cellulaire, moléculaire, la nature ainsi que les cibles de ces messagers lipidiques restent incertaines.La prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) et la prostacycline (PGI2), produits par les cyclo-oxygénases de type 1 ou 2 (COX-1 ou COX-2) et des enzymes terminales, sont les deux principaux prostanoïdes vasodilatateurs du cortex cérébral. Ce travail a montré que les vasodilatations induites par le NMDA dépendent de la COX-2 et nécessitent également l'activation des récepteurs EP2 et EP4 de la PGE2 et IP de la PGI2et que les neurones pyramidaux sont les principales cellules du cortex cérébral équipées pour la biosynthèse de la PGE2 et de la PGI2.L'ensemble de ces travaux démontre que les neurones pyramidaux jouent donc un rôle clé dans le CNV cortical via la libération de la PGE2. Produite par la COX-2, la PGE2 agit sur les récepteurs EP2 et EP4 et induit des vasodilatations. / The tight coupling between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow, known as neurovascular coupling (NVC), is essential for brain functions. It is also the physiological basis of cerebral imaging, widely used to map neuronal activity in health and disease. Despite this importance, its cellular and molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. A better understanding of NVC will not only permit an accurate interpretation of cerebral imaging but also a better diagnosis of neurological diseases. In the cerebral cortex, numerous messengers are involved in NVC. Prostanoids, released during NMDA receptors activation, play a key role in NVC. However, the cellular and molecular origins, as well as the nature and the targets of this lipid messengers remain elusive. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), produced by the rate limiting cyclo-oxygenases 1 or 2 (COX-1 or COX-2) and specific terminal enzymes, are the main cortical vasodilatory prostanoid. This work shows that NMDA-induced vasodilations are COX-2 dependent and require the activation of EP2 and EP4 receptors of PGE2 and IP receptors of PGI2. Furthermore, pyramidal cells are the main cell type equipped for the biosynthesis of PGE2 and PGI2 derived from COX-2 activity. In summary, these observations demonstrate that pyramidal cells play a key role in NVC by releasing PGE2 produced via COX-2 and acting on the vasodilatory EP2 and EP4 receptors.

The brain – the organ that allows us to be aware of our surroundings – consists of a complex network of neurons, which seemingly allows the human brain to be able of abstract thinking, emotions, and cognitive function. To learn how the brain is capable of this, the two main branches of neuroscience study either neurons in detail, or how they communicate within neuronal networks. Both these branches often tackle the complexity using a combination of experiments and mathematical modelling. A third and less studied aspect of neuroscience concerns the neurovascular coupling (NVC), for which my research group has previously developed mathematical models. However, these NVC models have still not integrated valuable data from rodents and primates, and the NVC models are also not connected to existing neuronal network models. In this project, I address both of these two shortcomings. First, an existing model for the NVC was connected with a simple model for neuronal networks, establishing a connection between the NVC models and the software NEURON. Second, we established a way to preserved information from NVC data from rodents and mice into NVC models humans. This work thus connects the previously developed NVC model both with data from other species and with other types of models. This brings us one step closer to a more holistic and interconnected understanding of the brain and its many intriguing cognitive and physiological functions.

L’activateur tissulaire du plasminogène (tPA) est une sérine protéase initialement découverte dans le sang pour sa capacité à convertir le plasminogène en plasmine, une enzyme capable de dégrader les chaînes de fibrine des caillots sanguins. Pour cette fonction pro-fibrinolytique, le tPA est le seul traitement pharmacologique aujourd’hui utilisé dans la phase aiguë de l’accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) de type ischémique, même s’il présente plusieurs limites. Outre son rôle dans la fibrinolyse, le tPA est aussi capable de moduler différents phénomènes physiologiques et pathologiques au sein du système nerveux central et de l’unité neurovasculaire, tels que la mémoire, l’excitotoxicité ou encore le couplage neurovasculaire comme décrit plus récemment. Plusieurs fonctions du tPA impliquent son interaction avec les récepteurs N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA), qui permet de potentialiser leur signalisation. Sur le plan structurel, deux formes du tPA ont été identifiées : une forme simple chaîne (sc-tPA) et une forme double chaîne (tc-tPA). Ces deux formes, dont les proportions peuvent varier dans la solution administrée aux patients pour la thrombolyse post-AVC ischémique, partagent certaines fonctions communes mais peuvent aussi avoir des actions différentes. Le premier objectif de nos travaux visait à mieux comprendre l’implication du tPA dans le couplage neurovasculaire, un phénomène essentiel au fonctionnement cérébral permettant aux régions en activité de bénéficier d’un apport accru en sang afin de subvenir à la demande énergétique des neurones. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets des formes sc-tPA et tc-tPA utilisées lors de la thrombolyse dans un modèle murin d’AVC ischémique thromboembolique.Premièrement, nos résultats mettent en évidence la capacité du tPA vasculaire à augmenter l’hyperhémie fonctionnelle dans le cadre du couplage neurovasculaire. En effet, nous montrons chez la souris que le tPA vasculaire peut interagir avec les récepteurs NMDA présents à la surface des cellules endothéliales des artères et artérioles, et augmenter leur dilatation lors d’une activité neuronale. D’autre part, dans le cadre de l’ischémie cérébrale, nos résultats indiquent que lorsqu’ils sont utilisés pour la thrombolyse précoce, le sc-tPA et le tc-tPA ont des effets différents et parfois opposés. Le sc-tPA permet de réduire les volumes de lésion et d’améliorer la récupération fonctionnelle, alors que le tc-tPA est moins efficace pour réduire la lésion et ne diminue pas les déficits fonctionnels. De fait, nos données montrent que le tc-tPA aggrave l’altération de l’intégrité de la barrière hématoencéphalique par rapport au sc-tPA. Dans l’ensemble, ces données permettent d’améliorer les connaissances sur les mécanismes d’actions du tPA dans des phénomènes physiologiques et pathologiques importants. Nos travaux soulignent également la nécessité de prendre en compte les différences entre les formes de tPA dans l’amélioration du traitement actuel des AVC et dans l’élaboration de futures stratégies thérapeutiques impliquant cette molécule. / The tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease initially discovered in the blood for its ability to convert plasminogen into plasmin, an enzyme capable of degrading fibrin chains of blood clots. tPA is the only pharmacological treatment currently used for the acute phase of ischemic stroke, although it has several limitations. Besides its role in fibrinolysis, tPA also modulates various physiological and pathological phenomena within the central nervous system and neurovascular unit, such as memory, excitotoxicity and neurovascular coupling, which has been described recently. Several functions of tPA involve its interaction with N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which leads to an increase in NMDA signaling. Structurally, two forms of tPA have been identified: a single chain form (sc-tPA) and a double chain form (tc-tPA). These two forms, whose proportions vary in the solution administered for thrombolysis during ischemic stroke, share some common functions but may also differ in their therapeutic action. The first objective of our work was to better understand the implication of tPA in neurovascular coupling, which is an essential phenomenon for cerebral functioning that allows active brain regions to benefit from increased blood supply in order to meet local energy demands. In the second part of our work, we investigated the effects of sc-tPA and tc-tPA in a murine model of ischemic thromboembolic stroke.Our results establish a role for vascular tPA in increasing functional hyperemia in neurovascular coupling. We show that vascular tPA interacts with NMDA receptors present at the surface of endothelial cells of arteries and arterioles to increase their dilation during neuronal activity. In the context of cerebral ischemia, our results indicate that when administered during early thrombolysis, sc-tPA and tc-tPA have different and sometimes opposite effects. tc-tPA is less effective than sc-tPA in reducing lesion volume and protecting against functional impairment. In fact, our data show that tc-tPA worsens the integrity of the blood-brain barrier compared to sc-tPA. Overall, these data improve our knowledge of the mechanisms of action of tPA in important physiological and pathological phenomena. Our work underlines the need to take into account differences between sc-tPA and tc-tPA when trying to improve the current treatment for stroke and in the development of future therapeutic strategies involving this molecule.

Astrocytes comprise the most abundant cell population in human brain (1). First described by Virchow as being 'glue' of the brain (2), modern research has truly extended our knowledge and understanding regarding the vast array of roles these cells execute under normal physiological conditions. Examples include neurotransmitter reuptake at the synapse (3), the regulation of blood flow at capillaries to meet neuronal energy demand (4), and maintenance/repair of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (5), which is comprised, in part, of tight junction proteins such zonula-occludens-1 (ZO1) (6) and Claudin-5 (7). Underlying the execution of these processes is the morphological and spatial arrangement of astrocytes between neurons and endothelial cells comprising blood vessels, where comprehensively speaking, these cells form what is known as the gliovascular unit (8). Astrocytes extend large processes called endfeet that intimately associate with and enwrap up to 99% of the cerebrovascular surface (9). Disruptions to this association can occur in the form of retracted endfeet, and this has been characterized in several disease states such as major depressive disorder (10-12), ischemia (13-15), and normal biological aging (16-18). Disruption can also take the form of cellular/protein aggregate intercalation, which our lab previously characterized in a human-derived glioma model (19) and vascular amyloidosis human Amyloid Precursor Protein J20 (hAPPJ20) animal model (20). In both models, focal astrocyte-vascular disruptions coincided with perturbations to astrocyte control of blood flow, with deficits in BBB integrity present in the glioma model as well. These findings lead to the preliminary work in this dissertation where we aimed to extend BBB findings in the glioma model to the hAPPJ20 vascular amyloidosis model. Immunohistochemical analysis in two-year old hAPPJ20 animal arterioles revealed that indeed in locations of vascular amyloid buildup and endfoot separation, there was a significant reduction in a tight junction protein critical for BBB maintenance, ZO1. This reduction in ZO1 expression was accompanied by extravasation of 70kDa FITC and the ~1kDa Cadaverine, suggesting that BBB integrity was compromised. These findings led to the objective of this dissertation, which was to determine if focal ablation of an astrocyte is sufficient to disrupt BBB integrity. By utilizing the in vivo 2Phatal single-cell apoptosis induction method (21), we found that 1) focal loss of astrocyte-vascular coverage does not result in barrier deficits, but rather induces a plasticity response whereby surrounding astrocytes extend processes to reinnervate vascular vacancies no longer occupied by previously ablated astrocytes. 2) Replacement astrocytes are capable of inducing vasocontractile responses in blood vessels, and that 3) aging significantly attenuates the kinetics of this process. We then tested the hypothesis that focal loss of astrocyte-vascular coverage leads to a gliovascular structural plasticity response, in part, through the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2). This dissertation found that 4), this was indeed the case, and finally, 5) we determined that gliovascular structural plasticity occurs after reperfusion post-focal photothrombotic stroke. Together, the work presented in this dissertation sheds light on a novel plasticity response whereby astrocytes maintain continual cerebrovascular coverage and therefore physiological control. Future studies should aim to determine if 1) astrocytes also replace the synaptic contacts with neighboring neurons once held by a previous astrocyte, and 2) what therapeutic opportunity gliovascular structural plasticity may present regarding BBB repair following stroke. / Doctor of Philosophy / Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain. Their anatomical relationship to neurons and endothelial cells allows them to execute many vital brain functions, and comprehensively speaking, these cells form what is known as the gliovascular unit. Important for maintaining the expression of proteins preventing vascular leakage in the brain are molecules released from astrocytes processes called endfeet. These endfeet intimately enwrap blood vessels, and disruptions to endfeet-vascular coverage often coincide with vascular leakage in the brain. This dissertation therefore aimed to determine if astrocyte-vascular coverage is necessary in preventing vascular leakage. State-of-the art imaging in live animals determined this not to be the case, and rather found that focal loss of astrocyte-vascular coverage induces a plasticity response wherein neighboring astrocytes extend new endfeet to reinnervate vascular vacancies. Furthermore, we found that the kinetics of endfoot replacement are significantly reduced in aging, and that the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical arbiter underlying this response. Finally, given that we found endfoot replacement to occur in locations of lost astrocyte-vascular contact following reperfusion post-focal photothrombotic stroke, these findings may have implications regarding repair of the blood-brain barrier following CNS insults such as stroke.