Haynes 230 is a nickel based, solid-solution strengthened alloy that is used for high-temperature applications in the aero-engine and power generation industries. The alloy composition is balanced to avoid precipitation of undesirable topologically closedpacked (TCP) intermetallic phases, such as Sigma, Mu, or Laves-type, that are detrimental to mechanical and corrosion properties. This material is currently being used for the NASA's J2X upper stage rocket nozzle extension. Current fabrication procedures use fusion welding processes to join blanks that are subsequently formed. Cracks have been noted to occur in the fusion welded region during the forming operations. Use of solid state joining processes, such as friction stir welding are being proposed to eliminate the fusion weld cracks. Of interest is a modified friction stir welding process called thermal stir welding. Three welding process: Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Electron Beam Welding (EBW), and Thermal Stir Welding (TSWing) are compared in this study.

Les générateurs de vapeur des réacteurs à eau pressurisée (REP) sont constitués d'alliage à base nickel. La surface d'échange associée représente environ 75 % de l'aire totale du circuit primaire. Sous l'effet de la corrosion généralisée, des cations nickel sont relâchés dans l'eau de ce circuit. Lorsque ces cations sont exposés au flux neutronique du coeur du réacteur, ils sont activés en éléments radioactifs (58Co). La circulation puis l'incorporation de ces produits de corrosion radioactifs sur les parois du circuit primaire posent alors problème lors des interventions humaines durant les opérations de maintenance.Le but de l'étude présentée ici est de créer par traitement thermomécanique une couche d'oxyde protectrice qui limite fortement le relâchement des cations nickel. L'influence de paramètres tels que la composition de l'atmosphère gazeuse lors du traitement thermique et l'état de surface initial de l'alliage considéré (laminage et rugosité de surface) a été étudiée. Les résultats présentés sont obtenus sur un alliage 690 oxydé à 700 °C sous deux atmosphères gazeuses de pressions partielles en oxygène (P(O2)) différentes.L'étude des cinétiques d'oxydation par analyse thermogravimétrique (ATG), met en avant une cinétique parabolique peu dépendante de la P(O2). Un laminage de 20 % n'affecte pas la cinétique d'oxydation alors qu'un laminage de 40 % et une rugosité de surface plus forte sont responsables d'une prise de masse plus importante. Un marquage à l'or permet de déterminer que la croissance de la couche est majoritairement cationique. L'aspect général de la surface des échantillons oxydés observé par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) est similaire quelle que soit la P(O2) : une couche d'oxyde continue d'aspect nanostructuré riche en chrome avec oxydation préférentielle du chrome le long des joints de grains de l'alliage sous-jacent. La spectroscopie de photoélectrons-X (XPS), la spectrométrie à décharge luminescente (SDL) et la diffraction des rayons-X (DRX) mettent en évidence la croissance d'une couche de chromine (Cr2O3) et la présence à l'interface gaz/oxyde de cristallites avec une cristallographie de type spinelle. Pour une faible P(O2) (de 1.10 -6 bar à 5.10 -6 bar) cette partie externe est riche en manganèse (MnCr2O4) alors que des cristallites riches en manganèse, chrome, nickel et en fer viennent s'intégrer dans cette configuration lors d'oxydations sous une P(O2) plus élevée (0,2 bar). L'ensemble des résultats obtenus permet de proposer des conditions de prétraitement sur l'alliage 690. Des échantillons ainsi traités sont testés en milieu primaire simulé et leur relâchement en nickel montre une nette baisse par rapport à des échantillons non traités thermiquement. / Steam generator tubes in pressurized water reactors (PWR) are made of nickel based alloy and represent nearly 75 % of the primary coolant loop surface. Due to generalized corrosion phenomena, nickel cations are released in the primary loop water. After neutron flux exposure in the reactor core, nickel cations can turn into radioactive products, such as 58Co. If carried through the circuit, these radioactive products precipitate and contaminate the loop, making maintenance more difficult.The present study goal is to form a very protective scale on the Alloy 690 surface by a pre-oxidation treatment performed at 700 °C. The impact of different parameters such as oxygen partial pressures of the gaz used during high temperature oxidation (low P(O2)=10 -6 bar or high P(O2)=0.2 bar) and the initial surface state of the sample (cold-worked or surface roughness) is studied. To minimize nickel cation release, the scale obtained must be continuous, homogeneous, rich in chromium and nickel free. The oxidation kinetics, studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), show the existence of parabolic law independent of P(O2). The sample's surface aspect, observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), is similar for all P(O2). Top views show a preferential chromium oxidation along the grain boundaries and the formation of a chromium rich oxide scale, confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES); cross sectional views of the material exhibit holes beneath the oxide corresponding with the alloy's grain boundaries. The latter observation and an inert marking test with gold plots suggest a cationic growth of the oxide scale. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates the presence of chromia (Cr2O3) for low and high P(O2). For low P(O2), a Mn and Cr spinel is observed near the outer surface. For higher P(O2), a similar spinel layer is made up of Ni, Fe, Mn and Cr.Pretreatment conditions set to be applied on alloy 690 can be proposed thanks to the data collected. Samples, pretreated that way, are tested in simulated primary medium water and their nickel release is clearly cropping compared to non-thermaly-treated samples.

<p>Modern structural materials utilize tailored microstructures to retain peak performance within the most volatile operating conditions. Features such as grain size, grain boundary (GB) character and morphology and secondary phases are just a few of the tunable parameters. By tailoring these types of microstructural features, the deformation behavior of the material is also altered. The localization of plastic strain directly correlated to material failure. Thus, a systematic approach was utilized to understand the effect of microstructural features on the localization of plastic deformation utilizing digital image correlation (DIC). First, at the macroscopic scale, strain accumulation is known to form parallel to the plane of maximum shear stress. The local deviations in the deformation pathways at the meso-scale are investigated relative to the plane of maximum shear stress. The deviations in the deformation pathways are observed to be a function of the accumulated local plastic strain magnitude and the grain size. Next, strains characterized via DIC were used to calculate a value of incremental slip on the active slip systems and identify cases of slip transmission. The incremental slip was calculated based on a Taylor-Bishop-Hill algorithm, which determined a qualitative assessment of deformation on a given slip system, by satisfying compatibility and identifying the stress state by the principle of virtual work. Inter-connected slip bands, between neighboring grains, were shown to accumulate more incremental slip (and associated strain) relative to slip bands confined to a single grain, where slip transmission did not occur. These results rationalize the role of grain clusters which lead to intense strain accumulation and thus serve as potential sites for fatigue crack initiation. Lastly, at GB interfaces, the effect of GB morphology (planar or serrated) on the cavitation behavior was studied during elevated temperature dwell-fatigue at 700 °C. The resulting γ′ precipitate structures were characterized near GBs and within grains. Along serrated GBs coarsened and elongated <a>γ′ </a>precipitates formed and consequently created adjacent regions that were denuded of γ′ precipitates. Dwell-fatigue experiments were performed at low and high stress amplitudes which varied the amount of imparted strain on the specimens.<a> Additionally, the regions denuded of the γ′ precipitates were observed to localize strain and to be initial sites of cavitation.</a> <a>These results present a quantitative strain analysis between two GB morphologies, which provided the micromechanical rationale for the increased proclivity for serrated GBs to form cavities.</a></p>