Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-08T16:35:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Mariano de Godoy.pdf: 636198 bytes, checksum: 5176589b7de11de3bd054a8134c1741f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-08T16:35:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Mariano de Godoy.pdf: 636198 bytes, checksum: 5176589b7de11de3bd054a8134c1741f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-30 / Aquaculture development, in a global level, must be seen like pattern to improve and assure the food security, as well as additional income to families resident in rural region, bettering your social economics conditions. This research aimed reduce culture time of Nile tilapia, to obtain exemplars with average weight around 300-400g to offer for needy communities. Two experiments was performed with two treatments (300 and 400 fish/m³) and two repetitions. The first was executed in 77 days on Paulo Afonso Pisciculture Station, located on city of Paulo Afonso – BA, where the cages was installed on a pond and the second in 65 days in Demonstrative Unity of Cage Culture, located in Xingó Hydro Eletric Power Station Reservoir, in city of Piranhas – AL, where the same cages was installed on Reservoir of Xingó Power Station, to verify the influence of environment and physicochemical variable on the duration of the cycle and somatic growth of tilapia. Fish growth, in both experiments, was attended by mensal biometry sampling 10% biomass of each cage. In the experiment performed in Paulo Afonso, fish average weight varied between 366.2 ± 18.19 e 458.8 ± 31.42 g. During this experiment, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration reached criticallevels of concentration, and in the last 18 days of culture, DO always be equal or less than 2 mg/L. In the experiment 2, performed in Xingó, fish average weight varied between 390 ± 14.81 e 467.3 ± 15.68 g and DO was always higher than 7 mg/L. The reduction of culture time was technically viable in both experiments, however in Xingó the fish development was superior. / O desenvolvimento da aqüicultura, em um nível global, deve ser visto como uma forma de melhorar e garantir a segurança alimentar, bem como de suplementar a renda das famílias residentes na zona rural, melhorando assim, suas condições sociais e econômicas. Esse trabalho teve objetivo principal à diminuição do tempo de criação da tilápia do Nilo, visando obter exemplares de pequeno porte, com peso médio entre 300 e 400g, visando o atendimento de comunidades carentes. Foram realizados dois experimentos, que constavam de dois tratamentos (300 e 400 peixes/m³) com duas repetições. O primeiro foi executado em 77 dias na Estação de Piscicultura de Paulo Afonso, onde os tanques-rede com 1m³ de volume útil foram instalados em um viveiro e, o segundo em 65 dias, na Unidade Demonstrativa de Criação em Tanques-Rede, com os mesmos tanques-rede instalados no reservatório da UHE de Xingó para verificar a influência do ambiente e das variáveis físicas e químicas da água na duração do ciclo e no crescimento somático da tilápia. O crescimento dos peixes, nos dois experimentos, foi acompanhado através de biometrias mensais amostrando-se 10% da biomassa de cada tanque-rede. No experimento realizadoem Paulo Afonso, o peso médio dos peixes variou entre 366,2 ± 18,19 e 458,8 ± 31,42 g Durante esse experimento, a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) atingiu níveis críticos de concentração, onde nos últimos 18 dias de criação, esteve sempre igual ou inferior a 2 mg/L. No experimento 2, realizado em Xingó, o peso médio dos peixes variou entre 390 ± 14,81 e 467,3 ± 15,68g e a concentração de OD sempre foi superior a 7 mg/L. A redução no tempo de criação foi tecnicamente viável em ambos experimentos, porém o crescimento dos peixes em Xingó foi superior.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paiva_kc_dr_arafcf.pdf: 853846 bytes, checksum: 260b6535d470ef7f6e656a8ba1f4e0f3 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar se os diferentes níveis de substituição do milho pelo sorgo com baixo teor de tanino em rações para Tilápias do Nilo afetam a composição corporal, qualidade dos filés, parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue e a histomorfometria do fígado e intestino. A amostra foi constituída por 250 Tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticcus) machos com peso médio de 20g as quais receberam alimentação durante o período experimental com rações isocalóricas e isoprotéicas constituindo-se o grupo controle com ração a base de milho (T1) e os grupos experimentais com os seguintes níveis de substituição de milho por sorgo: 25% (T2); 50% (T3); 75% (T4) e 100% (T5). Foram estudados os seguintes parâmetros coletados no momento do abate: bioquímicos (hematologia, colesterol total plasmático (CTP) e triacilgliceróis plasmáticos (TGP)); histomorfometria de fígado e porções intestinais e composição centesimal do peixe inteiro. Os peixes foram filetados e armazenados sob congelamento a -20oC por um período total de 10 meses. Amostras de filés foram coletados nos tempos 0 (imediatamente após o abate, antes do congelamento – Tempo I), após 5 meses de congelamento (Tempo II) e após 10 meses de congelamento (Tempo III) e em cada um dos tempos foram realizadas as seguintes análises: composição centesimal, NNP (Nitrogênio Não Protéico), BNVT (Bases Nitrogenadas Voláteis Totais), TBARS (Substância Reativa ao Ácido Tiobarbitúrico), pH, textura por força de cisalhamento (FC), colesterol total do músculo (CT) e analise sensorial. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a substituição de milho por sorgo na ração não influenciou negativamente o desempenho dos animais, sendo peso (em média 150g) e comprimento (em média 20cm) percebidos sem diferenças estatísticas; os pesos do fígado e deposição de gordura visceral aumentaram... / The purpose of this work is to study whether the different levels of substitution of corn by sorghum with low tannin content in diets for Nile tilapia affect body composition, quality of steaks, blood biochemical parameters and histomorphometry of liver and intestine. The sample consisted of 250 male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticcus) with average weight of 20 g which were fed during the experimental period with isocaloric and isoproteic diets constituting the control group with diets based on corn (T1) and the experimental groups with the following levels of substitution of corn for sorghum: 25% (T2), 50% (T3), 75% (T4) and 100% (T5). The following parameters collected at slaughter were studied: biochemicals (hematology, total plasma cholesterol and plasma triglycerides), histomorphometry of liver and intestinal portions and proximate composition of whole fish. The fish were filleted and stored under freezingzer at -20oC for a total period of 10 months. Fillet samples were collected at time 0 (immediately after slaughter, before freezing – Time I), after 5 months of freezing (Time II) and after 10 months of freezing (Time III) and each time the following analyses were done: proximate composition, NNP (Nonprotein Nitrogen), BNVT (Total Volatile Base Nitrogen), TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance), pH, texture by shear force (FC), total cholesterol of muscle (CT) and sensory analysis. The results demonstrated that the substitution of corn by sorghum in the diet did not affect negatively the performance of the animals, being weight (150 g on average) and length (20 cm on average) noticed without statistical differences, the liver weight and visceral fat deposition increased in the treatment with sorghum (T5 showing 2.42 g and 1.58 g respectively). Hematology showed a slight raise in VCM (Mean Corpuscular Volume) 166.8fL and 164.03fL in T4 and T5 respectively, against... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Gilson Luiz Volpato / Banca: Eliane Gonçalves-de-Freitas / Banca: Mário Luis Orsi / Banca: Leonardo José Gil Barcellos / Banca: Percília Caedoso Giaquinto / Resumo: Atualmente, a função das depressões que machos de muitas espécies de ciclídeos escavam no substrato é para atração de fêmeas para a reprodução. Assim, tais depressões têm sido consideradas um fenótipo estendido dos machos, ou seja, representam um caracter a mais, pelo qual a fêmea pode escolher o melhor macho. Assim, é esperado que somente os machos escavem e, sobretudo, em contextos reprodutivos. No entanto, em nosso estudo 1 vimos que tanto machos quanto fêmeas sexualmente imaturos já escavam essas depressões e que esse comportamento surge também na ausência da interação com coespecíficos e num período restrito da ontogenia. Isso ocorreu tanto para a domesticada tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) quanto para o selvagem cará (Geophagus brasiliensis). Isso sugere que o comportamento de escavar tenha uma forte determinação genética e outra função biológica relevante além da reprodução. No estudo 2, investigamos na tilápía-do-Nilo se essa outra função poderia ser a busca por alimento, uma vez que os padrões motores na escavação e no forrageamento do substrato são semelhantes. Contudo, vimos que a resposta de peixes com fome não satisfez as predições dessa hipótese. A fome do peixe não influenciou a frequência com que machos e fêmeas escavaram e nem o tamanho de suas escavações. Finalmente, no estudo 3 mostramos que as escavações de machos e fêmeas servem como refúgio, pois suas características permitem que os peixes se escondam dentro delas, a presença de uma toca no aquário reduz drasticamente a frequência de escavação, as escavações são posicionadas mais distantes de áreas abertas (perigo) e os peixes ficam dentro das escavações durante período de inatividade noturna. Isso indica que as escavações podem ter função de abrigo para evitar perigos potenciais / Abstract: Not available / Doutor

Orientador: Margarida Maria Barros / Resumo: Visando o preparo da tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, para o período de inverno, foram avaliados durante 112 dias diferentes níveis de suplementação de lipídeo e vitamina C, no desempenho produtivo e parâmetros fisiológicos. Foi utilizado um lote de 192 alevinos, com peso médio de 5,57 0,50 g distribuídos aleatoriamente em 32 tanques-rede de 200 L cada, dispostos em oito aquários de 1000 L, dotados de sistema de aquecimento e de recirculação de água com filtragem mecânica e biológica. O experimento foi conduzido num esquema fatorial 2 x 3, com dois níveis de lipídeo (8,0 e 12,0%) e três níveis de vitamina C (300,0; 600,0 e 1200,0 mg de vitamina C/kg da dieta), com quatro repetições, mais dois tratamentos, um ausente de suplementação dos nutrientes testes e outro acrescido de 6,0% de lipídeo e 125,0 mg de vitamina C/kg da dieta. Foram confeccionadas oito rações práticas, isoprotéicas com 32,0% de proteína digestível. O suplemento vitamínico e mineral utilizado foi isento de vitamina C, sendo considerada como fonte somente o adicionado à dieta. A vitamina C utilizada foi a polifosfatada com 35,0% de atividade e a fonte de lipídeo o óleo de soja. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a energia adicional proveniente do lipídeo é depositada na cavidade abdominal na forma de gordura visceral; que a deposição desta gordura como reserva de energia para transpor o período de inverno foi obtida em todos os níveis de suplementação de lipídeo, sendo a suplementação com 8,0% a mais adequada; que a concentração hepática de vitamina C é proporcional a concentração desta na dieta porém, em função da capacidade de reserva do fígado a quantidade de 600,0 mg de vitamina C/kg da dieta mostra-se mais apropriada economicamente e que a ausência de vitamina C prejudica a eritropoiese e a síntese de colágeno. / Abstract: It were evaluated during 112 days different lipid and vitamin C supplementation in practical diets, on growth performance and physiologic parameters of Nile tilapia, aiming the animals preparation for winter time. It was utilized 192 fingerlings, selected from the same spawn, with average weight of 5.57 0.50 g. These were randomly stocked into 32 200-l aquaria, supplied with heat system and recycled water with mechanic and biological filter. The experiment was conducted in factorial design 2 x 3, two levels of lipid (8.0 and 12.0%) and three levels of vitamin C (300.0; 600.0 and 1,200.0 mg of vitamin C/kg diet), with four replicates each treatment, plus two treatments, absence of test nutrients supplementation and supplemented with 6.0% of lipid and 125.0 mg of vitamin C/kg diet. Eight experimental practical diets were formulated to contain 32.0% of digestible protein. Vitamin and mineral mix was absent of vitamin C, considering as a source only the supplemented in diets. The vitamin C utilized was polyphosphate 35.0% activity. Based on the results it was concluded that the additional energy coming from lipid is accumulated in abdominal cavity as visceral fat; fat deposition as a energy reserve for winter time was obtained in all lipid supplementation, however 8.0% supplementation seems to be more appropriate; vitamin C liver concentration is proportional to diet concentration, but because of liver reserve capacity the amount of 600.0 mg of vitamin C/kg diet appears to be more economic appropriate and that vitamin C absence impairment erythropoiesis and collagen syntheses. / Mestre

A Grande São Paulo, composta por 39 municípios, apresenta crescimento urbano e industrial expoente que contribuem para o constante acúmulo de poluentes no ambiente. Ainda assim, exibe áreas verdes remanescentes que contribuem para a sustentabilidade ambiental da cidade, como por exemplo, o Parque Ibirapuera e o Parque Ecológico do Tietê. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo visa verificar a viabilidade em utilizar as O. niloticus como bioindicadoras da poluição por mercúrio no ecossistema aquático dos dois parques da Grande São Paulo. Obteram-se para as tilápias do Nilo do Parque Ibirapuera pertencentes aos pontos de coleta A, B e C durante o inverno as respectivas concentrações de mercúrio total no sangue 2,72±4,20µg/L, 2,45±1,90µg/L e 1,19±0,05µg/L e, no hepatopâncreas as respectivas concentrações de mercúrio de 0,07±0,02 µg/g, 0,06 ±0,005 µg/g e 0,16 ±0,07 µg/g. No verão as tilápias do Parque Ibirapuera apresentaram nos mesmos pontos de coleta as respectivas concentrações de mercúrio total no sangue 2,50±0,84µg/L, 2,67±1,03µg/L e 2,430±0,790µg/L e, no hepatopâncreas as respectivas concentrações de mercúrio de 0,08 ±0,03 µg/L, 0,16 ±0,10 µg/L e 0,09 ±0,03 µg/L. Os peixes do Parque Ecológico do Tietê pertencentes ao ponto de coleta B durante o inverno e verão apresentaram no hepatopâncreas as concentrações de mercúrio total de 0,08±0,01µg/g e 0,10±0,0µg/g e, no sangue as concentrações e mercúrio de 3,59 µg/L e 2,00±1,00 µg/L. A análise estatística de regressão linear foi negativa, alta e com significância estatística apenas entre a idade estimada e a concentração do mercúrio no sangue sugerindo que as tilápias jovens são mais susceptíveis ao acúmulo de mercúrio. Viabilizou-se através deste estudo o uso das tilápias do Nilo como bioindicadores para a poluição por mercúrio nos lagos dos parques da Grande São Paulo. / The Greater São Paulo, formed by 39 cities, presents high urban and industrial growth that contribute to environmental pollution accumulation. In contrast, the same area has residual green areas that contributes to the city\'s environmental sustainability, such as Parque Ibirapuera and Parque Ecológico do Tietê. This study intends to verify the feasebility of using O. niloticus as bioindicators of mercury pollution on the aquatic ecosystem of two Greater São Paulo parks. At winter, on Parque Ibirapuera, the collected Nile Tilapia presented 2,72±4,20µg/L, 2,45±1,90µg/L e 1,19±0,05µg/L mercury concentration on blood and 0,07±0,02 µg/g, 0,06 ±0,005µg/g e 0,16 ±0,07 µg/g mercury concentration on liver for collect points A, B and C respectively. At summer, Nile Tilapias collected on the same three points, presented 2,50±0,84µg/L, 2,67±1,03µg/L e 2,430±0,790µg/L mercury concentration on blood and 0,08 ±0,03 µg/L, 0,16 ±0,10 µg/L e 0,09 ±0,03 µg/L on liver. The Parque Ecológico do Tietê\'s fish, from point B, presented 0,08±0,01µg/g mercury concentration on liver and 3,59 µg/L mercury concentration on blood. At summer, the mercury concentrations were 0,10±0,0µg/g on liver and 2,00±1,00 µg/L on blood. The linear regression statistical analisys was negative, high and with statistical significance only between estimated age and blood mercury concentration, indicating that young tilapia are more likely to accumulate mercury. The use of Nile Tilapia as bioindicators for mercury pollution on Greater São Paulo\'s park lakes was made viable through this study.

Despite teleosts being the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates, fish models currently used to study photoperiodic effects on fish physiology have been limited to a few species, most of which are temperate seasonal breeders. The overall aim of this work was to expand our knowledge on circadian biology and environmental physiological effects in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus niloticus), a continuous breeding species of tropical-subtropical origin. The circadian light axis of Nile tilapia is described with regards to melatonin production. Circadian melatonin profiles of fish under 12L:12D photoperiods were observed to be low at day and high at night, suggesting melatonin to be an entraining signal as observed in all other vertebrates. When constant light (LL) was used, such day and night fluctuations where abolished. However when fish where exposed to constant darkness (DD) a strong robust endogenous melatonin rhythm was found, suggesting the presence of circadian oscillators in this species. Importantly, this endogenous rhythm was observed to be maintained for at least three weeks under darkness and proved to be circadian in nature. Moreover, although the melatonin system was able to produce day and night melatonin rhythms when exposed to a different (6L:6D) photocycle, the oscillator appeared to not be entrainable to such a short photo cycle when exposed to DD, as melatonin levels remained high. When comparing the circadian organization of different teleost species including Nile tilapia, preliminary studies showed at least three divergent circadian light organizations in teleosts. Nile tilapia was characterised by a pineal gland far less sensitive than in other fish species as demonstrated through in vitro studies. Furthermore, pineal melatonin production was clearly dependent on the light perceived by the eyes as ophthalmectomy resulted in basal plasma melatonin levels during the dark period. These findings are the first to be reported in a teleost and could be comparable to the circadian light organization of higher vertebrates such as mammals. The onset of puberty of Nile tilapia was studied with regards to the newly discovered Kiss1/GPR54 system. Such a system has recently been discovered in mammals and found to be the primary switch of the brain-pituitary-gonadal (BPG) axis. The results of this study not only suggest a link between the Kiss1/GPR54 system and the onset of III puberty in this tropical batch spawning teleost, that would be a highly conserved feature across vertebrates, but also that the transcriptional mechanisms regulating GPR54 expression could be directly or indirectly influenced by light. Finally, a study was conducted on the effects of different intensities of continuous light (LL) on the growth and sexual development of Nile tilapia up to first maturation. The results showed a significant growth response of fish in all LL treatments compared to control fish. Importantly, this confirmed that LL enhances growth in this species and suggests that it is the light regime more than the intensity which is having an effect. This work thus provides important basic knowledge of the light entrainment pathway and circadian melatonin rhythms in Nile tilapia. Of special importance is the discovery of a strong endogenous melatonin oscillator and a novel circadian organization in fish which would seem to be homologous to that observed in higher vertebrates. Moreover, this work provides evidence that the newly discovered Kiss1/GPR54 system has a similar role in fish as has been found in mammals and that such a system could be directly or indirectly regulated by light. If so, Nile tilapia and other fish species could become important models in the chronobiology and reproduction fields. Finally, this work not only increases our basic and applied knowledge of this species, but also broadens our understanding of the circadian light axis in teleosts and its mediatory effects on reproduction.

In order to combine previous observations from different sources on sex determination, and to identify sex chromosomes including the major sex determination locus in Nile tilapia, physical and genetic maps based on sex-linked markers and genes (such as sex-linked AFLPs, microsatellites, ovarian aromatase and DMO genes) were integrated and anchored. An accurate physical map using FISH techniques on mitotic cells was developed based on a previous map and 23 tilapia BAC clones previously assigned to linkage groups (LGs) 1, 3, 6, 7, 10 and 12; and on meiotic cells, 2 BAC clones containing the SLAM OniY227 and the dmrt4 gene were mapped. The six linkage groups were then assigned to different chromosomes, but surprisingly, the putative sex LG1 was located to a small submetacentric chromosome and not to the larger subtelocentric chromosome 1, where LG3 was assigned instead. The other LGs were assigned to different chromosomes and oriented with respect to the centromeres. A detailed comparison of the physical distribution of markers on chromosome 1 with respect to LG3 revealed a suppression in recombination in the subtelomeric region of the q arm between the marker GM354 (0 cM) and clcn5 (29 cM) and an abrupt increment of recombination between clcn5 (29 cM) and GM128 (77 cM) close to the centromere (Flpter=0.2). The unpairing region (20% of the total length) observed on the larger bivalents of XY fish during early pachytene in meiotic cells has been confirmed by DAPI staining and FISH to be at the terminal part of the q arm, opposite to the centromere. Comparison with six other tilapia species (2n=44) revealed a well conserved karyological distribution of the suspected LGs associated with sex determination (1 and 3). Besides, in O. karongae (2n=38) it was shown by SATA and UNH995/UNH104 marker hybridisation that LG1 has been re-arranged into the subtelomeric chromosome 2 as a result of a telomere-telomere fusion. A pool of 15 tilapia BAC clones previously localised on chromosome 1 and containing sex-linked AFLPs, dmrt1, dmrt4 and several SINEs were screened for new microsatellites; BACs were digested with SAU3AI and TC, GT, ATCT and CTGT probes radio-labelled with 32P. The high abundance of repetitive sequences in the BACs used led to only one useful polymorphic and co-dominant marker being obtained, associated to a BAC clone containing a copy of the dmrt1 gene on chromosome 1 (Flpter=0.85). Four linkage maps were constructed from an XY male, XY neofemale, XX neomale and XX female, mapping 4 and 8 markers on LG1 and LG3 (including the dmrt1 associated microsatellite) respectively. A specific sex-determination locus was identified on LG1 clearly linked with UNH995. However there appeared to be different allelic strengths for this sex determination locus, as shown by different sex ratios associated with different UNH995 genotypes. Additionally, one of the two XX fish mapped, showed the location of the recessive black blotching trait on LG3 (chromosome 1) between the markers GM128 and GM526, close to the centromere (Flpter=0.14). The results presented suggest a nascent Y chromosome in early stage of differentiation in Nile tilapia and with a functional master gene on LG1 close to the marker UNH995 (Flpter=0.67) located on the q arm of a small submetacentric chromosome. The potential influences of the autosomal LG3 (chromosome 1) in sex differentiation are also discussed.

Various aspects of the ascorbic acid (vitamin C) nutrition of Oreochromis niloticus and O. mossambicus are considered in this treatise. The activity of L-gulono-Y-lactone oxidase was assessed in liver and kidney of 14 teleosts of 3 genera, histochemically (qualitatively) and biochemically (quantitatively). Activity of this enzyme was only detected in liver and kidney of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and kidney of O. spilurus and O. aureus. No activity was detected in the species considered herein. The quantitative dietary ascorbic acid requirements of juvenile O. niloticus and O. mossambicus were determined by feeding diets containing graded levels of the vitamin (O~400mg/lOOg) and were based on growth response, food utilization, gross body composition data, tissue and biochemical changes and ability to prevent signs of ascorbic acid deficiency. The recommended level of supplementation of dietary ascorbic acid is l2Smg/lOOg and the net requirement 42mg/lOOg diet. Long-term ascorbic acid deprivation in £. niloticus and O. mossambicus resulted in poor performance in terms of growth, food utilization and survival. Other parameters evaluated included hepatosomatic index, liver and muscle glycogen content, blood parameters, tissue ascorbate concentrations, collagen contents, hydroxyproline and proline contents, and serum transaminase and cholesterol levels. Signs of ascorbic acid deficiency were severe and included haemorrhage~ opercular deformity, tail erosion, exophthalmia, cataract and spinal deformity (lordosis and scoliosis). Histologically scorbutic fish showed evidence of generalized bone changes associated with excessive production of chondrocytes and failur~ of ossification of growing bone areas. Eye lesions were associated with scleral collapse and also observed was hyperplasia of gill secondary lamellae epithelial cells and pronounced steatitis. Tissue ascorbate concentrations were correlated with dietary ascorbic acid levels and both species exhibited highest concentrations in the ovary, brain and testis, followed by heart, liver, gut, gills, eyes and the lowest levels in muscle and gall-bladder. The physiological role for ascorbic acid in each tissue is discussed. Eight week growth studies were conducted to evaluate the utilization of L-ascorbic acid (AA), the sodium salt of L-ascorbic acid (NaAA), glyceride coated L-ascorbic acid (GCAA), the barium salt of L-ascorbic acid 2-sulphate (AA2S) and ascorbyl palmitate CAP) in diets for O. niloticus and O. mossambicus, All five forms were added to the basal diet, containing no ascorbic acid CAAF), on an equimolar basis to supply 12Smg ascorbic acid/IOOg diet. All forms performed well in terms of growth, food utilization, and prevented signs of deficiency, Retention of ascorbic acid in diets after processing was increased by increasing dietary ascorbic acid level. AA2S and GCAA were more stable than AA and NaAA during processing and storage. The stability of AA, NaAA, GCAA and AA2S under different storage conditions was in descending order as follows: Freezer (_20°C), Fridge (S-BoC), room temperature in black bags (22-24°C) and room temperature in clear bags (22-24°C). Leaching of dietary ascorbic acid increased with increasing immersion time and water temperature. Stability and price of each form evaluated suggested that GCAA is to be preferred for use in fish feeds. The antioxidant effects of ascorbic acid were investigated. The results showed that ascorbic acid was not as effective as butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) in preventing in vitro oxidation. An experiment was conducted to compare the performance of a commercial trout diet with the same diet supplemented to a level of l2Smg ascorbic acid/lOOg diet (Diet 2) when fed to O. niloticus. Fish fed the supplemented diet performed significantly better in terms of growth and food utilization concomittant with significantly increased tissue ascorbate concentrations. Sex differences in relation to dietary ascorbic acid nutrition were investigated. Females of both species exhibited significantly higher gonado~ and hepatosomatic indices than males. Females in both species eXhibited higher total ascorbate concentrations in gonad, gills, spleen, brain and blood than males whereas the reverse was true for the eyes. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) levels were very low in tissues of both species. Ascorbic acid depleted O. niloticus fingerlings were fed on each of three diets providing nil, adequate Cl2Smg ascorbic acid/lOOg diet), and luxus (400mg/lOOg diet) of the vitamin after small surgical incisions had been made in dorsolateral musclature. Fish from each group were sampled regularly over 16 days and histological evaluation of the lesion area carried out as well as measurement of the tissue ascorbate levels. Epithelial elements of the healing process developed irrespective of the vitamin level but although fibroblast activity was marked in all three groups, collagenisation was very much slower in the deficient group, and in these the lesion was not mature, even at the termination of the experiment. The role of ascorbic acid in reproduction of tilapias was investigated in three experiments. The first showed that ascorbic acid supplementation of broodstock feed improved both hatchability and fry condition. In the second experiment fry produced from fish fed an unsupplemented diet and subsequently fed the same diet performed poorly in respect of growth and food utilization. Fry produced from broodstock fed the supplemented diet and subsequently fed the unsupplemented diet performed better than the previous group. This indicates transfer of ascorbic acid from the ovary to the eggs thence to the fry providing some protection against ascorbic acid deficiency during the early stages of life.

Thesis (M.S.)--Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Dept., South Dakota State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-102). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ecb_dr_jabo.pdf: 578679 bytes, checksum: 657dd6dc624c7974afa4e574d17d045d (MD5) / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar a eficiência de três métodos de abate da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) sobre a qualidade de filés congelados. Esta pesquisa foi executada em duas etapas que consistiram na aplicação dos métodos de abate por eletronarcose (ChE), mistura gasosa (CO2N) e hipotermia (AG). Na primeira etapa foi analisado o peixe inteiro resfriado, avaliados índices de rigor mortis, degradação de ATP, pH, BNV, NNP, contração muscular, cor e texuta instrumental e avaliação sensorial. Os peixes abatidos por ChE apresentaram um retardamento no tempo de entrada em rigor mortis, este mesmo tratamento apresentou R2 de 0,92 na interação entre a degradação de ATP e rigor mortis. O pH foi afetado pelos tratamentos e pelo tempo. Os maiores valores de BNV ocorreram no abate por ChE. O abate por AG apresentou 452 mg NNP/100g. O tempo de estocagem causou uma leve diminuição na textura instrumental no abate por ChE. A L* aumentou com o tempo para os abates por ChE e CO2N. A análise sensorial mostrou um R2 de 0,94; 0,98 e 0,96 para os abates por ChE, CO2N e AG, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa foram aplicados os mesmo métodos de abate da primeira, seguido da filetagem e análises dos filés congelados. Avaliados índices físicos e químicos de qualidade como BNV, TBARS, DSC, CRA, perda de água por cozimento e descongelamento, textura e cor instrumental. Não houve diferença para os valores de BNV. A maior variação de pH ocorreu no abate por AG. Os valores de TBARS foram crescentes ao longo do tempo. O método de abate influenciou a temperatura de desnaturação da actina. A cor L* para o abate por ChE se mantiveram superiores. Ocorreu uma redução significativa na textura. As perdas de água por cozimento e descongelamento e a CRA apresentaram diferença no abate por AG. A partir desses... / This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three methods of slaughter of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the quality of frozen fillets. This research was performed in two steps consisting in applying the methods of killing by electric shock (ChE), gas mixture (CO2N) and hypothermia (AG). The first step was analyzed whole fish cold, evaluated indices of rigor mortis, degradation of ATP, pH, N-BVT NNP, muscle contraction, and texture instrumental color and sensory evaluation. Fish killed by ChE showed a delay in the time of entry into rigor mortis, this same treatment showed R2 0.92 in the interaction between the degradation of ATP and rigor. The pH was affected (p> 0.05) by treatments and time. The highest values occurred in the BNV slaughter by ChE. Slaughter presented by AG 452 mg NNP/100g. The storage time caused a slight decrease in instrumental texture slaughter by ChE. A L* increased with time for slaughter for ChE and CO2N. Sensory analysis showed an R2 0.94, 0.98 and 0.96 for withdrawals by ChE, CO2N and AG, respectively. In the second step we applied the same methods of killing the first, followed by filleting and analysis of frozen fillets. Indices evaluated physical and chemical quality as N-BVT, TBARS, DSC, WRC, cooking and drip loss, texture and instrumental color. There was no difference in the values of N-BVT. The biggest change occurred in pH slaughter by AG. TBARS values were increased over time. The method of killing influence the denaturation temperature of actin. The color L * for slaughter by ChE remained higher. There was a significant reduction in texture. The analysis of cooking and drip loss and WRC differ (p>0.05) at slaughter by mainly AG. From these results it is concluded that is posssible in humanitarian point of view and the quality of the fish, there are feasibility of using electric shock as an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)