The propagation of non-equilibrium phonon and quasiparticle signals in bulk single crystal superconducting niobium has been investigated using superconducting tunnel junctions. Excitations generated by pulsed laser light and particle interactions were studied in 2-12 g crystals. At temperatures below 2 K the lifetimes of non-equilibrium phonons were found to be very much shorter that the theoretical bulk anharmonic decay times. Quasiparticle propagation was observed limited by impurity scattering. The proximity effect in Al thin films on Nb single crystal surface was studied. Particle interactions were detected in Nb with both position and energy resolution. The possibilities for using a detector based on superconducting single crystal niobium for a dark matter search are discussed.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Alexei Marchenkov; Committee Member: Bruno Frazier; Committee Member: Dragomir Davidovic; Committee Member: Markus Kindermann; Committee Member: Phillip First

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Texas, May, 2007. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

Th. doct.-ing.--Sci. des mater.--Nancy--I.N.P.L., 1982.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T18:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2018-07-27T18:30:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000871485.pdf: 4448809 bytes, checksum: 076304fcbd569aa83db5f6ca2b2bbcff (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os derivados de 4H-cromemos constituem uma importante classe de produtos naturais, e o interesse em sua química se dá por conta dos inúmeros efeitos biológicos e farmacêuticos, assim como sua utilização como intermediários nas sínteses de inúmeros produtos naturais e reagentes medicinais. Esses derivados podem ser obtidos através das reações multicomponentes (RMC). As RMC's ocorrem entre três ou mais reagentes em uma única etapa reacional, ao mesmo tempo frasco. São reações com economia de tempo e energia. O pentacloreto de nióbio é um ácido de Lewis forte, que apresenta grande aplicabilidade em reações orgânicas, incluindo as reações multicomponentes. Dentre os diversos métodos de síntese de derivados de 4H-cromenos, desenvolveu-se neste trabalho a síntese através da reação multicomponente entre derivados de benzaldeído, 3,5-dimetóxifenol e acetoacetato de metila, utilizando pentacloreto de nióbio como ácido de Lewis. As reações foram realizadas a temperatura ambiente, sob atmosfera inerte (n2) e utilizando diclorometano anidro (CH2Cl2) como solvente, com um tempo reacional de 72 horas. Os produtos obtidos foram isolados por coluna cromatográfica em sílica gel e submetidos a análises de caracterização estrutural, fotoquímica e fotofísica para um estudo de sua potencial aplicação como corantes sensibilizadores de dispositivos fotoeletroquímicos de Gratzel. A análise dos resultados obticos demonstram que o pentacloreto de nióbio é um bom promotor da reação multicomponente, obtendo-se bons rendimentos (62 a 91%) / 4H-chromete derivatives constitute an important class of natural products, and the the interest in its chemical occurs because of the numerous biological and pharmaceutical effects, as well their use a intermediates in the synthesis of numerous natural products and medicinal reagents. These derivatives can be obtained thorugh the multicomponent reactions (MCR). The MCR's occur between three or more reagents in one reaction step only, in the same pot. These reactions have time and energy saving. The niobium pentachloride is strong Lewis acid, which has wide applicabiblity in organic reactions, including multicomponent reactions. Among, the various methods of synthesis of 4H-chromene derivatives, developed in this work, the synthesis by multicomponent reactions between benzaldehyde derivatives, 3,5-dimethoxyphenol and methyl acetoacetate, using niobium pentachloride as the Lewis acid, is described. The reactions were carried out at room temperature, under inert atmosphere (N2), using dichloromethane anhydrous (CH2Cl2) as solvent with a reaction time of 72 hours. The obtained products were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and subject to analysis of structural characterization, photophysics and photochemistry for a study of their potential use as sensitizing dyes of Gratzel photoelectrochemical devices. Our results show that niobium pentachloride is a good promoter to multicomponent reaction studied, obtaining high yields (62-91%)

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La combinaison de la spectroscopie RMN de l'état solide avec des calculs DFT du type GIAO/GIPAW constitue, de nos jours, une nouvelle approche afin de caractériser la structure de systèmes moléculaires ou cristallisés simples. Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l'application de cette méthodologie à des matériaux plus complexes, en particulier à des systèmes présentant un désordre local. Ainsi, ce manuscrit traite, dans un premier temps, de la caractérisation structurale de composés cristallins à base de niobiophosphate par l'association de résultats issue de la RMN du 31P/93Nb et de calculs DFT-GIPAW. Ainsi, le désordre cationique d'une structure particulière a pu être parfaitement identifié et caractérisé par l'utilisation d'une approche combinatoire associant RMN du 31P et des calculs DFT-GIPAW. Parallèlement, une nouvelle méthodologie combinant la RMN des solides en 17O et calculs DFT-GIAO a été développée en vue de caractériser la structure d'un précatalyseur organométallique à base d'oxo-tungstène supporté sur de la silice amorphe. Cette approche a été validée dans un premier temps par l'étude de composés moléculaires de structure proche. La réponse RMN en 17O des groupements oxo présents sur ces espèces est en effet spécifique du complexe étudié et les calculs GIAO réalisés ont permis de reproduire avec une grande précision les paramètres RMN anisotropes associés à ces groupements. Grâce à cette méthodologie, nous avons pu vérifier la nature et la structure de l'espèce greffée, tout en confirmant de façon non ambiguë le mode de greffage en surface de la silice. / The combination of solid-state NMR spectroscopy with GIAO/GIPAW-DFT calculations is nowadays a well-established method to characterize the atomic structure of simple molecular and crystalline compounds. The present work is dedicated to the application of this methodology to more complex systems, in particular those with local disorder. In a first part, this manuscript is dedicated to the structural characterization of niobiophosphate based materials by 31P/93Nb solid-state NMR and DFT-GIPAW calculations. The cationic disorder of one of these phases has been identified and characterized by the use of a combinatory approach associating 31P solid-state NMR and DFT-GIPAW calculations. In parallel, a new methodology combining 17O solid-state NMR and DFT-GIAO calculations has been proposed in order to characterize the structure of one oxo-tungsten based precatalyst supported on amorphous silica. This approach was initially validated by studying molecular oxo-tungsten based molecular compounds. The 17O-NMR response of each oxo group is, in fact, specific to the studied compound and the related anisotropic NMR parameters can be reproduced with high accuracy by DFT-GIAO calculation. Finally, this methodology allowed us to verify the nature and structure of the supported species by taking into account different grafting pathways.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos da Silva Filho / Banca: Rosangela da Silva de Laurentiz / Banca: Gilbert Bannach / Resumo: Compostos heterocíclicos constituem a maior e mais variada família de compostos orgânicos. Dentre esses compostos temos os derivados de 4H-piranos e 1,4-di-hidropiridinas (1,4-DHPs), que são importantes classes de moléculas bioativas. O interesse em sua química se dá por conta dos inúmeros efeitos biológicos e farmacêuticos que estes derivados apresentam, assim como sua utilização como intermediários reacionais nas sínteses de inúmeros produtos naturais. Existem diversas metodologias para a síntese de derivados dessas moléculas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a utilização do NbCl5 como ácido de Lewis na síntese de derivados de 4H-piranos e 1,4-di-hidropiridinas através de reações multicomponentes, via metodologia de Hantzsch. Reações entre acetoacetato de metila e diferentes aldeídos aromáticos foram realizados na presença de NbCl5. As reações mostraram que o NbCl5 é um bom ácido de Lewis para a síntese de derivados de 4H-piranos, em uma única etapa e com rendimentos satisfatórios (77 a 91%). Foi realizado um estudo detalhado verificando o efeito do solvente, da concentração molar de NbCl5 e o efeito dos substituintes presentes nos aldeídos aromáticos nessas reações, com relação ao tempo reacional e rendimento das reações. Observamos que quando as reações foram realizadas em EtOH e MeOH como solventes, não ocorre a formação dos derivados de 4H-piranos. Também foi observado que não houve diferença nos rendimentos e tempos reacionais quando utilizado diferentes substi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Heterocyclic compounds constitute the largest and most varied family of organic compounds. Among these compounds are derivatives of 4H-pyrans and 1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs), which are an important class of bioactive molecules and interest in their chemical occurs due to the numerous biological and pharmaceutical effects, as well as their use as intermediates in the total syntheses of many natural products. There are various methodologies for the synthesis of derivatives of these molecules. The objective of this work was to investigate the use of NbCl5 as Lewis acid in the synthesis of derivatives of 4H-pyrans and 1,4-dihydropyridines through multicomponent reactions, using Hantzsch's methodology. Reactions between methyl acetoacetate and different aromatic aldehydes were performed in the presence of NbCl5. The reactions showed that NbCl5 is a good Lewis acid for the synthesis of 4H-pyran derivatives in a single step and in satisfactory yields (77 to 91%). A detailed study was carried out verifying the solvent effect, the molar concentration of NbCl5 and the effect of the substituents present on the aromatic aldehydes in these reactions, with respect to the reaction time and yield of the reactions. We note that when the reactions were carried out in EtOH and MeOH as solvents, the formation of 4H-pyran derivatives does not occur. It was also observed that there was no difference in yields and reaction times when different substituents were used in the aromatic aldehydes. A... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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