<p>This thesis analyses several factors affecting the control of triatomines in Guatemala. There are three synantropic triatomines in Guatemala, i.e., <i>Rhodnius prolixus</i>, <i>Triatoma dimidiata</i> and <i>T. nitida</i>. Their distibution is mainly at an altitude between 800 and 1500 m a.s.l. <i>R. prolixus</i> and <i>T. nitida</i> have localized but scaterred distibution while <i>T. dimidiata</i> is present in 21 of the 22 departments in the country. Several investigations have shown that <i>R. prolixus</i> could be relatively easily eradicated while <i>T. dimidiata</i> may be more difficult to control, since it is present in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments showing high diversity and a variety of epidemiological characteristics. Based on the incidence of <i>Trypanosma cruzi</i> infection in humans in the distributional areas of the triatomines, <i>R. prolixus</i> appear to be a more competent vector than <i>T. dimidiata</i>. This is despite the fact that these vectors have similar infection rates. Inside houses, <i>R. prolixus</i> and <i>T. dimidiata</i> and in artificial environments, <i>T. ryckmani</i> and <i>T. dimidiata</i>, preferred the northern side of the walls. Therefore, selective application of insecticides should focus on walls and furniture located in the northern part of the house. House improvements reduced the infestation of triatomines, and could be used as a complement to insecticidal spraying. Although <i>T. dimidiata</i> is not an efficient vector its wide distribution, versatility in occupying different habitats and capacity to disperse render this species difficult to control in Central America. Thus, only few months after insecticidal spraying <i>T. dimidiata</i> had reinfested the domestic environments. Morphometic methodology and genetic markers have been developed to differentiate within-species populations of <i>T. dimidiata</i> and <i>T. nitida</i>. Studies on the migration patterns of sylvatic <i>T. dimidiata</i> and <i>T. ryckmani</i> have been performed in order to clarify the colonization patterns. The adults migrate, in particular, in the dry part of the year. This finding may be of help in attempts to control <i>T. dimidiata</i>.</p>

This thesis analyses several factors affecting the control of triatomines in Guatemala. There are three synantropic triatomines in Guatemala, i.e., Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata and T. nitida. Their distibution is mainly at an altitude between 800 and 1500 m a.s.l. R. prolixus and T. nitida have localized but scaterred distibution while T. dimidiata is present in 21 of the 22 departments in the country. Several investigations have shown that R. prolixus could be relatively easily eradicated while T. dimidiata may be more difficult to control, since it is present in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments showing high diversity and a variety of epidemiological characteristics. Based on the incidence of Trypanosma cruzi infection in humans in the distributional areas of the triatomines, R. prolixus appear to be a more competent vector than T. dimidiata. This is despite the fact that these vectors have similar infection rates. Inside houses, R. prolixus and T. dimidiata and in artificial environments, T. ryckmani and T. dimidiata, preferred the northern side of the walls. Therefore, selective application of insecticides should focus on walls and furniture located in the northern part of the house. House improvements reduced the infestation of triatomines, and could be used as a complement to insecticidal spraying. Although T. dimidiata is not an efficient vector its wide distribution, versatility in occupying different habitats and capacity to disperse render this species difficult to control in Central America. Thus, only few months after insecticidal spraying T. dimidiata had reinfested the domestic environments. Morphometic methodology and genetic markers have been developed to differentiate within-species populations of T. dimidiata and T. nitida. Studies on the migration patterns of sylvatic T. dimidiata and T. ryckmani have been performed in order to clarify the colonization patterns. The adults migrate, in particular, in the dry part of the year. This finding may be of help in attempts to control T. dimidiata.

Orientador: Márcia Ortiz Mayo Marques / Banca: Deborah Helena Markowicz Bastos / Banca: Marcos Eduardo Paron / Resumo: A cultura do maracujazeiro encontra-se em expansão no Brasil. A espécie mais cultivada no país é Passiflora edulis (maracujá-amarelo), representando 95% dos pomares comerciais. O suco, em conjunto com o aroma, é utilizado na elaboração de refrescos, doces, geléia, sorvete e licores. A produção de suco gera toneladas de resíduo, composto por cascas e sementes, sendo em grande parte descartados. Outros usos ligados à indústria cosmética, farmacêutica e alimentícia, ainda permanecem inexplorados, mesmo para P. edulis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo a caracterização química do aroma da polpa e do óleo das sementes dos frutos de Passiflora edulis (maracujá-amarelo), Passiflora alata (maracujádoce) e Passiflora nitida (maracujá-suspiro). O óleo das sementes foi extraído com hexano e o aroma da polpa pela técnica de headspace dinâmico. As análises da composição química dos óleos e aromas foram efetuadas por cromatografia gasosa acoplada e espectrometria de massas. Não houve diferença significativa no rendimento do óleo entre as espécies P. edulis (25,62%) e P. nitida (26,10%), mas ambas diferiram significativamente da espécie P. alata (20,12%). Para as espécies P. edulis e P. alata a proporção relativa dos ácidos graxos majoritários (linoléico, oléico e palmítico) foram semelhantes (P. edulis: 67,99; 14,54 e 15,30%); (P. alata 63,16; 15,02 e 18,75%) e divergentes de P. nitida (35,53; 28,35 e 28,97%). A composição química do aroma da polpa diferiu entre as três espécies avaliadas. Os compostos voláteis majoritários para o aroma de P. edulis e P. alata pertencem à classe química dos ésteres, sendo os compostos majoritários o butanoato de etila (45,12%) e 2 hexanoato de etila (30,89%) para a primeira espécie e trans-crotonato de metila (40,78%), butanoato de metila (20,52%) e 2-hexenoato de metila (15,70%) para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Passion fruit culture is expanding in Brazil. The most commonly cultivated Passiflora species is Passiflora edulis (yellow passion fruit), representing 95% of the commercial orchards in the country. The juice along with its aroma is used to elaborate of sweet drinks, candies, jam, ice-cream and brandy. Juice production generates several tons of residues, consisting in passion fruit peel and seeds, the majority of which is discarded. Other uses in association with cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food industry remain unexploited even for P. edulis. The present work aimed to characterize chemically the pulp aroma and the fruit seed oil from Passiflora edulis (yellow passion fruit), Passiflora alata (sweet passion fruit) and Passiflora nitida (meringue passion fruit). The oil was extracted from the seeds using hexane and the fruit aroma was obtained using the dynamic headspace technique. The analyses of the chemical composition of the oils and aromas were performed by mass spectrometry-coupled gas chromatography. There was no significant difference in the oil yield between the species P. edulis (25.62%) and P. nitida (26.10%), however, both were significantly different from the species P. alata (20.12%). For P. edulis and P. alata, the relative proportion of major fatty acids (linoleic, oleic and palmitic) was similar (P. edulis: 67.99; 14.54 and 15.30%); P. alata 63.16; 15.02 and 18.75%) and distinct from P. nitida (35.53; 28.35 and 28.97%). The chemical composition of the pulp aroma was distinct in the three species studied. Major volatile compounds of the aroma from P. edulis and P. alata belong to the chemical class of the esters, being the majoritary compounds: ethyl butanoate (45.12%) and ethyl hexanoate (30.89%) for the first species, whereas in P. alata the majoritary compounds were: methyl trans-crotonate (40.78%), methyl butanoate (20.52%) and... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

Passiflora alata Curtis e P. nitida Kunth, espécies brasileiras, foram submetidas ao estudo farmacognóstico comparativo. P. alata tem sido utilizada há tempos na medicina tradicional e em preparações farmacêuticas. No estudo farmacobotânico, as folhas das duas espécies apresentaram semelhança na forma, no tamanho e na ausência de indumento. Diferem quanto ao número de glândulas peciolares. P. alata apresenta geralmente dois pares de glândulas e P. nitida, um par. Anatomicamente, as duas espécies mostraram características comuns ao gênero Passiflora: mesofilo dorsiventral; drusas no mesofilo, na nervura mediana, na região cortical, medular e floemática do caule; feixes vasculares colaterais. Embora as duas espécies apresentem nervura mediana biconvexa, a de P. alata evidencia as carenas pronunciadamente salientes, principalmente na face abaxial. Outro aspecto diferencial observa-se na forma do caule: em P. alata é quadrangular e, em P. nitida, arredondada. A seqüência de tecidos assemelha-se, com exceção do maior desenvolvimento de colênquima nas arestas de P. alata. A triagem fitoquímica evidenciou a presença de flavonóides nas duas espécies e a ausência de alcalóides em ambas, tanto na droga vegetal quanto nos extratos. Formação de espuma persistente foi observada com a droga vegetal preparada com P. alata. A hemólise foi observada com a droga e o extrato desta espécie. Os flavonóides foram quantificados como 0,42% &#177; 0,01 em P. alata e 0,10% &#177; 0,01 em P. nitida. No ensaio da atividade antioxidante, a EC50 de P. alata foi de 1061,2 &#177; 8,5 &#181;g/mL e a de nitida 128,0 &#177; 0,9 &#181;g/mL, no ensaio do DPPH, e de 1076 &#177; 85 &#181;&#181;mol de Trolox/g de extrato e de 1985 &#177; 104 &#181;mol de Trolox/g de extrato no ensaio de ORAC, respectivamente. No ensaio de atividade antiúlcera aguda P. alata exibiu, na área total de lesão (ATL), proteção contra as lesões gástricas de 100%, P. nitida de 84% e lansoprazol, o controle positivo, de 76%. Quanto à área relativa de lesão (ARL), alata exibiu proteção contra as lesões de 99,45%; P. nitida, de 82,27% lansoprazol, de 81,44%, no ensaio de lesão gástrica induzida por etanol/HCI com 300 mmol/L de HCI e extratos na dose de 400 mg/kg. As doses de 100,200 e 400 mg/kg dos extratos foram testadas nas mesmas condições com 150 mmol/L de HCI. P. alata apresentou, na ATL, 100% de proteção contra as lesões gástricas nas três concentrações e lansoprazol, de 75%. Na ARL, P. alata exibiu 100% de proteção lansoprazol, de 76,92%. P. nitida apresentou, na ATL, proteção contra as lesões gástricas de 25%, 74% e 94% nas três concentrações, respectivamente e, lansoprazol, de 80%. Na ARL, P. nitida exibiu 27,40%, 74,00% e 91,78% de proteção, respectivamente e lansoprazol, de 78,08%. Baseando-se neste estudo possível distinguir as duas espécies através de características morfoanatômicas das folhas e dos caules e, através do perfil cromatográfico. Ambas as espécies apresentaram atividade antiúlcera promissora. / Passiflora alata Curtis and P. nitida Kunth, Brazilian species, were selected for the comparative pharmacognostic study. P. alata has been used for a long time folk medicine and pharmaceutical preparations. In the pharmacobotanic study, leaves from both species showed similarities in shape, size and in the absence indumenta. They differ by the number of petiolar glands. P. alata presents generally two pairs of glands and P. nitida, one pair. Anatomically, both species showed common characteristics to the Passiflora genera: dorsiventral mesophyll; druses the mesophyll, midrib, cortex, medulla and phloem; collateral vascular bundles. Both species\' midrib presented a biconvex shape, but P. alata\'s was prominently shaped, notably in the abaxial surface. Another differential aspect was observed the stem shape: P. alata was quadrangular and P. nitida was rounded. The tissues sequence presented similarity, with exception to larger collenchyma development in P. alata\'s edges. The phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids and absence of alkaloids in both species, in the crude drug and extracts. Formation persistent foam was observed with the crude drug of P. alata. Hemolisis was observed with the crude drug and extract of this species. Flavonoids were quantified as 0.42% &#177; 0.01 in P. alata and 0.10% &#177; 0.01 in P. nitida. In the antioxidant activity assay, the EC50 of P. alata was 1061.2 &#177; 8.5 &#181;g/mL and of P. nitida , 128.0 &#177; 0.9 &#181;g/mL, in the DPPH assay, and 1076 &#177; 85 &#181;mol Trolox/g extract and 1985 &#177; 104 &#181;mol Trolox/g extract in the ORAC assay, respectively. In the antiulcer activity assay P. alata showed, in total lesion area (TLA), protection against gastric lesions 100%, P. nitida 84% and lansoprazole, the positive control, 76%. In relative lesion area (RLA), P. alata showed protection against lesions of 99.45%, P. nitida82.27% and lansoprazole 81.44%, in the HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesion assay, with HCI 300 mmol/L and extracts at doses of 400 mg/kg. Doses of 100, 200 e 400 mg/kg extracts were tested in the same conditions with HCl 150 mmol/L. P. alata showed, TLA, protection against gastric lesions of 100% in the three concentrations and lansoprazole 75%. In RLA, P. alata showed 100% of protection and lansoprazole 76.92%. P. nitida showed, in TLA, protection against gastric lesions of 25%,74% and 94% in the three concentrations, respectively and lansoprazole 80%. In RLA, nitida showed 27.40%, 74.00% and 91.78% of protection, respectively and lansoprazole 78.08%. Based upon this study it is possible to distinguish both species by leaf and stem morphoanatomic characters and by chromatographic profile. Both species presented promising antiulcer activity.

Passiflora alata Curtis e P. nitida Kunth, espécies brasileiras, foram submetidas ao estudo farmacognóstico comparativo. P. alata tem sido utilizada há tempos na medicina tradicional e em preparações farmacêuticas. No estudo farmacobotânico, as folhas das duas espécies apresentaram semelhança na forma, no tamanho e na ausência de indumento. Diferem quanto ao número de glândulas peciolares. P. alata apresenta geralmente dois pares de glândulas e P. nitida, um par. Anatomicamente, as duas espécies mostraram características comuns ao gênero Passiflora: mesofilo dorsiventral; drusas no mesofilo, na nervura mediana, na região cortical, medular e floemática do caule; feixes vasculares colaterais. Embora as duas espécies apresentem nervura mediana biconvexa, a de P. alata evidencia as carenas pronunciadamente salientes, principalmente na face abaxial. Outro aspecto diferencial observa-se na forma do caule: em P. alata é quadrangular e, em P. nitida, arredondada. A seqüência de tecidos assemelha-se, com exceção do maior desenvolvimento de colênquima nas arestas de P. alata. A triagem fitoquímica evidenciou a presença de flavonóides nas duas espécies e a ausência de alcalóides em ambas, tanto na droga vegetal quanto nos extratos. Formação de espuma persistente foi observada com a droga vegetal preparada com P. alata. A hemólise foi observada com a droga e o extrato desta espécie. Os flavonóides foram quantificados como 0,42% &#177; 0,01 em P. alata e 0,10% &#177; 0,01 em P. nitida. No ensaio da atividade antioxidante, a EC50 de P. alata foi de 1061,2 &#177; 8,5 &#181;g/mL e a de nitida 128,0 &#177; 0,9 &#181;g/mL, no ensaio do DPPH, e de 1076 &#177; 85 &#181;&#181;mol de Trolox/g de extrato e de 1985 &#177; 104 &#181;mol de Trolox/g de extrato no ensaio de ORAC, respectivamente. No ensaio de atividade antiúlcera aguda P. alata exibiu, na área total de lesão (ATL), proteção contra as lesões gástricas de 100%, P. nitida de 84% e lansoprazol, o controle positivo, de 76%. Quanto à área relativa de lesão (ARL), alata exibiu proteção contra as lesões de 99,45%; P. nitida, de 82,27% lansoprazol, de 81,44%, no ensaio de lesão gástrica induzida por etanol/HCI com 300 mmol/L de HCI e extratos na dose de 400 mg/kg. As doses de 100,200 e 400 mg/kg dos extratos foram testadas nas mesmas condições com 150 mmol/L de HCI. P. alata apresentou, na ATL, 100% de proteção contra as lesões gástricas nas três concentrações e lansoprazol, de 75%. Na ARL, P. alata exibiu 100% de proteção lansoprazol, de 76,92%. P. nitida apresentou, na ATL, proteção contra as lesões gástricas de 25%, 74% e 94% nas três concentrações, respectivamente e, lansoprazol, de 80%. Na ARL, P. nitida exibiu 27,40%, 74,00% e 91,78% de proteção, respectivamente e lansoprazol, de 78,08%. Baseando-se neste estudo possível distinguir as duas espécies através de características morfoanatômicas das folhas e dos caules e, através do perfil cromatográfico. Ambas as espécies apresentaram atividade antiúlcera promissora. / Passiflora alata Curtis and P. nitida Kunth, Brazilian species, were selected for the comparative pharmacognostic study. P. alata has been used for a long time folk medicine and pharmaceutical preparations. In the pharmacobotanic study, leaves from both species showed similarities in shape, size and in the absence indumenta. They differ by the number of petiolar glands. P. alata presents generally two pairs of glands and P. nitida, one pair. Anatomically, both species showed common characteristics to the Passiflora genera: dorsiventral mesophyll; druses the mesophyll, midrib, cortex, medulla and phloem; collateral vascular bundles. Both species\' midrib presented a biconvex shape, but P. alata\'s was prominently shaped, notably in the abaxial surface. Another differential aspect was observed the stem shape: P. alata was quadrangular and P. nitida was rounded. The tissues sequence presented similarity, with exception to larger collenchyma development in P. alata\'s edges. The phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids and absence of alkaloids in both species, in the crude drug and extracts. Formation persistent foam was observed with the crude drug of P. alata. Hemolisis was observed with the crude drug and extract of this species. Flavonoids were quantified as 0.42% &#177; 0.01 in P. alata and 0.10% &#177; 0.01 in P. nitida. In the antioxidant activity assay, the EC50 of P. alata was 1061.2 &#177; 8.5 &#181;g/mL and of P. nitida , 128.0 &#177; 0.9 &#181;g/mL, in the DPPH assay, and 1076 &#177; 85 &#181;mol Trolox/g extract and 1985 &#177; 104 &#181;mol Trolox/g extract in the ORAC assay, respectively. In the antiulcer activity assay P. alata showed, in total lesion area (TLA), protection against gastric lesions 100%, P. nitida 84% and lansoprazole, the positive control, 76%. In relative lesion area (RLA), P. alata showed protection against lesions of 99.45%, P. nitida82.27% and lansoprazole 81.44%, in the HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesion assay, with HCI 300 mmol/L and extracts at doses of 400 mg/kg. Doses of 100, 200 e 400 mg/kg extracts were tested in the same conditions with HCl 150 mmol/L. P. alata showed, TLA, protection against gastric lesions of 100% in the three concentrations and lansoprazole 75%. In RLA, P. alata showed 100% of protection and lansoprazole 76.92%. P. nitida showed, in TLA, protection against gastric lesions of 25%,74% and 94% in the three concentrations, respectively and lansoprazole 80%. In RLA, nitida showed 27.40%, 74.00% and 91.78% of protection, respectively and lansoprazole 78.08%. Based upon this study it is possible to distinguish both species by leaf and stem morphoanatomic characters and by chromatographic profile. Both species presented promising antiulcer activity.

El exceso de metales pesados en suelos y agua es uno de los problemas actuales más relevantes por el riesgo de toxicidad que implica su ingreso a las cadenas tróficas. El uranio (U) es un constituyente natural de todos los suelos y la mayoría de las aguas naturales, pero se encuentra en mayor concentración en algunas rocas y minerales, que pueden ser explotados para obtener concentrados de U utilizables en la generación de energía. El uso potencial de plantas para la limpieza de suelos y aguas contaminados con niveles excesivos de Uranio derivados de su manipulación está en estudio, habiéndose llegado en un caso a una instalación de rizofiltración por girasol a escala piloto. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo general la contribución al conocimiento sobre la absorción de U en plantas terrestres y sobr el comportamiento de las mismas en medios contaminados con este metal pesado. Se ha subdividido en dos objetivos específicos: 1. Estudiar la capacidad potencial de absorción de U in situ de algunas especies vegetales de aparición espontánea en un área minera; 2. Estudiar el comportamiento y tolerancia de la remolacha roja (Beta vulgaris) a distintas concentraciones de U en condiciones de hidroponía en laboratorio. El coirón (Stipa sp) fue la única especie vegetal que se encontró en todos los suelos, incluyendo las escombreras de colas de mineral, tolerando concentraciones de U en el sustrato de hasta 280 mgU kg-1. Tagetes minuta (chin-chil o chil-chil) se encontró en sustratos de hasta 280 mgU kg-1. Las dos especies de jarilla, Larrea divaricata y Larrea nitida, en cambio, sólo estuvieron presentes en sustratos con baja contaminación. En todos los casos la acumulación de U y el factor de transferencia sustrato-planta o factor de bioacumulación (FB) fueron bajos. En el cultivo hidropónico, la remolacha sobrevivió en solución nutritiva con distintas concentraciones de U agregado entre 0 y 5 mgU L-1 durante 15 días. La tolerancia al U estaría asociada a la presencia de P, e / López, SC. (2009). Estrés por uranio en plantas. Acumulación en especies vegetales de zonas mineras y estudio de respuestas fisiológicas en remolacha (Beta vulgaris) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/5764 / Palancia