Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xxi, 227 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 152-157).

The reactions of nitro complexes of nickel and palladium with CO have been examined to determine the mechanism(s) by which CO₂ is produced. The solution and solid state structures of square planar Ni(NO₂)₂(L)₂ reactants and pseudotetrahedral Ni(NO₂)(NO)(L)₂ products have been determined and related to their reactivity. Infrared, ³¹P{¹H}, and crystallographic data indicate rapid isomerization between nitro and nitrito bonding modes of the NO⁻₂ ligands. The crystal structures of Ni(NO₂)₂(PPh₂(Ch₂)₂PPh₂) (I), Ni(NO₂) (NO) (PMe₃)₂ (II), and [Ni(ONO) (NO) (PPh₂(CH₂)₂PPh₂]₂ (III), show the NO⁻₂ groups to be N-bonded in I and II and O-bonded in III. The nitrosyl ligands in II and III are non-linear (Ni-N-O = 165.5(8) ° and 153.4(8) °, respectively). Furthermore, III crystallizes as a dimer bridged by two phosphine ligands even though molecular weights show this complex to be monomeric in solution. Each Ni(NO₂) (NO) (L)₂ complex reacts with CO to produce stoichiometric amounts of Ni(NO₂) (NO) (L)₂ and CO₂. Rate date indicate the reaction proceeds associatively through formation of a carbonyl intermediate which has been directly observed in the reaction of Ni(NO₂)₂(P(C₆H₁₁)₃)₂ with CO. The reaction of C¹⁸O with Ni(NO₂)₂(PMe₃)₂ results in no incorporation of ¹⁸O into the nickel product while ¹⁸O is incorporated into CO₂ to form ¹⁸OC¹⁶O. The mechanism consistent with all of the data involves a rapid equilibrium between both forms of NO⁻₂ coordination followed by the reaction of CO with either isomer in the rate determining step to form a monocarbonyl complex. Irreversible oxygen atom transfer to CO and loss of CO₂ terminate the reaction. The corresponding square planar palladium complexes, Pd(NO₂)₂L₂, react with CO to form N₂O, CO₂ and novel tetranuclear palladium clusters (Pd₄(CO)₅L₄). A crystal structure of Pd₄(CO)₅ - (PMePh₂)₄ shows the cluster to be a distorted tetrahedron of metal atoms with one open edge and the five remaining edges each bridged by a carbonyl group.

Most undisturbed peatlands sequester carbon, and rising levels of atmospheric nitrogen deposition may have the potential to destabilize this function, possibly resulting in an increased release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.  It is therefore of vital importance to investigate further the link between atmospheric nitrogen deposition and carbon dynamics in exposed ecosystems such as peatlands. The work described in this thesis aimed to elucidate the impact of increasing nitrogen on aspects of carbon turnover in peatlands.  Using a long-term field-based experiment, I tested the effects of 4 years of ammonium and nitrate addition (8, 24 and 56 kg N ha^-1 y^-1) on the fate of newly photosynthesised carbon by plants and the turnover of labile and recalcitrant carbon.  A second set of experiments undertaken in the laboratory assessed the use of plant wax analysis as potential biomarkers of past changes in vegetation and carbon status in peat. Overall, this work has shown that the form of nitrogen (ammonium versus nitrate) is a crucial component of atmospheric pollution and must be taken into consideration when investigating or predicting effects of reactive nitrogen on peatlands.  In addition, nitrogen addition affected the fate of newly synthesised carbon differently in <i>Eriophorum vaginatum </i>and <i>Calluna vulgaris, </i>revealing the importance of considering plant traits when investigating environmental changes in terrestrial ecosystems.  Furthermore, it has led to the development of an investigative tool for further exploration of the historical effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on vegetation an carbon content in peatlands.

This dissertation looked at the crystal structure analysis of 2-hydroxymethylpyridine-N-oxide sine this compound could provide data on both substituent effects and hydrogen bonding.

Molecular nitrogen is a highly abundant element in the atmosphere; it is stable and not very reactive. Anthropogenic activities have caused greater concentrations of nitrogen-containing compounds that are highly reactive and ultimately toxic. Reactive nitrogen concentrations have become a growing concern on the South African Highveld, with satellite images indicating very high nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the region. This study investigates the nitrogen budget on the Highveld through the analysis of the nitrogen species emitted into the atmosphere on a temporal scale as well as the atmospheric conversion, transport and removal of these species. Data was collected at Elandsfontein monitoring site, which is centrally located on the industrialised Highveld. The formation and interaction of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrate (NO3) are a major focus in the study. NOx concentrations are higher in winter (6.5 to 8.5 μg.m-3) as a result of stable atmospheric conditions. NO3 concentrations also peak during winter (3.5 to 5.5 μg.m-3), with a distinct biomass burning peak during July and August. Diurnally, NOx concentrations indicate a tall-stack industrial source, with concentrations peaking at midday. NO3 concentrations are higher at night and lower during the day, as during the day the NO3 radical is rapidly photolysed and nitrates cannot be produced. Case studies indicate that the conversion rate of NO to NO2 is highly variable as a result of varying atmospheric factors. These rates range from 11% to 59% per hour. Rates of dry deposition of NO, NO2 and NO3 are generally higher during winter as a result of higher concentrations and increased atmospheric stability, which prevents transport out of the region. Nitrogen is predominantly deposited as NO2 throughout the year, except during spring when NO3 deposition dominates. The total amount of nitrogen deposited to the Mpumalanga Highveld region is in the range of 6.7 to 13.1 kg ha-1 yr-1, which is well below the stipulated critical load value. Such deposition therefore does not pose significant threats to the natural environment on the Highveld. Between 4% and 14% of the total emitted nitrogen on the Highveld is deposited to the surface via wet and dry deposition. The remainder stays in the atmosphere and is advected out of the region.

Lee, Chi-wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-145). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Declaration --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / 槪要 --- p.v / Contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xiv / List of Abbreviations --- p.xvi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview of pharmacogenetics --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Clinical importance of nitrogen oxidations --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Characteristics of trimethylamine (TMA) --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Genetic polymorphism of trimethylamine N-oxidation --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Enzyme systems mediating trimethylamine N-oxidation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aims and objectives --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Development of an Analytical Method for Trimethylamine & Trimethylamine N-Oxide --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Preparation of stock solutions --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Preparation of GLC glass column --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Optimizing GLC conditions for the separation of trimethylamine --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Sample pretreatment for GLC analysis --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Construction of calibration curve --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Determination of the required amounts of titanium (III) chloride for trimethylamine N-oxide reduction --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Intra- and inter-assay variations --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- "Equations used in the determinations of free TMA, total TMA, and percentage TMA excreted as TMAO" --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- GLC chromatogram --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Construction of calibration curve --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Determination of the required amounts of titanium (III) chloride for trimethylamine N-oxide reduction --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Intra- and inter-assay variations --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Trimethylamine N-Oxidation in Chinese --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental protocols --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Whole day urine collections --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Spot urine collections --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Whole day urine collections --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Spot urine collections --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Comparison between whole day urine collections and spot urine collections protocols --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Comparison between smokers and non-smokers --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Comparison the results obtained in between four individual periods of whole day urine collections --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Effect of Age and Diet on Trimethylamine N-oxidation --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental protocols --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of age on TMA N-oxidation --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of diet on TMA N-oxidation --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effects of control diet on TMA N-oxidation --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of age on TMA N-oxidation --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of diet on TMA N-oxidation --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effects of control diet on TMA N-oxidation --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Effect of Disease on Trimethylamine N-Oxidation --- p.101 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experimental protocols --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.109 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.116 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- General Discussion --- p.119 / References --- p.124 / Appendices / Chapter Appendix A / Chapter A.1 --- Sample record sheet for food intake and activity (English) --- p.A-l / Chapter A.2 --- Sample record sheet for food intake and activity (Chinese) --- p.A-3 / Chapter Appendix B --- Food intake and activity record for volunteer Ain controlled diet experiment --- p.B-1

Thesis. 1976. Sc.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Chemical Engineering. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. Incorrect foliation: leaves 204-219 are bound between leaves 238 and 239. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 385-427. / by John H. Pohl. / Sc.D.

Thesis. 1975. Sc.D. cn--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Chemical Engineering. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 308-314. / Sc.D.cn

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 112 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-112).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-196).