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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Manejo da adubação nitrogenada em híbridos de mamona de porte baixo cultivados na safra e na safrinha em sistema plantio direto

Moro, Edemar [UNESP] 07 February 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moro_e_me_botfca.pdf: 1246010 bytes, checksum: e877db9571cce58a0d163f8e6557b0c3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de épocas de aplicação, fontes e doses de nitrogênio em híbridos de mamona de porte baixo em sistema plantio direto, possibilitando a obtenção de informações para o manejo adequado da adubação nitrogenada tanto em safra como em safrinha. O projeto de pesquisa foi constituído de três experimentos conduzidos em safra e safrinha por dois anos agrícolas (2005/2006 e 2006/2007) na Fazenda Experimental Lageado pertencente a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, em Botucatu-SP. No Experimento 1 o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema parcela subdividida, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por dois híbridos de mamona (híbrido Lyra e híbrido Savana) e as subparcelas, por cinco doses de N (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1). A fonte de N utilizada foi o nitrato de amônio (32% de N), sendo que a aplicação foi realizada aos 20 dias após a emergência. No Experimento 2 o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema parcela subdividida, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por dois híbridos de mamona (híbrido Lyra e híbrido Savana) e as subparcelas, por seis formas de parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada (0-0, 0-100, 100-0, 30-70, 70-30, 50-50 kg ha-1 de N) aplicados em duas épocas (20 DAE e aos 40 DAE). A fonte de nitrogênio utilizada também foi o nitrato de amônio. Por fim, no Experimento 3 o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de duas fontes de nitrogênio (sulfato de amônio e uréia), com quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1 de N) aplicadas em cobertura aos 20 dias após a emergência, sendo utilizado o híbridoLyra. Vale ressaltar que na safrinha de 2007 o híbrido Savana foi substituído pelo... / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect’s time, as well as sources and nitrogen doses in castor bean hybrids in no-till system, enabling the appropriate nitrogen fertilization management both in summer crop and fall crop for two crop years (2005/2006 and 2006/2007) in an experimental area located in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. In the experiment 1, the experimental design was a randomized complete block design, in splitplot scheme with four replications, was used. The plots were constituted by two castor bean hybrids (Lyra and Savana). Five N levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1) side dressing fertilization constituted the subplots. Ammonium nitrate was the nitrogen source utilized (32% of N) applied 20 days after emergence. In the experiment 2, the experimental design was a randomized complete block design, in splitplot scheme with four replications, was used. The plots were constituted by two castor bean hybrids (Lyra and Savana). Six combination of times out rates (0-0, 0-100, 100-0, 30-70, 70-30, 50-50 kg ha-1 of N) side dressing nitrogen fertilization constituted the subplots. The N source used was also ammonium nitrate, applied 20 days after emergence and 40 days after emergence. Finally, in experiment 3, the experimental design was a randomized blocks, in 2 x 4 factorial design, with four replications. The treatments comprised the combination of two nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate and urea), with four doses of nitrogen (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1 of N) surface applied 20 days after emergence, plus a control. In the latter experiment, hybrid Lyra was utilized. It’s important to highlight that in the 2007 fall crop, Savana hybrid was replaced by Sara. In the summer crop, the conclusions were: a) Lyra hybrid was more productive than Savana; b) Lyra was more efficient in N utilization as to the application of 150 kg ha-1; e) the components ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
22

Weed management in reduced-input no-till flax production

Gillespie, Scott 13 September 2006 (has links)
The goal of the project was to enhance the period of weed growth prior to seeding in order to reduce weed emergence and weed competition after the crop has been planted. Weed growth was stimulated using either light tillage or by applying nitrogen fertilizer early in the spring. Light disturbance significantly increased pre-seed weed emergence while early applied nitrogen did not appear to have an effect. Post seeding weed emergence levels and weed biomass were similar among the light tillage and early nitrogen treatments. Therefore the goal of decreasing weed competition after seeding was not attained. Future research should focus on long-term strategies to reduce weed populations in field rather than seasonal strategies. / October 2006
23

COVER CROPS AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS FOR ORGANIC CORN PRODUCTION IN KENTUCKY

Suarez, Alfonso 01 January 2010 (has links)
Organic corn (Zea mays L.) producers generally use intensive tillage for weed control. No-till methods reduce soil erosion, conserve water, maintain soil structure and reduce CO2 emissions. The objective of this study was test different cover crops, tillage systems, N sources and N rates for organic corn production. Two tillage systems (no-till and moldboard plow), two cover crops [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and rye (Secale cereale)] and two organic N sources [Louisville Green (LG) and Nature Safe (NF)] at four N rates (45, 90, 135, 180 kg N ha-1) were evaluated during 2008 and 2009 at three sites. A roller crimper device was used for the no-till operations. A long term aerobic incubation was conducted. Hairy vetch improved yield, ear leaf N and grain N content compared with rye in all sites. Nature Safe increased ear leaf N more than LG in all three sites and yield in two out of three sites. Both sources stopped mineralizing at 28 days after application. Inorganic N production was about 50 kg N ha-1 for LG and 60 kg N ha-1 for NF. The combination moldboard plow and hairy vetch resulted in the highest yields at all experimental sites.
24

EVALUATING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF FOUR ORGANIC VEGETABLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Scott, Delia W. 01 January 2013 (has links)
A field study evaluating the sustainability of four organic vegetable production systems was conducted in Lexington, Kentucky in 2006 and 2007. The four systems included no-till, raised beds covered with biodegradable black mulch, bare ground with shallow cultivation, and bare ground with shallow cultivation and wood chip mulch. The two-year study compared yield, weed control, labor, and costs associated with each system, as well as physical, chemical, and microbiological soil characteristics. In 2006, tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in the four systems, with no significant difference in yield. Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) was grown in the four systems in 2007. The no-till system had significantly lower yields than other systems. The bare ground with cultivation and mulch system had the best weed control in both years.
25

Weed management in reduced-input no-till flax production

Gillespie, Scott 13 September 2006 (has links)
The goal of the project was to enhance the period of weed growth prior to seeding in order to reduce weed emergence and weed competition after the crop has been planted. Weed growth was stimulated using either light tillage or by applying nitrogen fertilizer early in the spring. Light disturbance significantly increased pre-seed weed emergence while early applied nitrogen did not appear to have an effect. Post seeding weed emergence levels and weed biomass were similar among the light tillage and early nitrogen treatments. Therefore the goal of decreasing weed competition after seeding was not attained. Future research should focus on long-term strategies to reduce weed populations in field rather than seasonal strategies.
26

Weed management in reduced-input no-till flax production

Gillespie, Scott 13 September 2006 (has links)
The goal of the project was to enhance the period of weed growth prior to seeding in order to reduce weed emergence and weed competition after the crop has been planted. Weed growth was stimulated using either light tillage or by applying nitrogen fertilizer early in the spring. Light disturbance significantly increased pre-seed weed emergence while early applied nitrogen did not appear to have an effect. Post seeding weed emergence levels and weed biomass were similar among the light tillage and early nitrogen treatments. Therefore the goal of decreasing weed competition after seeding was not attained. Future research should focus on long-term strategies to reduce weed populations in field rather than seasonal strategies.
27

Acúmulo de carbono no solo e potencial de aquecimento global influenciados pelo modo de aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos e inibidor de nitrificação / Soil carbon accumulation and global warming potential influenced by technique application pig slurri and use of nitrification inhibitor

Santos, Daniela Batista dos 04 July 2016 (has links)
Studies about the effect of pig slurry (PS) injection in the soil and the use of nitrification inhibitors, such as dicyandiamide (DCD), have been focused on the dynamics of nitrogen in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. The aim of this work was to evaluate how the PS injection and the use of DCD can influence in total organic carbon accumulation in the soil (TOC) and the mitigation of global warming potential (GWP) due to the PS agricultural use as fertilizer in succession oats or wheat / corn under no-tillage. Two studies were conducted to field at the Federal University of Santa Maria, in experimental design of randomized blocks with four repetitions of the following treatments: PS applied on the soil surface (PSs), PSs + DCD, PS injected (PSi), PSi + DCD , mineral fertilizer (NPK) and control. The studies began in August and in December 2011 lasting 967 and 865 days on site 1 and 2, respectively. In the first place the PS application was manually, and the product Agrotain Plus®, which containing the DCD (81.0%), was applied at the rate of 10 kg ha-1. While in the second place exclusively PS injection was mechanized, whose grooves were spaced 0.35 m, in average depth 0.10 m and pure DCD was used in dose of 10 kg ha-1. In both places the DCD was mixed with PS at the moment of each application at cultures. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at both sites in 2011 (initial condition) and in 2014, in the layers 0-0.05; 0.05-0.10; 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m, and on site 2 the first layer was stratified into 0-0.025 and 0.025-0.05 m. We used the equivalent mass approach to determination of stocks TOC in the soil. During all the time from both experiments it was collected to greenhouse gas samples in order to quantify the cumulative emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), and then convert them into CO2 equivalent and add them the rate of TOC accumulation in soil to estimate the net GWP (in area scale). To estimate the GWP in yield scale, it was divided the value of the net GWP by the average annual productivity of corn grain. The PS technique application and its combination with the DCD did not differ TOC accumulation in the soil neither the GWP. Regardless of the PS technique application and combination with DCD, the organic fertilization increases TOC accumulation in the soil and reduced the GWP compared to mineral fertilization. The PS injection associated with DCD increased the addition of C in the soil via biomass crops and COT accumulation in the soil in the layer from 0.00 to 0.30 m, compared to the absence of fertilization and NPK fertilization. Furthermore, when the PS are injected associated with the DCD it was observed at lower GWP in area scale than the mineral fertilizer, showing the environmental benefits of this first management. Negative values of the net GWP obtained in treatments with DCD indicate a positive potential effect of the nitrification inhibitor to mitigate emissions, this because the COT accumulation in the soil in these treatments was higher than the emissions of greenhouse gases. High GWP values in yield scale are observed in the control treatment, with no difference for this estimate, between organic and mineral fertilizers. It is noteworthy that there is a clear trend of associated injection to enable DCD environmental benefits through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, COT accumulation increment in soil and maintenance of grain yield. / Estudos que tratem do efeito da injeção de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) no solo e do uso de inibidores de nitrificação, como a dicianodiamida (DCD), têm sido voltados, principalmente, à dinâmica do nitrogênio no sistema solo-planta-atmosfera. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar como a injeção dos DLS no solo e o uso da DCD podem influenciar no acúmulo de carbono orgânico total (COT) no solo e na mitigação do potencial de aquecimento global (PAG) decorrente do uso agrícola de DLS como fertilizante na sucessão aveia ou trigo/milho em semeadura direta (SD). Dois estudos foram conduzidos a campo na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições dos seguintes tratamentos: DLS aplicados na superfície do solo (DLSs), DLSs + DCD, DLS injetados (DLSi), DLSi + DCD, testemunha (Teste) e adubação mineral (NPK). Os estudos iniciaram em agosto e em dezembro de 2011 com duração de 967 e 865 dias no local 1 e 2, respectivamente. No local 1, a aplicação dos DLS foi realizada de forma manual e o produto Agrotain Plus®, contendo a mistura de DCD (81,0%) foi aplicado na dose de 10 kg ha-1. No local 2, a injeção foi de realizada de forma mecanizada em sulcos espaçados de 0,35 m entre si, na profundidade média 0,10 m e a DCD pura foi utilizada, na dose de 10 kg ha-1. Em ambos os locais a DCD foi misturada aos DLS, no momento de cada aplicação destes antecedendo a implantação das culturas. Amostras deformadas e indeformadas de solo foram coletadas em ambos os locais no ano de 2011 (condição inicial) e em 2014, nas camadas de 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m, sendo que no local 2 a primeira camada foi estratificada em 0-0,025 e 0,025-0,05 m. Utilizou-se a abordagem de massa equivalente para calcular os estoques de COT no solo. Durante todo o período de condução dos experimentos coletaram-se amostras de gases de efeito estufa com vistas à quantificar as emissões acumuladas de óxido nitroso (N2O) e metano (CH4), para então convertê-las em equivalente CO2 e somá-las à taxa real de acúmulo de COT no solo para estimativa do PAG líquido (em escala de área). Para estimativa do PAG em escala de rendimento, dividiu-se o valor do PAG líquido pela produtividade média anual de grãos de milho. Os modos de aplicação de DLS e sua combinação com a DCD não diferiram entre si quanto ao acúmulo de COT no solo e ao PAG. Independente do modo de aplicação e da combinação com DCD, a adubação orgânica com DLS aumenta o acúmulo de COT no solo e diminuiu o PAG quando com parada à adubação com NPK. A injeção de DLS associada à DCD aumentou a adição de C no solo via biomassa das culturas e o acúmulo de C no solo na camada 0,00 0,30 m, em comparação à testemunha e à adubação com NPK. Da mesma forma, quando os DLS são injetados no solo associados à DCD, observa-se PAG em escala de área menor do que na adubação NPK, evidenciando os benefícios ambientais desse primeiro manejo. Valores negativos do PAG líquido obtido nos tratamentos com DCD indicam um efeito potencial positivo do inibidor de nitrificação em mitigar as emissões, isso porque o acúmulo de COT no solo nesses tratamentos foi superior às emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Elevados valores de PAG em escala de rendimento de grãos de milho são observados no tratamento testemunha, sem que haja diferença, para essa estimativa, entre adubação orgânica e mineral. A injeção dos DLS em SPD, associada à DCD, proporciona benefícios ambientais, por meio da redução das emissões gasosas, incremento de acúmulo de COT no solo e manutenção da produtividade de grãos.
28

Características químicas e indicadores de qualidade de solos em sistemas conservacionistas de manejo de longa duração / Soil chemical characteristics and quality index under long-term conservation management systems

Viero, Fernando January 2015 (has links)
O plantio direto (PD), associado a plantas de cobertura, pode melhorar os atributos químicos e a qualidade do solo, dependendo do tipo de solo. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto do PD, associado a diferentes sistemas de cultura, durante longo período (~30 anos) sobre os atributos químicos e indicadores de qualidade de um solo de clima subtropical e de um solo de clima temperado (Estudos I e II), e da influência de sistemas de cultura sobre a eficiência da calagem superficial em PD em um solo de clima subtropical (Estudo III). Nos estudos I e II foram avaliados experimentos instalados em 1985 em Eldorado do Sul (Brasil) e em Concord (EUA) cultivados em PD e preparo convencional (PC). No experimento em Eldorado do Sul foram utilizados três sistemas de cultura: aveia (Avena strigosa)/milho (Zea mays) (A/M), ervilhaca (Vicia sativa)/milho (V/M) e aveia+ervilhaca/ milho+caupi (Vigna unguiculata) (AV/MC), em duas doses de N (0 e 180 kg ha-1). O experimento em Concord foi conduzido com dois sistemas de cultura: milho contínuo e milho-soja (Glycine max)], em três doses de N (0, 80 e 160 kg ha-1). O Estudo III foi conduzido em um experimento instalado em 1983 em PD, sendo avaliados atributos químicos relacionados à acidez do solo antes e dois anos após a calagem (5,0 Mg ha-1) em cinco sistemas de cultura: pousio/M (P/M), A/M, AV/M, AV/MC, LL (Lablab purpureus)+M (LLM), com e sem calagem e em duas doses de N (0 e 180 kg ha-1). As práticas de manejo de longa duração influenciaram os atributos químicos do solo, principalmente, na camada de 0 a 10 cm de profundidade, na qual o PD aumentou, em média, 23 % o teor de C orgânico do solo (COS), 30 % o teor de nitrogênio total (NT) e 100 % o teor de P disponível, em relação ao PC, nos dois solos. O COS e o NT aumentaram na ordem A/M<V/M<AV/MC, enquanto que, o pH, o P disponível e a saturação por bases reduziram na ordem A/M>V/M>AV/MC. O COS e o NT não foram influenciados, mas o pH e a saturação por bases aumentaram na rotação milho-soja. O COS aumentou 5% na dose de 160 kg N ha-1 no solo temperado. A adubação nitrogenada reduziu o pH e a saturação por bases nos dois solos, contudo reduziu 30 % o P disponível no solo subtropical, mas aumentou 20 % no solo temperado. O PD aumentou o estoque e o índice de estratificação (IE) do COS e do C orgânico particulado (COP) e o índice de labilidade (IL) nos dois solos. A inclusão de leguminosas aumentou o IE do COS e COP, e o IL em PD. Os sistemas com leguminosas de cobertura de solo aumentaram a acidificação e a saturação por Al3+ e reduziram a saturação por bases, comparado com sistemas exclusivamente de gramíneas. Após dois anos da calagem superficial o pH foi maior que 5,0 e a saturação por Al3+ foi < 4,0 % até 5 cm, independente do sistemas de cultura, porém, a saturação por bases aumentou para > 50 % até 7,5.cm. As práticas de manejo apresentam comportamento similar entre os diferentes solos, e os sistemas de culturas não influenciaram na eficiência da calagem na camada superficial do solo. / No-till (NT), associated with cover crops, can improve soil chemical properties and quality, which the magnitude of the effects possibly is dependent of soil type. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of NT, associated with different cropping systems, cultivated for long-term (~ 30 years) on soil chemical properties and quality indicators of subtropical soil in Southern Brazil and a temperate soil in Midwest US (Studies I and II), and cropping systems influence on liming efficiency in a subtropical soil under long-term NT (Study III). In Studies I and II were used two long-term experiments installed in 1985 in Eldorado do Sul (Brazil) and Concord (US) carried out under NT and conventional tillage (CT). In Brazil, the experiment was composed by three cropping systems: oat (Avena strigosa) / corn (Zea mays) (O/C), vetch (Vicia sativa)/corn (V/C) and oat+vetch/corn+cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (OV/CC), with two N rates (0 and 180 kg ha-1). In US, the experiment was conducted with two crop rotations: continuous corn and corn-soybean (Glycine max), with three N rates (0, 80 and 160 kg ha-1). The Study III was conducted in a third experiment under NT and assessed soil chemical attributes related to acidity, before and two years after liming (5.0 Mg ha-1), in five cropping systems: fallow/C (F/C), O/C, OV/C,OV/CC, LL (Lablab purpureus)+C LLM), with and without liming and two N rates (0 and 180 kg ha-1). The long-term management effects on soil chemical properties were confined from 0 to 10 cm depth, in which NT system increased, in average, 23 % of soil organic C (SOC), 30 % of total N (TN), 100 % of available P, compared with CT in subtropical and temperate soil. Subtropical cropping systems increased SOC and TN in the order O/C<V/C<OV/CC, while soil pH, available P and base saturation decreased in the order O/C<V/C<OV/CC. Temperate crop rotation had no effects on SOC and TN, but soil pH and base saturation increased in corn-soybean rotation. Nitrogen fertilization increased 5 % of SOC in the N rate of 160 kg ha-1 in temperate soil. Nitrogen fertilization decreased soil pH and base saturation in both soils, but decreased 30% available P in subtropical soil, but increased 20% in temperate soil. No-till increased SOC and particulate organic C (POC) stocks, SOC and POC stratification ratio (SR) and lability index (LI) in both soils. Legume-based cropping systems increased the SOC and POC SR and LI under NT. Besides, legume-based cropping systems increased soil acidification and Al3+ saturation, and decreased base saturation, compared with grass crops. After two years of superficial liming, soil pH increased to >5.0 and Al3+ saturation decreased to <4.0% up to 5 cm, regardless of cropping systems, and base saturation increased to >50% up to 7.5 cm depth. Long-term management practices have similar behavior in the subtropical and temperate soil, and cropping systems has no influence on liming efficiency in topsoil.
29

Emissão de gases do efeito estufa e estoque de carbono no sistema solo-planta em área com aplicação superficial de calcário e gesso em experimento de longa duração / The emission of greenhouse gases and carbon storage in the soil-plant system in areas with surface application of limestone and phosphogypsum in long-term experiments

Guimarães, Tiara Moraes [UNESP] 19 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by TIARA MORAES GUIMARÃES null (tiaraguimaraes@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-12T20:05:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSÃO FINAL - DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 2061074 bytes, checksum: cd312ff121220dcddbf2d2a217e78cfd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-15T13:36:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_tm_me_bot.pdf: 2061074 bytes, checksum: cd312ff121220dcddbf2d2a217e78cfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T13:36:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_tm_me_bot.pdf: 2061074 bytes, checksum: cd312ff121220dcddbf2d2a217e78cfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A calagem destaca-se entre as práticas agrícolas mais eficientes em resolver os problemas relacionados à acidez do solo, entretanto resulta em emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), principalmente CO2. É possível que o aumento no desenvolvimento radicular no perfil do solo e da biomassa aérea, decorrente da aplicação de corretivos de acidez, como o calcário, e de condicionadores, como o gesso agrícola, promova maior retorno de C ao solo na forma de resíduos, o que pode favorecer a fixação do CO2 da atmosfera no solo. Desta forma objetivou-se avaliar a emissão de gases de efeito estufa, bem como possíveis alterações no estoque de carbono do solo, em função da correção da acidez do solo utilizando calcário e gesso em sistema semeadura direta (SSD), além da emissão de carbono equivalente por unidade de massa de grãos produzida pelo feijoeiro. O presente trabalho é parte de um experimento de longa duração, instalado em 2002/03, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, em Botucatu (SP). Após a colheita do trigo em julho de 2014 semeou-se em outubro do mesmo ano milheto para produção de palha, e posteriormente a dessecação da área foi realizada a semeadura da cultura do feijão, no início de dezembro de 2014. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com 4 repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro doses de calcário (0, 1000, 2000 e 4000 kg ha-1) e as subparcelas por duas doses de gesso agrícola (0 e 2100 kg ha-1). Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: carbono orgânico total e nitrogênio total do solo, estoque de C e N do solo, C e N da biomassa microbiana do solo e teor de C e N na matéria seca. Foram determinados os fluxos de CO2; CH4 e N2O por meio de câmaras estáticas, nos períodos 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 30 dias após a semeadura do milheto e 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 21; 30; 60; 90 dias após a semeadura do feijão, totalizando 15 períodos de amostragens. Observou-se que as maiores emissões de CO2 estão relacionadas com o teor de CBMS, que é um indicativo de imobilização/mineralização de C pelos microrganismos. Sendo assim quanto maior o teor de CBMS, maior a imobilização de nutrientes no solo, maior a taxa de respiração e consequentemente maior emissão de CO2. A aplicação de gesso agrícola aumenta a oxidação de CH4 no solo, favorecendo assim a mitigação de GEE. A emissão de N2O está relacionada com a maior acidificação do solo e com o teor de água no solo. / Liming stands out among the most efficient agricultural practices in solving the soil acidity-related problems, however results in emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly CO2. It is possible that the increase in root development in the soil profile and biomass, resulting from the application of soil correctives such as limestone and conditioners such as agricultural gypsum, promote greater return of C to the soil in the form of waste, which can promote the fixation of CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil. Thus aimed to evaluate the emission of greenhouse gases, and possible changes in the stock of soil carbon, depending on soil acidity correction using lime and phosphogypsum in no-tillage, in addition to carbon emissions equivalent per unit mass of grain produced by bean plants. This work is part of a long-term experiment, installed in 2002/03, at Lageado Experimental Farm, belonging to the College of Agricultural Sciences - UNESP in Botucatu (SP). After the wheat harvest in July 2014 the millet was sown in October of that year to produce straw, and after the desiccation of the area its was held the sowing of bean crop in early December 2014. The experimental design was performed in randomized block, in a split plot scheme, with four repetitions. The plots consisted of four liming rates (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 kg ha-1) and the subplots of two rates of phosphogypsum (0 to 2100 kg ha-1). The following evaluations were performed: total organic carbon and total soil nitrogen, stock of C and N of the soil, C and N microbial biomass of the soil and the contents of C and N in the dry matter. It were determined the CO2 streams; CH4 and N2O by static chambers in the periods 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 30 days after sowing of millet and 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 30; 60; 90 days after sowing the beans, totaling 15 sampling periods. It was observed that the higher CO2 emissions are related to the CMBS content, which is indicative of immobilization / mineralization of the C by the microorganisms. Thus higher the CMBS content, higher the immobilization of the nutrients in the soil, higher the rate of breathing and consequently higher emissions of CO2. The application of gypsum increases the CH4 oxidation in the soil, favoring the mitigation of greenhouse gases. The N2O emission is related to the higher soil acidification and the water content in the soil.
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Recomendação de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio para girassol sob sistema plantio direto no Paraguai / Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium recommendation for sunflower under no-tillage system in Paraguay

Villalba, Enrique Oswin Hahn 19 March 2008 (has links)
Sunflower crop has some important agronomic characteristics, as great fitomassa production, larger resistance to the drought, cold and heat than most of the cultivated species and wide adaptability to different conditions of soil and climates. Its deep root system provides absorption of nutrients of the deepest layers, ciclying great amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The area cultivated with sunflower had great expansion in the last years in Paraguay, but still does not have a recommendation for N, P and K for the producers regions. The objective of this work was to elaborate a first recommendation of fertilizers for sunflower under no-till system in Paraguay, establishing critical tenors for P and K in the soil in different textural classes, seeking to add sunflower crop as an option, inside of a system of fertilizing the soil for crops in succession, under system direct planting in Paraguay. Experiments were carried out in the departments Misiones and Itapúa in the harvest 2006/2007. For determination of the chemical attributes ten sub-samples were made, composing one soil sample per plot, collected in the depth of 0-0,10 m. Were determined the plants answer (relative productivity) to the doses of maximum economical efficiency (MEE), the critical tenor in the soil for P and K (determined by Mehlich 1 analysis method). The experimental design was random blocks with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of doses of N (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125) kg ha-1, using urea as N source, doses of P (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200) kg ha-1 of P2O5 (triple superphosphate), doses of K (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150) kg ha-1 of K2O (potassium chloride). The elements that were not in study were supplied appropriately in each treatment. The P critical tenor for Itapúa was 14.4 mg dm-3 and for Misiones was of 15.5 mg dm-3. For K the critical tenor found for sunflower crop was 81.5 mg dm-3. These critical tenors were similar to the obtained for soybean, corn and wheat crops in the region. The fertilization recommendations were elaborated for expectation of 2000 kg ha-1 of grains. For soils with smaller tenor than 2% of organic matter are recommended 60 kg ha-1 of N, between 2 and 3% 45 kg ha-1 of N and larger than 3% 30 kg ha-1 of N. Para P fertilization in the respective classes of P fertility that are "very low", "low", "medium", "high" and "very high", they correspond the application of 90, 70, 50, 35 and 20 kg ha-1 of P205 and the recommendations K fertilization are 120, 90, 60, 45 and 30 kg ha-1 of K2O, respectively for the same classes of fertility of very low to very high. / A cultura do girassol possui características agronômicas importantes, como alta produção de fitomassa e elevada resistência à seca, frio e calor em relação a maioria das culturas anuais, além de ampla adaptabilidade às diferentes condições edafoclimáticas. Seu sistema radicular profundo proporciona absorção de nutrientes das camadas mais profundas, ciclando grandes quantidades de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K). A área cultivada com girassol teve grande expansão nos últimos anos no Paraguai, mas ainda não se tem uma recomendação de adubação em N, P e K para a cultura nas regiões produtoras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma primeira recomendação de fertilizantes para girassol sob sistema plantio direto no Paraguai, estabelecendo teores críticos para P e K no solo em diferentes classes texturais, visando inserir esta cultura como opção, dentro de um sistema de adubação do solo para culturas de grãos em rotação, sob sistema plantio direto no Paraguai. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos nos departamentos de Misiones e Itapúa na safra 2006/2007,. Para determinação dos atributos químicos foram efetuadas dez sub-amostras, compondo numa amostra de solo por parcela, coletadas na profundidade de 0-0,10 m. Determinou-se a resposta das plantas (rendimento relativo) às doses de máxima eficiência econômica (MEE), o teor crítico no solo para fósforo e potássio (determinado pelo método de análise Mehlich 1). O esquema experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de doses de N (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125) kg ha-1, sendo sua fonte a uréia, doses de P (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200) kg ha-1 de P2O5 ( superfosfato triplo), doses de K (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150) kg ha-1 de K2O (cloreto de potássio). Os elementos que não estavam em estudo foram supridos adequadamente em cada tratamento. O teor crítico de P para Itapúa foi de 14,4 mg dm-3 e para Misiones foi de 15,5 mg dm-3. Para K o teor crítico encontrado na cultura de girassol foi de 81,5 mg dm-3 . Estes teores críticos foram semelhantes aos obtidos para as culturas de soja, milho e trigo na região. As recomendações de adubação foram elaboradas para expectativa de 2000 kg ha-1 de grãos, para solos com teor menor que 2 % de matéria orgânica recomenda-se 60 kg ha-1 de N, entre 2 e 3 % 45 kg ha-1 de N e maior que 3 % 30 kg ha-1 de N. Para adubação fosfatada nas respectivas classes de fertilidade de P que são muito baixo , baixo , médio , alto e muito alto , correspondem a aplicação de 90, 70, 50, 35 e 20 kg ha-1 de P205 e as recomendações de adubação potássica são 120, 90, 60, 45 e 30 kg ha-1 de K2O, respectivamente para as mesmas classes de fertilidade de muito baixo até muito alto.

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