This qualitative study was designed to develop a deeper understanding of market orientation among NGOs in Hong Kong. Although there have been many academic studies of market orientation, its theory and practice as well as its relationship with performance, there has never previously been a systematic analysis of that theme in the context of NGOs, and in particular in the unique context of Hong Kong. Previous research has established that systematic maintenance of a market orientation correlates with better performance among business organizations. There have also been studies addressing how organizations can become more market oriented, its antecedents and consequences, as well as its relationship with leadership, entrepreneurship and innovation. But little scholarly work has considered market orientation in NGOs, a category of organizations that is growing in numbers and social significance. The managers of 5 quite different Hong Kong NGOs were interviewed, and the interview transcripts were analyzed to identify themes related to market orientation and its application in their organizations. Ten important antecedents to a market orientation were identified from the transcripts. These were distilled into 3 factors which together largely explained the varying degrees of market orientation in the organizations studied. Senior management factors, organizational and institutional factors, as well as structural and system factors were all found to predict an NGO's market orientation. One important finding is that an NGO's fund-raising model moderates in the relationship between the organization's market orientation and its antecedents. A model is proposed that explains what antecedents are important, how they relate to market orientation and why fund raising affects the relationship. For NGOs, market orientation is understood less as a rational-actor model aimed at achieving organizational efficiency and performance, but rather as an explanation of how to appear legitimate in the eyes of donors. There appears to be a big impact of resource dependency on how the NGOs pursue market orientation. While all of the NGOs studied considered themselves market-oriented, they in fact had varied interpretations of market orientation depending on their fund-raising models. The more centralized an NGO' s source of funds, the greater the likelihood that its interpretation of market orientation is adjusted for legitimization in the eyes of its donors.

The aim of this project is to examine the emergence of non- governmental organization (NGO) networking by conducting a case study of the NGO Coalition for an International Criminal Court (CICC). It explores the role of this Coalition in the context of the growing movement towards a "global civic politics." An in- depth look at this Coalition is unveiled through primary sources, interviews, and observations. Using a three- tiered model of networking, one can better understand NGO collaboration and networking that are unique in the field of international human rights law and indicative of a new trend in international politics. This model is developed from Timothy Luke and Gearóid à Tuathail's conception of geopolitical nature, Castells' conception of networks, and then modified to apply to political mediation. NGOs have acted as part of the engine behind the creation of an International Criminal Court in numerous ways. They have amassed over 900 organizations in support of a strong permanent court, as well as fostered relationships with the United Nations, and state governments, and regional blocs. By using this three- tiered framework, I will investigate the networking capacity and functions of the Coalition. The basic research question to be answered is: How does the CICC explain the role of NGOs as mediating agents between states and institutions within the context of contemporary global society? / Master of Arts

The concept of civil society has gained popularity among development organizations since the end of the cold war. Having a strong civil society is said to be an important foundation for democracy and even a necessity for an effective and prospering economy. This has resulted in large sums of money being funneled into programs meant to build civil society in developing countries and societies described as being in transition. Some scholars have argued that money intended to build civil society is being spent on programs that build on a top-down model. These scholars argue that a potentially valuable bottom-up model of civil society is often ignored or disrupted by donor organizations. I explore the validity of the idea of two models for civil society building within the context of case studies in Bulgaria. I further look into possibilities that a mix of the two models can occur between civil society organizations and also within them. This hybridization can give us potential solutions to the problems many scholars find with current donor practices. / Master of Arts

Human trafficking is the world’s fastest growing global crime, which finally gained its due attention in the late 1990s. This thesis provides a critique of governmental anti-human trafficking efforts, in particular the U.S. Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons Report. Additionally, this thesis focuses on Argentina and its federal capital, as a case study of the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of governmental reports on human trafficking, as well as the contributions made by non-governmental anti-human trafficking efforts. This thesis argues that due to many factors, government corruption being one of the main ones, it is important to be critical of state power and the knowledge it produces surrounding the issue of human trafficking. It is also crucial that governmental anti-human trafficking efforts strengthen coordination and increase collaboration with regional and local NGOs and other non-governmental anti-human trafficking efforts, in order to more effectively fight to eliminate this transnational and international crime.

This study examined economic and government policies of South Africa on the one hand and that of Cameroon on the other hand. The focus was on specific periods after democratisation of both countries. For South Africa from 1994-2004 and for Cameroon from 1992-2004. Their comparatives economic strength in the face of foreign direct investment flow and the impact of government in attracting foreign direct investment was measured.

Governmental accounting in Taiwan was framed under considerations of budgetary compliance, and law compliance rather than users¡¦ needs. The financial statement about governmental funds is organized based on separation guideline for fixed asset items. That means fixed assets are not listed on balance sheet in final accounting, but with the table of property contents. The Governmental Accounting Standard 10 accounting for long-term equity investments was issued by the Directorate-Generate of Budget, Accounting and Statistics of the Executive Yuan on 29 December , 2008. The accounting is totally different with the previous standards. The study is to work out the issues that may arise in implementing the Governmental Accounting Standard 10 . Since this standard hasn¡¦t been implemented yet, the study is a exploring research. A survey of 2 professors of Accounting and 6 governmental accountants , both are professional in governmental accounting, was made by in-depth interview to understand their opinions about implementing the Standard 10. The conclusions are as follows¡G a. The Directorate-Generate of Budget, Accounting and Statistics of the Executive Yuan could inform that the way to identify the fair value is following GAAP. And amend the accounting system on the basis of the standard 10, then the new GBA . b. Measure the initial cost of the long-term equity investment According to section 17 of the Standard when first implementing the standard. Before that, there must be someone and somehow to confirm each government holds 20% or more of an investee company¡¦s capital or stock with voting rights. c. The unrealized profit and losses from inter-transactions between an investor and investee being not eliminated doesn¡¦t affect the reporting of true government financial condition. d. If a governmental investor has significant influence over an investee and intends to continue its support for the investee, the recognized investment losses should still be limited to the extent that makes the book value of the long-term equity investment equal to zero. And disclosing the exceeding losses by footnote. The accounting report under this procedure is still able to report the true government financial condition. e. The accounting report is enough to provide the useful information of budgetary compliance before implementing the Standard 10. But it provides more useful information of assessing the government financial condition, evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness in performing the policy, and allocating the restricted resources appropriately after implementing the Standard 10. keyword¡Ggovernmental accounting, governmental accounting standards, long-term equity investments, government financial condition

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published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

This study examined economic and government policies of South Africa on the one hand and that of Cameroon on the other hand. The focus was on specific periods after democratisation of both countries. For South Africa from 1994-2004 and for Cameroon from 1992-2004. Their comparatives economic strength in the face of foreign direct investment flow and the impact of government in attracting foreign direct investment was measured.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 113-123).