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The target of this diploma thesis is the application of the external audit on the financial statement of the concrete accounting unit according to applicable audit regulations. In the first theoretical part I deal with the definition of audit, its functions, further legislation of audit in the Czech Republic and the auditing process. Literature has been the source of information for me. In the second practical part I focus on selected company. For my thesis I have chosen DUDÁK ? Měšťanský pivovar Strakonice, a.s. Next I focused on own implementation of auditing in the organization. I carried out the audit of financial statements for year 2011. The result of my work is to refer to facts that I evaluate as positive.

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A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar as teorias acerca do processo de auditoria e sua relação com a opinião expressa no relatório de auditoria. A associação estudada se diferencia de outros estudos no arcabouço teórico de auditoria, tanto no cenário nacional, quanto no cenário internacional, ao detectar a opinião esperada frente à qualidade da contabilidade da empresa e à qualidade vinculada à firma de auditoria, em métricas ex ante ao relatório da auditoria. O arcabouço teórico, base para esta pesquisa, é a teoria dos custos contratuais. O estudo detectou e explorou nos principais periódicos internacionais fatores determinantes a qualidade da auditoria ex ante, sendo detectado: (I) a reputação/competência do auditor, (II) a especialização do auditor, (III) o atraso na emissão do relatório de auditoria e (IV) o tamanho da firma de auditoria. O método estatístico identificado para averiguação e detecção do objetivo da pesquisa é a regressão logística binária. Procurando identificar anomalias do modelo, as técnicas de análise de clusters e análise multidimensional foram utilizadas para identificar possíveis relações entre os setores. As análises exploratórias demonstraram a separação dos setores em três clusters categorizados pelo acerto do modelo e, após, foram identificadas semelhanças dentre os setores nos grupos formados. O primeiro, dentre os clusters, possui mais setores e comportamento equivalente ao conjunto de empresas abertas brasileiras. Outro cluster, contendo companhias nos setores de Agro e Pesca, Química, Energia Elétrica, Mineração, Minerais não Metalúrgicos e Petróleo e Gás, possui particularidades à opinião do auditor independente, no comparativo à amostra. Neste grupo da amostra o modelo proposto não possui assertividade aos pareceres com modificação de opinião. O terceiro conjunto de setores é composto de empresas com alta quantidade de pareceres sem modificação de opinião, não havendo correlação à amostra estudada. A relação entre a qualidade da auditoria ex ante e a opinião do auditor independente também foi testada, a fim de se detectar os principais motivos de anomalia no modelo e a separação da amostra em subgrupos. Como resultado, identificou-se uma associação atemporal entre a opinião da auditoria e as métricas de qualidade da contabilidade e de qualidade da auditoria para as empresas abertas do Brasil. / The present research aims to analyze the theories of the audit process and its relation to the expressed opinion in the audit report. The studied association differs from other audit theoretical frameworks, both on the national and international scenarios, as detects the expected audit opinion against the quality of the entity accounting and the quality linked to the audit firm, in metrics ex ante to the audit report. The basis for this research is the theory of contract costs. The study discovered and explored in major international models determinants the quality of ex ante audit, being detected: (I) the reputation / auditor competence, (II) the specialization of the auditor, (III) the delay in the issuance of the audit report and (IV) the size of the audit firm. The statistical method identified for investigation and detection of the goal in the research is the binary logistic regression. Seeking to identify anomalies in the proposed model, the techniques of multidimensional analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify possible relationships between sectors. Exploratory analyzes showed the separation of sectors into three clusters categorized by accuracy of the proposed model and, after that, similarities were identified among the sectors in the formed groups. The first, between the clusters, has more sectors and has equivalent behavior to the group of Brazilian public-listed companies. Another cluster, including companies from different industries like Agro, Fishing, Chemical, Energy, Minerals not Metallurgical and oil and gas, hold particularities in the external audit opinion, in comparison to the sample. On this the group the proposed model does not hold assertiveness regarding reports with modified opinions. The third set of sectors comprises companies in which the audit reports without modified opinions, and has no correlation to the others. The relationship between ex ante audit quality and the auditor opinion was also tested, in order to detect the model unconformity and the segregation of the sample into subgroups. As a result, it was identified that there is association between the auditors\' opinion and the accounting quality metrics and quality regarding the public-listed companies in Brazil.

Issues related to the composition of audit committees have attracted significant interest from legislators and regulators in recent years. In my dissertation, I examine one overlooked component of audit committee composition – namely, the presence of female directors on the audit committee. I empirically test to see if there are any differences in the functioning of audit committee when there is at least one female director on the audit committee. My dissertation examines three issues: audit committee diligence, audit pricing and earnings management. The absence of females on corporate boards has become the focus of legislators in some countries. Prior research, in a variety of contexts, suggests that women are in general more conservative in their judgments and decisions. The first part of my dissertation empirically shows that the presence of at least one female director on the audit committee makes the audit committee have more meetings. The second essay empirically examines if there is a positive association between audit fees and the presence of female directors in the audit committee. I posit that having a female director on the audit committee will result in higher audit fees. I find no significant evidence to show that audit fees are higher when there is a female director on the audit committee. The third part of my dissertation empirically examines if there an association between the presence of a female director on the audit committee and earnings management. I find no significant evidence to show that the presence of female directors on the audit committee constrains earnings management. Overall, the results suggest that having a female on the audit committee changes the form – if not the substance – of audit committee functioning.

This dissertation explains principle of external and internal audit, their relation and differences between them. It focuses on specifics of internal audit in banking. Working of internal audit department is described in the end of the dissertation on the example of factual financial institution.

This diploma work desribes relation between external and internal audit. The theoretical part includes definitions of audit, types and targets of audit and cooperation between external and internal auditors. The diploma work focuses also on processes of external and internal audit. The last chapter of theoretical part describes the Sarbanes Oxley Act. The practical part narrates the theoretical knowledge on real example. For this part I choose outsourcing company Accenture Services, s.r.o.