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This research has evaluated the engineering behaviour of the tropical clay soils of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Attempts have been made to show the relationship of mineralogy and fabric with engineering properties. The engineering behaviour has been investigated by comparing the soil properties in a natural and destructured state at the same void ratio. Consolidation behaviour of the soils are discussed, based on oedometer and triaxial tests. Undrained and drained mechanical behaviour have been evaluated from triaxial tests in terms of stress-strain curves, stress paths, bonding effects, critical state conditions, stiffness and yielding behaviour. A framework for the tropical clay soils of Dhaka is presented. The tropical clay soils of Dhaka are intermediate to high plasticity inorganic clay. These soils are mainly composed of illite,. kaolinite, chlorite and some non clay minerals mainly quartz and feldspar. It was observed that these sods showed a random open microfabric of silt and clay. There was also some evidence that aluminosilicates, iron compounds and silica formed bonds between and within the grains. An apparent preconsolidation pressure of 170 kPa to 250 kPa was estimated for the natural soils, which is likely to be due to the bonded structure of the soils. The compressibility of the soil is very low to medium. The consolidation results are consistent with the mineralogy of the soils. It is established that the tropical clay soils of Dhaka are bonded. Bonding has an influence on the development of stress-strain and stiffness of these soils. Under undrained shearing, samples initially showed peak positive values of excess pore water pressure followed by negative values at higher strains due to the tendency of the samples to dilate. No negative pore water pressures were observed at high confining pressures. Only a few samples at low confining pressures reach the critical state at very large strains approximately in excess of 20%. High confining pressure samples may not have reached the critical state due to the formation of distinct shear surfaces. A significant difference between the natural and destructured failure surfaces was observed due to the presence of bonds in the natural soils. Differences in failure type were observed between the natural and destructured soils of three boreholes. It was observed that stiffness values gradually decreased with increasing strain. For the natural soils, two yield points could be identified at low confining pressures below the final yield. It was also observed that bond breakdown would occur in isotropic compression for tests at high confining pressures. At the final yield, the soil looses almost all of its stiffness due to bonding. After final yield, a soil’s behaviour is controlled only by friction. It was observed that three zones of behaviour could be identified for these soils in the stress space.

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Sabendo que as ações de tratamento e controle da tuberculose no Brasil estão inseridas no contexto da atenção primária à saúde, uma vez que é uma doença priorizada pelo Ministério da Saúde pelo considerável acometimento populacional e de fundamental relevância para a saúde pública, propôs-se analisar o vínculo no processo de atenção à TB no município de Ribeirão Preto no período de julho de 2006 a julho de 2007. Para o alcance do objetivo utilizou-se uma abordagem quantitativa, fundamentada na dimensão vínculo. Para a avaliação utilizaram-se indicadores construídos para o vínculo com base nos instrumentos de avaliação rápida da organização e desempenho dos serviços da APS. A população do estudo foi constituída por doentes de TB diagnosticados nos serviços públicos de saúde de Ribeirão Preto. Os dados foram armazenados em uma planilha eletrônica do Microsoft Office Excel 2003 e posteriormente foram transferidos para a tabela de entrada de dados do Software Statistica 7.0 da Statsoft. Foram construídas tabelas de freqüências para quantificar os resultados observados e verificar possíveis inconsistências no banco de dados, como erros na entrada de dados ou omissão de respostas. Para comparar as unidades quanto às variáveis, foi aplicada à análise de variância com o uso do teste F; às variáveis que satisfizeram as pressuposições de independência, homocedasticidade e normalidade foi realizado o Teste de Bartlett. Para as variáveis que apresentaram diferenças entre as unidades de saúde, foi realizado o teste de Tukey com correção para amostras de tamanhos diferentes. Para as análises que indicaram violação dos critérios para o uso da ANOVA foi utilizado o teste nãoparamétrico de Kruskall-Wallis,e as variáveis que apresentaram diferenças entre as unidades de saúde, foi realizado o teste de Dunn (z-prime), O nível de significância estatística adotado em todos os testes foi de 5% de probabilidade (Callegari-Jacques, 2003). Os entrevistados referem que são sempre atendidos pelo mesmo profissional durante as consultas (99%) e conseguem sanar dúvidas com o mesmo profissional (98%). O fato de a equipe ser fixa nos PCT facilita muito a questão do estabelecimento do vínculo, uma vez que o doente passa a ter um profissional como referência e procura este trabalhador para sanar dúvidas e falar de suas preocupações; nos ambulatórios A e B, uma grande porcentagem de entrevistados responderam que sempre/ quase sempre procuram o médico por outras necessidades, tais como cesta básica e vale transporte, 35% e 23% de cada ambulatório, respectivamente, Em três ambulatórios, A, B e C, mais de 60% dos doentes entrevistados de cada ambulatório, referiram nunca/ quase nunca procurar o enfermeiro; mais de 50% relatarem nunca/ quase nunca procurar o profissional auxiliar de enfermagem para outras necessidade; apenas no ambulatório D que 73% dos doentes procuram pelo auxiliar de enfermagem. Tais resultados já eram esperados em virtude de vários fatores do PCT: demanda espontânea - o doente, na maioria das vezes não depende da guia de referência de outra unidade para ser atendido; não há demora no atendimento ou espera para consultas; os resultados de exames são rápidos e a equipe é fixa. / Tuberculosis is a priority for the Brazilian Ministry of Health given its considerable impact on the population and great importance for public health. Aware its treatment and control actions have been inserted in the context of primary health care in Brazil, we proposed to analyze the establishment of bonding in the TB care process in Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, in the period of July, 2006 to July, 2007. A quantitative approach based on the dimension was used. Indicators were based on the instruments of quick evaluation of organization and performance of PHC services. The population under study was composed of TB patients diagnosed in the health public services of Ribeirão Preto. Data were kept in an electronic worksheet in the Microsoft Office Excel 2003 and then transferred to the Statistics 7.0 Statsoft. Frequency tables to quantify results observed and verify possible inconsistencies in the database such as, errors in data entry or missing answers, were used. In order to compare units regarding variables, analysis of variance and F test were performed. To those variables that met assumptions of independence, homoscedasticity and normality, Bartlett\'s test was applied. Tukey\'s test with correction for samples of different sizes was applied to those variables that presented differences between health units. For those analyses that indicated violation of criteria for the use of ANOVA, the non-parametric Kruskall-Wallis test was used and for those variables that presented differences between health units, the Dunn (z-prime) test was performed. In all tests, the level of statistical significance adopted was 5% (Callegari-Jacques, 2003). The interviewees reported that they are always attended by the same professional during appointments (99%) and are able to solve doubts with the same professional (98%). The fact the teams are the same in the TCP favors the establishment of bonding because the patient has a professional as reference and seek this person to clarify doubts and talk about concerns. A large percentage of the interviewees in the outpatients clinics A and B, reported they always/almost always seek for the doctor for other needs, such as basic food package and transport aid, 35% and 23% in each outpatient clinic, respectively. More than 60% of patients interviewed in the outpatients clinics A, B and C report never/almost never seek for the nurse, more than 50% of patients reported they never/almost never seek for the nursing auxiliary for other needs. Only in the clinic D, 73% of patients seek for the nursing auxiliary. Such results were expected due several PCT factors: spontaneous demand - the patient, most of the time, does not need to be refereed by another unit to be attended; there is no delay in attendance or for appointments; exams results are delivered fast and team is fixed.