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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Biocompatible plasmonic nanostructures for bio-imaging applications and novel functional plasmonic materials

Zhang, Ran 03 July 2018 (has links)
Our work addresses a novel biocompatible plasmon-enhanced nanostructure approach based on the combination of metal nanoparticles, light emitting polymer-based nanostructures, and scalable cellulose nanofiber templates via a one-step facile electrospinning process that can easily be applied to biomedical devices. In collaboration with the Team of Prof. Lee Goldstein in the Boston University medical campus, we demonstrated light emission from small-size (below 200nm) polymer nanoparticles coupled to plasmonic nanoparticles and to light-emitting biocompatible molecules. In order to fully demonstrate the potential of our novel plasmonic nanostructures we developed Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reagent doped Polycaprolactone (Core)-Polyethylene glycol (shell) core-shell nanoparticles and studied their size distribution and dispersion properties in a phosphate buffered saline solution. Our materials were optimized in order to obtain no aggregation of the nanoparticles in solution. The presence of MRI reagent in nanoparticles were demonstrated via Inversion Recovery Sequences (IR) by characterizing the different T1 relaxation times. The concentration of Gd in the nanoparticles dispersion was estimated with different dilution of Gd commercial reagent as a reference. In addition, we combined facile electrospinning fabrication with top down nano-deposition and demonstrated a novel and scalable plasmonic resonant medium for rapid and reliable Raman scattering sensing of molecular monolayers and bacteria. Specifically, aided by PCA multivariate data analysis techniques, we demonstrated fingerprinting Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectra of different bacteria strains (E. Coli K12, E. coli BL21 (DE3) and E. coli DH 5α) entrapped in our novel plasmonic networks. Finally, in this thesis we have also addressed the development of novel, Si-compatible and largely tunable plasmonic materials for biosensing applications in the mid-infrared spectral range and developed a novel type of transparent conductive oxide based on the Indium Silicon Oxide (ISO) material (Indium Silicon Oxide) that features enhanced surface smoothness and thermal stability compared to Indium tin oxide (ITO) and Titanium nitride (TiN) alternative plasmonic materials. In collaboration with our collaborators at Columbia University, we demonstrated the tunability of near-field plasmonic resonances from 1.8 to 5.0 μm as a function of different annealing temperature. This work provides an enabling first-step towards the development of novel Si-compatible materials with tunable plasmon resonances for metamaterials and sensing devices that operate across the infrared spectrum. / 2019-07-02T00:00:00Z
32

Colloidal PbS and PbS/CdS Core/Shell Nanosheets

Khan, Simeen 23 November 2015 (has links)
No description available.
33

Cooperative Electrostatic Polymer-Antibiotic Nanoplexes

Vadala, Timothy Patrick 24 June 2010 (has links)
Many pathogenic bacteria can enter phagocytic cells and replicate in them, and these intracellular bacteria are difficult to treat because the recommended antibiotics do not transport into the cells efficiently. Examples include food-borne bacteria such as Salmonella and Listeria as well as more toxic bacteria such as Brucella and the Mycobacteria that lead to tuberculosis. Current treatments utilize aminoglycoside antibiotics that are polar and positively charged and such drugs do not enter the cells in sufficient concentrations to eradicate the intracellular infections. We have developed core-shell polymeric drug delivery vehicles containing gentamicin to potentially overcome this challenge. Pentablock and diblock copolymers comprised of amphiphilic nonionic polyether blocks and anionic poly(sodium acrylate) blocks have been complexed with the cationic aminoglycoside gentamicin. The electrostatic interaction between the anionic polyacrylates and the cationic aminoglycosides form the cores of the nanoplexes, while the amphiphilic nature of the polyethers stabilize their dispersion in physiological media. The amphiphilic nature of the polyethers in the outer shell aid in interaction of the nanoplexes with extra- and intra-cellular components and help to protect the electrostatic core from any physiological media. This thesis investigates the electrostatic cooperativity between the anionic polyacrylates and cationic aminoglycosides and evaluated the release rates of gentamicin as a function of pH. / Master of Science
34

Partículas e Aerogéis nanoestruturados de SiO2/TiO2 e SiO2/TiO2-Azul da Prússia para aplicação em fotocatálise heterogênea / SiO2/TiO2 and SiO2/TiO2-Prussian Blue nanostructured particles and aerogels for application in heterogeneous photocatalysis

Ferreira Neto, Elias Paiva 21 May 2018 (has links)
Apesar de a fotocatálise heterogênea ser reconhecida como uma abordagem promissora e sustentável para promover processos de remediação ambiental, aplicações práticas de processos fotocatalíticos ainda são muito limitadas devido à baixa eficiência dos fotocatalisadores existentes. Neste contexto, a pesquisa na interface Química/Ciência dos Materiais é de grande relevância para o desenvolvimento de rotas sintéticas que permitam a obtenção e o controle das propriedades de novos fotocatalisadores multi-componentes visando desempenho fotocatalítico aprimorado. Os trabalhos descritos nesta tese abordam rotas sintéticas desenvolvidas ou aprimoradas para preparação de partículas e aerogéis nanoestruturados baseados na incorporação do fotocatalisador de alta atividade TiO2 em escala nanométrica junto à estruturas de sílica, que atuam como suporte estrutural de alta estabilidade térmica. Adicionalmente, os materiais sintetizados foram modificados com o hexacianometalato Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, o Azul da Prússia (PB) como tentativa para aumento do desempenho fotocatalítico em reações de redução. A caracterização detalhada dos materiais foi realizada por amplo conjunto de técnicas visando correlacionar atividade fotocatalítica com propriedades físicas e estruturais. Na primeira etapa do trabalho partículas core-shell SiO2@TiO2 foram preparadas pela adsorção e hidrólise controlada do precursor Isopropóxido de Titânio na superfície de partículas submicrométricas de sílica. Variando a composição do solvente (razão isopropanol/etanol) foi possível controlar a cinética de deposição do TiO2, levando à controle sobre composição e morfologia das partículas SiO2@TiO2 sintetizadas. Este material apresentou eficiência de fotodegradação do corante Cristal Violeta superior a do TiO2 não-suportado, assim como elevada estabilidade térmica devido à formação de ligações interfaciais Si-O-Ti. Em uma segunda etapa, novas rotas de preparação de aerogéis de sílica-titânia foram desenvolvidas empregando TiCl4 como precursor alternativo aos alcóxidos de titânio e processamento dos materiais por secagem em CO2 supercrítico. Explorou-se a reação de termo-hidrólise do TiCl4 para promover a deposição termo-induzida de titania em géis monolíticos de sílica, bem como o método de gelificação assistida por epóxido para formação de rede tridimensional porosa de titânia ao redor de partículas de aerogel de sílica, levando à preparação de aerogéis core-shell SiO2@TiO2 e aerogéis nanocompósitos SiO2/TiO2, respectivamente. A estrutura mesoporosa robusta dos aerogéis e a capacidade da sílica de inibir a transformação de fase anatase-rutilo se refletiram em um aumento de atividade fotocatalítica com o aumento da temperatura de calcinação, sendo que os aerogéis de sílica-titânia tratados a 1000ºC apresentaram eficiência fotocatalítica superiores a dos aerogéis de titânia pura e do fotocatalisador comercial P25. Na parte final do trabalho, as partículas e aerogéis de SiO2/TiO2 e TiO2 foram modificados adicionalmente com o PB e com PB/MoS2 por métodos de fotodeposição. Demonstrou-se que o PB pode atuar como co-catalisador na reação de redução fotocatalítica de espécie altamente tóxicas de Cr(VI) em compostos não tóxicos de Cr(III), aumentando substancialmente a eficiência dos materiais baseados em TiO2 sobre radiação UV. Finalmente, a modificação concomitante dos fotocatalisadores com PB e o semicondutor MoS2 levam a aumento sinérgico de atividade redução fotocatalítica de Cr(VI) também sob luz visível. Os materiais desenvolvidos neste trabalho apresentam interessante potencial para aplicações em processos de remediação ambiental e desenvolvimento de revestimentos cerâmicos auto-limpantes. / Despite its potential as a promising and sustainable approach for environmental remediation, heterogeneous photocatalysis still has limited practical applicability due to the low efficiency of the existing photocatalysts. In this context, research on the Chemistry/Materials Science interface is of utmost importance for the development of synthetic routes that allow preparation of novel multi-component photocatalysts with controlled properties and enhanced photocatalytic performance. The studies reported in this thesis describe newly developed or improved synthetic routes for the preparation of nanostructured photocatalysts in the form of particles and aerogels through incorporation of highly photoactive TiO2 nanoparticles in silica materials as thermally stable structural supports. Additionally, the prepared silica-titania photocatalysts were further modified with Prussian Blue (PB), hexacyanometallate Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, in order to enhance the efficiency of photocatalytic reduction reactions. In order to correlate the observed photocatalytic performance with the physical/structural properties of the photocatalysts, the prepared photocatalysts were characterized using an array of complimentary techniques. In the first part of the study, core-shell SiO2@TiO2 particles were prepared by the adsorption and controlled hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide precursor on the surface of submicron silica particles. The rate of titania deposition and the resultant particle morphology as well as TiO2 loading could be effectively controlled by changing solvent composition (isopropanol/ethanol ratio). The prepared SiO2@TiO2 core-shell particles showed superior performance for crystal violet dye photodegradation as compared to unsupported TiO2, in addition to their improved thermal stability due to the formation of Si-O-Ti interfacial bonds. In the second part of thesis, new synthetic routes were developed for the preparation of high surface area silica-titania aerogels employing TiCl4 as an alternative titania precursor. We explored the thermohydrolysis of TiCl4 to promote thermo-induced deposition of titania on silica monolithic gels and epoxide-assisted gelation method for formation of titania gel network around silica aerogel particles, thus yielding SiO2@TiO2 core-shell and SiO2/TiO2 composite aerogels, respectively. The prepared silica-titania aerogels displayed remarkable physical properties, including high surface area, large pore volume and outstanding thermal stability of the supported anatase nanoparticles. The robust thermally stable mesoporous structure of the prepared aerogels, coupled with the ability of silica to inhibit anatase-to-rutile transformation, led to the enhancement of photocatalytic activity with an increase in annealing temperature to as high as 1000 ºC. In fact, the photocatalytic activity of silica-titania aerogels annealed at 1000 ºC outperforms that of both pristine titania aerogels and Degussa P25 commercial photocatalyst. In the final part of the study, the prepared TiO2-based particles and aerogels were further modified with PB and PB/MoS2 by photodeposition method. We could demonstrate that PB can act as an efficient co-catalyst for the photocatalytic reduction of highly toxic Cr(VI) species to the non-toxic Cr(III), thus largely improving the photocatalytic performance of TiO2-based photocatalysts under UV illumination. Finally, simultaneous modification of the titania-based photocatalysts with both PB and the visible-light active semiconductor MoS2 lead to a synergistic enhancement of photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) under visible-light as well. The photocatalytic materials developed in this study may find useful application in many areas such as environmental remediation, wastewater purification and the development of self-cleaning ceramic coatings.
35

Síntese e estudo da atividade eletrocatalítica de nanopartículas com estruturas do tipo Core-Shell e Hollow para a redução de O2 / Synthesis and study of core-shell and nanoparticle electrocatalysts for the O2 reduction reaction

Oliveira, Francisca Elenice Rodrigues de 12 March 2012 (has links)
A reação de redução de oxigênio (RRO) foi estudada em eletrocatalisadores com estruturas do tipo core-shell formadas por monocamadas de Pt depositadas sobre nanopartículas a base de Au e Pd, e estruturas hollow formadas de Pt. As nanopartículas core-shell foram sintetizadas por deposição em regime de subtensão utilizando-se substratos de Au e Pd. As estruturas hollow foram preparadas a partir de nanopartículas core-shell de Pt sobre Ni ou Co, seguido por ciclagem eletroquímica em eletrólito ácido. Os eletrocatalisadores foram caracterizados utilizando-se as técnicas de Energia Dispersiva, Difração e Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios X e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão. Os testes eletroquímicos foram feitos voltametria cíclica e curvas de polarização em eletrodo rotatório. Os catalisadores do tipo core-shell mostraram uma alta atividade para a RRO, o que foi associado a mudanças nas propriedades eletrônicas e geométricas da Pt, causadas pela presença dos átomos de Au e Pd, que conduzem a uma menor força de adsorção Pt-O. Neste caso, temos um melhor balanço de reatividade para as tendências opostas de quebra e formação de ligações nos intermediários reacionais adsorvidos na superficie do eletrocatalisador. As nanopartículas de Pt hollow apresentaram maior atividade que o electrocalisador de Pt/C. Isto foi atribuído aos fenômenos de contração da rede cristalina e abaixamento do centro de banda d da Pt devido à ligação da Pt com Ni ou Co remanescente na partícula. Estas estruturas mostraram que é possível o desenvolvimento de eletrocalisadores com baixa carga de platina, mas com atividade superior ao do material no estado-da-arte de Pt/C, através de modificações na estrutura e composição da nanopartícula. / The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied on eletrocatalysts with core-shell structures formed by Pt monolayers deposited on Au and Pd, and by hollow strutures of Pt. The core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized by the Under Potention Deposition technique, using Au and Pd as substrates. The hollow structures were prepared starting foram core-shell nanoparticles of Pt deposited on Ni or Co, followed by electrochemical cycling in acid media. The eletrocatalysts were characterized using techniques of X Ray Diffration, Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy, X Ray Absorpion Spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The electrochemical tests were cyclic voltammetry, and polarization curves with rotating disk electrode. The core-shell electrocatalysts howed high activity for the ORR, this increase being associated with changes in the geometric and electronic properties of Pt, caused by the presence of Au and Pd atoms, leading to a lower adsorpion strength of Pt-O. This effect conducts to a better balance of reactivity for the two opposing tendencies of breaking and bond formation in the reaction intermediates adsorbed on the catalyst surface. The Pt hollow nanoparticles showed higher activity in relation to that of Pt/C, which was attributed to the effects of contraction of the Pt lattice and the Pt electronic strutucture modification, which results ind down-shift of the Pt d-band center, leading to a lower Pt-O adsorption strength. This work has demonstrated that it is possible to design electrocatalyst structures with low Pt loading, but with higher electrocatalytic activity compared to that of the state-of-the-art Pt/C material, using changes in the nanoparticle structure and composition.
36

SÍNTESE E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE UM SISTEMA NANOESTRUTURADO DO TIPO CORE-SHELL TiO2 /SiO2/ZnO PARA PROTETOR SOLAR

Pinton, Andriéle Pinheiro 31 August 2017 (has links)
Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-17T20:02:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_AndrielePinheiroPinton.pdf: 1291981 bytes, checksum: c40e7459cec53dc76ef79d6ab4c4e093 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T20:02:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_AndrielePinheiroPinton.pdf: 1291981 bytes, checksum: c40e7459cec53dc76ef79d6ab4c4e093 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Human skin is constantly exposed to the harmful effects of solar radiation due to the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and skin cancer is more frequent in Brazil. Another effect caused by excess sun exposure besides skin cancer is photoaging which motivates the population to use sunscreens. Sunscreens can be classified into chemical (organic) filters and/or physical (inorganic) filters. Physical UV filters are filters containing a broad spectrum that absorb, reflect and disperse UV light so they have a wider range of protection. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, classified as inert particles, are singled out as the best way to protect the skin against the harmful effects of ultraviolet UVB and UVA radiation, respectively. One of the disadvantages of these constituents is that they have white coloration on the skin, decreasing its acceptability. With the use of nanotechnology, they allow the product to form a more transparent film possible on the skin thus increasing its acceptability. In this work, the physico-chemical characteristics and the ability to form a core-shell system between TiO2 and ZnO were constructed and evaluated by constructing a nanostructured system for the absorption and scattering of UV radiation. Samples of titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide coated with silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and zinc, zinc oxide and the TiO2 / SiO2/ZnO compound were synthesized. The analysis of X-ray diffraction that allowed the observation of the crystalline phase of the oxides, was used the UV/VIS spectrophotometry to analyze in which UV/VIS region the oxides are absorbing, the diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry technique in which it was observed The region in which TiO2 and TiO2/SiO2, defining the SiO2 critical thickness, and the transmission electron microscopy for visualization of the TiO2 and TiO2/SiO2layers. The studies were complemented with the evaluation of the photostability of the materials. The material is promising for an effective and safe sunscreen, whereby toxicity testing as well as assessing the permeation profile are required. / A pele está em constante exposição aos efeitos nocivos das radiações solares devido a presença de radiação ultravioleta (UV), sendo o câncer de pele muito frequente no Brasil. Outro efeito causado pelo excesso de exposição solar além do câncer de pele é o fotoenvelhecimento o que motiva a população a utilizar protetores solares. Os filtros solares podem ser classificados em filtros químicos (orgânicos) e/ou filtros físicos (inorgânicos). Os filtros UV físicos são filtros contendo um amplo espectro que absorvem, refletem e dispersam a luz UV por isso têm uma gama mais ampla de proteção. O dióxido de titânio e o óxido de zinco, classificados como partículas inertes, são apontados como a melhor maneira de proteger a pele contra os efeitos nocivos das radiações UVB e UVA, respectivamente. Uma das desvantagens destes constituintes é que apresentam coloração branca sobre a pele, diminuindo sua aceitabilidade. Com o auxílio da nanotecnologia, é possível que o produto forme uma película mais transparente sobre a pele aumentando assim sua aceitabilidade. Nesse trabalho, foram produzidos e avaliados as características físico-químicas e a capacidade de formação de um sistema core-shell entre TiO2 e ZnO, construindo um sistema nanoestruturado para a absorção e espalhamento da radiação UV. Foram preparadas amostras de dióxido de titânio, dióxido de titânio recoberto com dióxido de silício, óxido de zinco, dióxido de titânio e zinco, óxido de zinco e o composto TiO2/SiO2/ZnO. As análises de difratometria de raios X que permitiram a observação da fase cristalina dos óxidos. Além disso empregou-se a espectrofotometria no UV/VIS para analisar em qual região UV/VIS que os óxidos estão absorvendo, enquanto que a técnica de espectrofotometria de reflectância difusa em que foi utilizada para observar a região em que o TiO2 e TiO2 SiO2 absorvem, definindo a espessura crítica de SiO2. Ainda, e a microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foi utilizada para a visualização das camadas de TiO2 e TiO2 SiO2. Os estudos foram complementados com a avaliação da fotoestabilidade dos materiais. O material é promissor para a preparação de um filtro solar eficaz e seguro, sendo necessária para essa condição a realização de testes de toxicidade, bem como avaliar o perfil de permeação.
37

Síntese e estudo da atividade eletrocatalítica de nanopartículas com estruturas do tipo Core-Shell e Hollow para a redução de O2 / Synthesis and study of core-shell and nanoparticle electrocatalysts for the O2 reduction reaction

Francisca Elenice Rodrigues de Oliveira 12 March 2012 (has links)
A reação de redução de oxigênio (RRO) foi estudada em eletrocatalisadores com estruturas do tipo core-shell formadas por monocamadas de Pt depositadas sobre nanopartículas a base de Au e Pd, e estruturas hollow formadas de Pt. As nanopartículas core-shell foram sintetizadas por deposição em regime de subtensão utilizando-se substratos de Au e Pd. As estruturas hollow foram preparadas a partir de nanopartículas core-shell de Pt sobre Ni ou Co, seguido por ciclagem eletroquímica em eletrólito ácido. Os eletrocatalisadores foram caracterizados utilizando-se as técnicas de Energia Dispersiva, Difração e Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios X e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão. Os testes eletroquímicos foram feitos voltametria cíclica e curvas de polarização em eletrodo rotatório. Os catalisadores do tipo core-shell mostraram uma alta atividade para a RRO, o que foi associado a mudanças nas propriedades eletrônicas e geométricas da Pt, causadas pela presença dos átomos de Au e Pd, que conduzem a uma menor força de adsorção Pt-O. Neste caso, temos um melhor balanço de reatividade para as tendências opostas de quebra e formação de ligações nos intermediários reacionais adsorvidos na superficie do eletrocatalisador. As nanopartículas de Pt hollow apresentaram maior atividade que o electrocalisador de Pt/C. Isto foi atribuído aos fenômenos de contração da rede cristalina e abaixamento do centro de banda d da Pt devido à ligação da Pt com Ni ou Co remanescente na partícula. Estas estruturas mostraram que é possível o desenvolvimento de eletrocalisadores com baixa carga de platina, mas com atividade superior ao do material no estado-da-arte de Pt/C, através de modificações na estrutura e composição da nanopartícula. / The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied on eletrocatalysts with core-shell structures formed by Pt monolayers deposited on Au and Pd, and by hollow strutures of Pt. The core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized by the Under Potention Deposition technique, using Au and Pd as substrates. The hollow structures were prepared starting foram core-shell nanoparticles of Pt deposited on Ni or Co, followed by electrochemical cycling in acid media. The eletrocatalysts were characterized using techniques of X Ray Diffration, Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy, X Ray Absorpion Spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The electrochemical tests were cyclic voltammetry, and polarization curves with rotating disk electrode. The core-shell electrocatalysts howed high activity for the ORR, this increase being associated with changes in the geometric and electronic properties of Pt, caused by the presence of Au and Pd atoms, leading to a lower adsorpion strength of Pt-O. This effect conducts to a better balance of reactivity for the two opposing tendencies of breaking and bond formation in the reaction intermediates adsorbed on the catalyst surface. The Pt hollow nanoparticles showed higher activity in relation to that of Pt/C, which was attributed to the effects of contraction of the Pt lattice and the Pt electronic strutucture modification, which results ind down-shift of the Pt d-band center, leading to a lower Pt-O adsorption strength. This work has demonstrated that it is possible to design electrocatalyst structures with low Pt loading, but with higher electrocatalytic activity compared to that of the state-of-the-art Pt/C material, using changes in the nanoparticle structure and composition.
38

Vývoj mikrostruktury pokročilých oxidových keramických materiálů při rychlém slinování / The microstructure evaluation of advanced oxide ceramics during fast sintering

Prajzler, Vladimír January 2017 (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with influence of fast pressure-less sintering on the microstructure of advanced ceramic materials, namely -Al2O3 and tetragonal ZrO2 (doped by 3 mol% Y2O3) with particle sizes ranging from 60 nm to 270 nm. Fast and controlled heating rate was enabled by utilization of the special superkanthal furnace with moving sample holder. Defect-free bulk and dense samples were prepared using heating rates in order of 100-200 °C/min. Higher densities reached the samples pressed by higher pressures; the specimens with densities higher than 99 % t.d. were prepared within tens of minutes for alumina as well as for zirconia with very low thermal conductivity. Different behavior was observed only for material TZ-3Y, which exhibited core-shell structure with dense surface and porous centre after sintering at heating rates higher than 10 °C/min. It was shown in this work that such behavior was not primarily caused by the high thermal gradient resulting from high heating rates. Its creation was probably caused by chlorine impurities. The mechanism of desintering of these samples was described and eliminated by calcination of the samples at 1000 °C for 10 hours prior to fast sintering at 1500 °C, so even this material could be fast sintered up to 99.9 % theoretical density.
39

Polymerní materiály pro řízenou administraci léčiv a řízené uvolňování aktivních látek / Polymeric Materials for the Controlled Drug Delivery and Controlled Release of Active Substances

Chamradová, Ivana January 2015 (has links)
Literární rešerše předložené dizertační práce shrnuje poznatky jak o současně používaných biomateriálech, tak i o tzv. „chytrých“ biomedicínských materiálech mezi které patří termocitlivé kopolymery. Mezi tyto kopolymery, jejichž vodné roztoky gelují při teplotě lidského těla (37 °C), řadíme amfifilní triblokové kopolymery skládající se z hydrofobního laktidu, glykolidu a hydrofilního polyethylen glykolu (PLGA PEG PLGA). Komerčně dostupné termocitlivé kopolymery známé pod názvem ReGel or OncoGel jsou v současné době využívány jako injekčně aplikovatelné nosiče s postupným uvolňováním léčiv, zejména při léčbě cukrovky nebo onkologického onemocnění. Nicméně PLGA PEG PLGA triblokový kopolymer může být použit I jako polymerní nosič anorganického léčiva případně jako biodegradabilní implantát v dentálních či ortopedickýchých aplikacích. Z toho důvodu byl vybrán anorganický biokompatibilní hydroxyapatit (HAp) pro své majoritní zastoupení v tvrdých tkáních. Experimentální část je zaměřena na přípravu HAp/PLGA PEG PLGA kompozitů, ve kterých je HAp buď ve formě nano- (n-HAp) nebo „core-shell“ částic (CS). Nové CS částice, připravené dvouemulzní metodou, jsou složeny z „tuhého“ HAp jádra obaleného termocitlivým kopolymerem, který je navíc funkcionalizován kyselinou itakonovou (ITA/PLGA PEG PLGA/ITA). Funkcionalizace pomocí ITA vnáší do původní struktury kopolymeru jak síťovatelné dvojné vazby, tak i koncové karboxylové skupiny. Volné karboxylové skupiny na koncích ITA/PLGA PEG PLGA/ITA kopolymerního obalu byly dále zesíťovány za vzniku 3D chemické sítě (CS-x), jejíž životnost je řízena a kontrolována. ATR-FTIR spektroskopie prokázala přítomnost „nových“ esterových vazeb vzniklých karbodiimidovou reakcí –OH a –COOH skupin, kterým náleží adsorpční pásy ve vlnové délce 1021 cm-1.. n-HAp a CS-x částice byly přidány do kopolymerní termocitlivé matrice (PLGA PEG PLGA) za účelem charakterizace jejich reologického chování. Bylo zjištěno, že pokud bylo do polymerní matrice přidáno méně než 10 hm. % CS-x částic a jen 5 hm.% n-HAp kompozit si zachoval své termocitlivé vlastnosti. Na druhou stranu, přídavek vyššího množství HAp částic do polymerní matrice zajistil změnu vodného polymerního solu v permanentní gel při teplotě nad 37 °C. Analýza ICP-OES prokázala rychlejší uvolňování CS-x částic z 10 hm/obj. % PLGA PEG PLGA polymerní matrice do inkubačního média (6 % 9. den) než tomu bylo u n-HAp částic (jen 3 %), které jsou vázány více v micelární struktuře kopolymeru. Proto, kompozit na bázi n-HAP částic tvořící tuhý trvalý gel při tělesné teplotě, je vhodný více jako biologicky rozložitelné kostní lepidlo, zatímco kompozit z CS-x částic a termocitlivého kopolymeru je vhodný jako nosič léčiv pro injekční aplikace.
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Synthesis and Characterization of Reactive Core-Shell Nanoparticles

Schwarb, Ryan Evan 11 May 2012 (has links)
No description available.

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