This master's thesis deals with the principles of solidarity and equivalence in the Czech pension system, analyzes all the factors which affect the level of equivalence and examines their current settings in the pension system of the Czech Republic. Although there are many variables, that play an important role in the system, salary reduction limits seems to be the most important one. Therefore, great attention is paid to this topic -- the impact of the reduction limits during the pension benefits calculation under the various income groups. In recent years there have been implemented several reforms of the system, but the equivalence is still very low after all. While the standard of living of low-income people after retirement remains the same or even increases, the standard of living of middle- and higher-income groups decreases enormously. The thesis continuously evaluates the economic impact of individual actions and parametric reforms on different income groups and on this basis suggests possible changes and solutions that should lead to higher equivalence of the pension systém.

We consider right modules over a ring, as models of a first order theory. We explorethe definable sets and the definable bijections between them. We employ the notionsof Euler characteristic and Grothendieck ring for a first order structure, introduced byJ. Krajicek and T. Scanlon in [24]. The Grothendieck ring is an algebraic structurethat captures certain properties of a model and its category of definable sets.If M is a module over a product of rings A and B, then M has a decomposition into a direct sum of an A-module and a B-module. Theorem 3.5.1 states that then the Grothendieck ring of M is the tensor product of the Grothendieck rings of the summands.Theorem 4.3.1 states that the Grothendieck ring of every infinite module over afield or skew field is isomorphic to Z[X].Proposition 5.2.4 states that for an elementary extension of models of anytheory, the elementary embedding induces an embedding of the corresponding Grothendieck rings. Theorem 5.3.1 is that for an elementary embedding of modules, we have the stronger result that the embedding induces an isomorphism of Grothendieck rings.We define a model-theoretic Grothendieck ring of the category Mod-R and explorethe relationship between this ring and the Grothendieck rings of general right R-modules. The category of pp-imaginaries, shown by K. Burke in [7] to be equivalentto the subcategory of finitely presented functors in (mod-R; Ab), provides a functorial approach to studying the generators of theGrothendieck rings of R-modules. It is shown in Theorem 6.3.5 that whenever R andS are Morita equivalent rings, the rings Grothendieck rings of the module categories Mod-R and Mod-S are isomorphic.Combining results from previous chapters, we derive Theorem 7.2.1 saying that theGrothendieck ring of any module over a semisimple ring is isomorphic to a polynomialring Z[X1,...,Xn] for some n.

This thesis analyses the rates of solidarity and equivalence in the social security system of the Czech Republic. The main subjects of the thesis are contributions paid to the social security system by its participants and merit benefits such as sickness benefits, unemployment benefits, and pensions belonging to the insured persons from the system. The main aim is to compare the amount of contributions paid into the system of pension insurance, sickness insurance and state employment policies to the merit benefits received by employees and self-employed from the system, as well as evaluate the rate of solidarity and equiva-lence between different groups of participants.

For most of the 20th century the dominant aim of Swedish educational policy was an integrated public school system under national state control. During the post-war era (1945–1989) this policy led to Sweden having one of the most centralized and integrated school systems in the world. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, there was a profound change in Swedish education policy towards decentralization, deregulation and marketization of the school system. The aim of this thesis is to provide a deeper understanding of the nature and causes of this shift in education policy. The thesis draws from a theoretical framework consisting of Critical Realism, curriculum theory and Neo-Marxism. From a Neo- Marxist perspective the configuration of state education policy is understood as a dominant education ideology. The empirical material consists of state policy documents which are understood as an expression of the dominant education ideology in society. The results indicate a shift in the dominant education ideology in Sweden between 1969 and – 1999: from an emphasis on state governance and goals of equivalence, equality and participation in the school system during the 1970s, towards increasing skepticism regarding state regulation and an emphasis on decentralization and aims to increase parental and pupil influence in the school system during the 1980s, to a dominance of private influence via school choice and competition in the school system during the 1990s. From a theoretical perspective consisting of Critical Realism and curriculum theory, this shift in education policy and restructuring of the school system is understood in relation to economic crises, a rightward shift in politics and the dominance of neoliberal ideas in Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s.

College students were exposed to training designed to teach nine simple discriminations, such that sets of three arbitrary visual stimuli acquired common functions. For seven of eight participants, three 3-member contingency classes resulted. When the same stimuli were presented in a match-to-sample procedure under test conditions, four participants demonstrated equivalence-consistent responding, matching all stimuli from the same contingency class. Test performance for two participants was systematically controlled by other variables, and for a final participant was unsystematic. Exposure to a yes/no test yielded equivalence-consistent performance for one participant where the match-to-sample test had not. Implications for the treatment of equivalence as a unified, integrated phenomenon are discussed.

Training structures have been defined as the order and arrangement of baseline conditional discriminations within stimulus equivalence training. The three training structures most often used are, linear (trains A:B and B:C discrimination), many-to-one (trains B:A and C:A discriminations) , and one-to-many (trains A:B and A:C discriminations). Each training structure trains a different set of simultaneous and successive discriminations that are then needed in the test for derived relations (symmetry, reflexivity, transitivity, and symmetrical transitivity). The present experiment seeks to extend the research on stimulus equivalence training structures by using a within-subject design and adult human subjects. Three sets of 9 arbitrary stimuli were trained concurrently each with a different training structure. From the beginning, training and testing trials were intermixed. The likelihood of producing stimulus equivalence formation was equal across structures.

We examined the claim that equivalence classes contain all positive elements in a reinforcement contingency by asking whether negative stimuli in a reinforcement contingency will also form an equivalence class, based on their shared function as S-minus stimuli. In Experiment 1, 5 subjects were tested for equivalence for positive and negative stimuli. Testing of positive stimuli preceded testing of negative stimuli. Two of five subjects demonstrated equivalence for positive stimuli, and three subjects demonstrated equivalence for negative stimuli. In Experiment 2, order of testing was reversed. Four of six subjects demonstrated equivalence for positive stimuli, and none demonstrated equivalence for negative stimuli. In Experiment 3, positive and negative stimuli were tested together. Only one of five subject demonstrated equivalence for positive and negative stimuli. These data suggest that negative stimuli may enter an equivalence class, and so Sidman paradigm should be expanded. Order of testing was found as a meaningful variable.

Despite the central importance of conditional discriminations to the derivation of equivalence relations, there is little research relating the dynamics of conditional discrimination learning to the derivation of equivalence relations. Prior research has shown that conditional discriminations with simple sample and comparison stimuli are acquired faster than conditional discriminations with complex sample and comparison stimuli. This study attempted to replicate these earlier results and extend them by attempting to relate conditional discrimination learning to equivalence relations. Each of four adult humans learned four, four-choice conditional discriminations (simple-simple, simple-complex, complex-simple, and complex-complex) and were tested to see if equivalence relations had developed. The results confirm earlier findings showing acquisition to be facilitated with simple stimuli and retarded with complex stimuli. There was no difference in outcomes on equivalence tests, however. The results are in implicit agreement with Sidman's theory of stimulus equivalence.

Orientador: Claudio Francisco Tormena / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T08:19:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sousa_RaphaelBellisde_M.pdf: 14524132 bytes, checksum: bd1305cbf90d194fc8c10bc82ddba77a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Sabe-se que em sistemas do tipo A-CH2-B, onde A é um átomo (halogênio) ou grupo de átomos simétrico (CH3) e B é um grupo em que há ausência de simetria, os hidrogênios metilênicos (CH2), na maioria dos casos apresentam não-equivalência química, que significa dizer que os hidrogênios apresentam diferentes deslocamentos químicos. Dentre os inúmeros fatores que são considerados na interpretação de um espectro de RMN de H, a equivalência ou não-equivalência química dos hidrogênios metilênicos dos haloacetatos de 1-feniletila e de 2-fenilpropila está sendo abordada. Os sinais dos átomos de hidrogênios do grupo CH2X apresentaram um sistema de spin de segunda ordem AB para os compostos estudados, com exceção do iodoacetato de 2-fenilpropila, que tiveram deslocamentos químicos idênticos em solventes polares e apolares, como um sistema de spin A2. Cálculos teóricos de otimização estrutural possibilitaram encontrar as estruturas conformacionais mais estáveis para cada um dos compostos em estudo considerando o efeito do substituinte e do solvente, bem como avaliar quais fatores são responsáveis pelo comportamento observado. A espectroscopia no infravermelho foi fundamental para determinar o número de conformações presentes em solução. Para avaliar o efeito da distância entre o grupo CH2X e o centro assimétrico, foi estudado o cloroacetato de 3-fenilbutila. No caso do cloroacetato de sec-butila foi avaliado o efeito do grupo fenila sobre a não-equivalência química observada do grupo CH2X. Os resultados mostram que a não-equivalência química para hidrogênios metilênicos do grupo CH2X não dependem da distância entre esse grupo e o centro assimétrico, mas sim da conformação adotada pelo heteroátomo em relação ao grupo carbonila. / Abstract: It is known that in systems of the type A-CH2-B, where X is an atom (halogen) or group of atoms symmetrical (CH3) and Y is a group which has no symmetry plane, the methylene hydrogens (CH2), are in the most cases chemically nonequivalent, which means that the hydrogens present different chemical shifts. Among the many factors that are considered when interpreting a H NMR spectrum, the chemical equivalence or nonequivalence for the methylene hydrogens of the haloacetates of 1-phenylethyl and 2-fenilpropila is being broached. Signals pattern from hydrogen atoms in the CH2X group presented a second order AB spin system for studied compounds, with the exception of 2-phenylpropyl iodoacetate, which has identical chemical shifts in polar and apolar solvents, such as a A2 spin system. Theoretical calculations were performed to find out the most stable conformations for studied compounds in isolated phase as well as considering solvent effect. It was also theoretically evaluated, from NBO analysis, the most important interactions responsible for conformational preferences. Infrared spectroscopy was used to evaluate the number of conformations present in solution. The influence of the distance between CH2X fragment and asymmetric center was evaluated using phenylbutyl 3-chloroacetate as model compound and it was observed that even separated by five bonds the chemical non-equivalence of the methylene hydrogens persists in acyclic chains. The analysis of sec-butyl chloroacetate was important to judge whether the presence of the phenyl group in the molecule is required for chemical nonequivalence observed for the CH2X group. / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Os efeitos de radiação têm sido um dos problemas mais sérios em aplicações militares e espaciais. Mas eles também são uma preocupação crescente em tecnologias modernas, mesmo para aplicações comerciais no nível do solo. A proteção dos circuitos integrados contra os efeitos da radiação podem ser obtidos através do uso de processos de fabricação aprimorados e de estratégias em diferentes estágios do projeto do circuito. A técnica de TMR é bem conhecida e amplamente empregada para mascarar falhas únicas sem detectálas. No entanto, o projeto de circuitos TMR não é automatizado por ferramentas EDA comerciais e até mesmo eles podem remover parcial ou totalmente a lógica redundante. Por outro lado, existem várias ferramentas que podem ser usadas para implementar a técnica de TMR em circuitos integrados, embora a maioria delas sejam ferramentas comerciais licenciadas, convenientes apenas para dispositivos específicos, ou com uso restrito por causa do regime ITAR. O presente trabalho pretende superar esses incovenientes, para isso uma metodologia é proposta para automatizar o projeto de circuitos TMR utilizando um fluxo de projeto comercial. A abordagem proposta utiliza um netlist estruturado para implementar automaticamente os circuitos TMR em diferentes níveis de granularidade de redundância para projetos baseados em células e FPGA. A otimização do circuito TMR resultante também é aplicada com base na abordagem do dimensionamento de portas lógicas. Além disso, a verificação do circuito TMR implementado é baseada na verificação de equivalência e garante sua funcionalidade correta e sua capacidade de tolerancia a falhas simples. Experimentos com um circuito derivado de HLS e uma descrição ofuscada do soft-core ARM Cortex-M0 foram realizados para mostrar o uso e as vantagens do fluxo de projeto proposto. Diversas questões relacionadas à remoção da lógica redundante implementada foram encontradas, bem como o impacto no incremento de área causado pelos votadores de maioria. Além disso, a confiabilidade de diferentes implementações de TMR do soft core ARM sintetizado em FPGA foi avaliada usando campanhas de injeção de falhas emuladas. Como resultado, foi reforçado o nível de alta confiabilidade da implemntação com mais fina granularidade, mesmo na presença de até 10 falhas acumuladas, e a menor capacidade de mitigação correspondente à replicação de flip-flops apenas. / Radiation effects have been one of the most serious issues in military and space applications. But they are also an increasing concern in modern technologies, even for commercial applications at the ground level. Protection or hardening of integrated circuits against radiation effects can be obtained through the use of enhanced fabrication processes and strategies at different stages of the circuit design. The triple modular redundancy (TMR) technique is a widely and well-known technique employed to mask single faults without detecting them. However, the design of TMR circuits is not automated by commercial electronic design automation (EDA) tools and even they can remove partially or totally the redundant logic. On the other hand, there are several tools that can be used to implement the TMR technique in integrated circuits, although most of them are licensed commercial tools, convenient only for specific devices, or with restricted use because of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) regimen. The present work intends to overcome these issues so a methodology is proposed to automate the design of TMR circuits using a commercial design flow. The proposed approach uses a structured netlist to implement automatically TMR circuits at different granularity levels of redundancy for cell-based and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs. Optimization of the resulting TMR circuit is also applied based on the gate sizing approach. Moreover, verification of the implemented TMR circuit is based on equivalence checking, and guarantee its correct functionality and its fault-tolerant capability against soft errors. Experiments with an high-level synthesis (HLS)-derived circuit and an obfuscated description of the ARM Cortex-M0 soft-core are performed to show the use and the advantages of the proposed design flow. Several issues related to the removal of the implemented redundant logic were found as well as the impact in the increment of area caused by the majority voters. Furthermore, the reliability of different TMR implementations of the ARM soft-core synthesized in FPGA was evaluated using emulated-simulation fault injection campaigns. As a result, it was reinforced the high-reliability level of the finest granularity implementation even in the presence of up to 10 accumulated faults and the poorest mitigation capacity corresponding to the replication of flip-flops solely.