This master thesis deals with topics related to the task whether customers are able to recognize a difference between products. First, testing of equivalence and non-inferiority is discussed in detail. It is an important tool when verifying that two products are equivalent or that a new product is not substantially worse than a current product. Afterwards, Thurstone's approach is introduced as a way to evaluate the impact of a stimulus on human senses. Subsequently, using the previous chapters, there is a detailed discussion dealing with three standards wi- dely used in practice in the case when someone needs to apply sensory evaluation to verify whether customers are able to recognize a difference between products. In particular, these are duo-trio, triangle and paired comparison tests. There is a thorough explanation of their statistical base and the tests are compared accor- ding to their power. Furthermore, an approach based on the Thurstone's theory is introduced as an alternative to the standard methods. Moreover, this thesis introduces Saaty's approach to the estimation of a priority vector, which is a useful tool to compare, to order or to choose the best one from n objects. We also introduce another approach to estimation of a priority vector which is based on Saaty's idea. 1

Plasma gasification experiments were conducted on sucrose and crushed macadamia nutshells. The pilot-scale plasma gasification system used comprises a 15 kW DC plasma torch fitted to a 5 L gasification reactor. The DC plasma torch has an efficiency of ~30 % with most of the energy lost in the torch anode. For the macadamia nutshells, the plasma input-power was set at 9, 11 and 14 kW. At each power input setting, four different feed rates were investigated, namely 0.5, 0.7, 1.04 and 1.14 kg/h. It was observed that as the power increases, conversion increases from 48 % at 9 kW to higher than 80 % at 14 kW. It was also observed that higher mass feed rates increase the conversion. The lower heating values of the syngas produced during gasification increased with higher power inputs and higher feed rates. At a feed rate of 1 kg/h, the maximum calorific power value was 3.45 kW, at a torch setting of 14 kW. The highest power values obtained was slightly more than 4 kW. The effect of equivalence ratio (ER) was evaluated on the plasma gasification of sucrose. ER values of 1 and 2 were investigated. With an ER of 1, the CO/H2 ratio was 1.8 and the CO/CO2 ratio was 109. With an ER of 2, the CO/H2 ratio was 1.73, and the CO/CO2 ratio 18. As expected, an increase in ER enhances the formation of CO2. A low ER thus results in higher syngas quality. At equivalent conditions the homogenous, crystalline sucrose yielded a CO/CO2 ratio of 109, significantly higher than the 29 for plasma gasification of the macadamia nut shells. A contributing factor to having better quality syngas, was the smaller the average particle diameter of the sucrose, 0.4 mm, compared to the 10 mm of the crushed macadamia nut shells was. Another contributing factor could be that the available carbon in the macadamia nut shells structure are more strongly bonded than in sucrose. For additional insight, kinetic data for the pyrolysis of sucrose, fructose and glucose were obtained using a TGA-FTIR hyphenated system, at much lower heating rates than anticipated in plasma system, and TGA-DTG experiments on macadamia nut shells. Dynamic studies were performed on sucrose, fructose and glucose at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 °C/min in an atmosphere of nitrogen flowing at 50 mL/min, and for the macadamia shell at heating rates of 5, 10 and 20 °C/min in an atmosphere of nitrogen flowing at 50 mL/min. The sugars yielded 80 % to 85 % conversion into gaseous products, while the conversion of the shells approached 90 %; the residue was biochar. The FTIR spectra showed the major products that form from the pyrolysis of sugars to be CO2, H2O, along with large quantities C-H-O-containing compounds, amongst them C5H4O2 and C6H6O3. The latter two compounds are probably condensible. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Chemical Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

This diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of German language equivalents of Czech proverbs in the dictionary of František Čermák Dictionary of Czech Phraseology and Idiomatics 4 (DCPI 4). The introductory part of the thesis characterizes proverbs as a phraseological unit and reflects the current state of Czech and German paremiography on the basis of selected dictionaries. Another theoretical starting point is the issue of equivalence, which in contrastive phraseology or, more precisely, paremiology plays an important role. The analytical part contains of multi-level analysis of German language equivalents of the Czech paremiological minimum in DPCI 4. Equivalents were verified using Hugo Siebenschein's Great Czech-German Dictionary, Duden 11, Hans Schemann's German Idiomatics, the corpuses InterCorp and DeReKo and the Google full-text search engine. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the current state of German-language equivalents in DCPI 4 and offer possible suggestions for improvement. The chosen approach is therefore not only contemplative, but also constructive. Keywords lexikology, phraseology, paremiology, lexicography, phraseography, Corpus Linguistics, equivalence

We present several results for growth functions of ideals of different com- binatorial structures. An ideal is a set downward closed under a containment relation, like the relation of subpartition for partitions, or the relation of induced subgraph for graphs etc. Its growth function (GF) counts elements of given size. For partition ideals we establish an asymptotics for GF of ideals that do not use parts from a finite set S and use this to construct ideal with highly oscillating GF. Then we present application characterising GF of particular partition ideals. We generalize ideals of ordered graphs to ordered uniform hypergraphs and show two dichotomies for their GF. The first result is a constant to linear jump for k-uniform hypergraphs. The second result establishes the polynomial to exponential jump for 3-uniform hypergraphs. That is, there are no ordered hypergraph ideals with GF strictly inside the constant-linear and polynomial- exponential range. We obtain in both dichotomies tight upper bounds. Finally, in a quite general setting we present several methods how to generate for various combinatorial structures pairs of sets defining two ideals with iden- tical GF. We call these pairs Wilf equivalent pairs and use the automorphism method and the replacement method to obtain such pairs. 1

Orientador: Anise de Abreu Gonçalves D'Orange Ferreira / Resumo: A leitura do texto clássico latino é um dos principais objetivos daqueles que se dedicam ao estudo da língua materna dos antigos romanos. Além de ler esses textos, compreendidos como objetos de significação, únicos em sua forma de expressar a cultura, pode também o especialista se dedicar a não menos importante tarefa de divulgar a cultura clássica àqueles que não dominam o idioma. A tradução torna-se, assim, uma atividade de destaque, na medida em que se constitui uma importante forma de conservação e transmissão da herança linguística, literária e cultural legada pela civilização romana. A prática tradutória é muito presente na Área dos Estudos Clássicos, assim como trabalhos acadêmicos que a têm como objetivo e versam sobre o tema. Entretanto, um levantamento bibliográfico de estudos realizados nessa área indica que a maioria destes trabalhos são desenvolvidos no campo dos estudos literários, tratando de questões referentes a literariedade do texto clássico, mas carecendo de uma reflexão sobre a linguagem que se paute de modo mais aprofundado na teoria linguística moderna. Tomando, a partir de Brodsky (1994, p. 86), a concepção de tradução como “a procura de um equivalente, e não de um substituto”, propõe-se empreender uma reflexão sobre a tradução de textos latinos, tendo como base os conhecimentos fornecidos pela teoria moderna da linguagem, em especial por Saussure e Hjelmslev, com vistas a compor a discussão sobre o tema na Área de Clássicas. O conceito saussuriano de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Reading classical Latin texts is one of the main objectives of those who study the ancient romans native language. Besides reading these texts, understood as signification objects, unique in their way of express the culture, specialists can also dedicate themselves to the no less important task of disseminating the Classical Culture to those who do not dominate the language. The translation becomes, thus, a prominent activity, as far as it is an important way of conservation and transmission of linguistic, literary and cultural heritage bequeathed by the Roman civilization. The translation practice is very present in the field of Classical Studies, as well as academic works that have it as an objective and, for that reason, deal with the theme. Nonetheless, a bibliographic survey of studies carried out in this Area indicates that the most of these works are based on literary studies, dealing with the literary aspects of the classical text, but lacking a reflection about language that address more deeply the modern language theory. Taking Brodsky (1994, p.86) translation concept as “the pursuit of an equivalent, not a substitute”, it is proposed to reflect upon classical Latin texts translation, considering the knowledge provided by the modern language theory, mainly by Saussure and Hjelmslev, in order to integrate the discussion about the theme in the field of Classics. The saussurian concept of value is in the spotlight to think about the notion of equivalence in translation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Background and Aim: Although inroads are currently being made into research in the area of organisational energy, an exhaustive search of the literature has indicated that research into measurement instruments which are applicable in the South African context is scant, with two empirical studies having been conducted in South Africa on organisational energy (Derman, Barkhuizen, & Stanz, 2011; Lamberti, 2010). As there is minimal research into organisational energy measures which are most appropriate for use in the South African context, this study explores the reliability and validity of the Productive Energy Measure (PEM) (Bruch, Cole & Vogel, 2005) in the South African context. This study also adds to the existing knowledge on the Energy Scapes Profile (ESP) (Tosey & Llewellyn, 2002) in the South Africa. Method: A cross-sectional survey research design is followed with data being collected from employees (N=303) from South African institutions. The ESP (Tosey & Llewellyn, 2002), and the PEM (Cole, Bruch & Vogel, 2011) are administered. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, construct equivalence item bias analyses, Analysis of Variance, Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Regression Analysis are applied. Results:  Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the ESP reveals that both a seven-factor and a one-factor model were inconclusive. Subsequent Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reveals a one-factor structure. The theoretical sub-scales of the ESP show a high level of internal consistency.  The results of the CFA for the PEM clearly reveal a three-factor model. The three theoretical sub-scales show an excellent level of reliability. Statistically significant differences are found in the productive organisational energy levels of employees based on job level, home language, years in current job and the PEM dimensions.  Results of the regression analysis indicate that a statistically significant relationship exists between organisational energy and productive organisational energy. Practical Relevance: As far as could be determined, this is the first study to make use of the PEM in South Africa. The study attempts to identify which measure of organisational energy is most appropriate for use in the South African context, and makes a contribution to the body of knowledge surrounding organisational energy measurement instruments in the South African context. Furthermore, the study of measures of organisational energy which can be applied in the South African context provides assistance to those interested in measuring organisational energy in the workplace. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Human Resource Management / Unrestricted

Inversion and Depth Range of Dipole Electromagnetic Induction Measurements in Geophysics Fernando César Moura de Andrade Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics Faculty of Science, Charles University Electromagnetic induction geophysical methods are, basically, composed by a transmitter which produces a magnetic field and a set of receivers which measure the primary magnetic field, from the transmitter, superimposed by secondary magnetic fields inducted in the subsurface. Equipment operating at, relatively, low frequencies and with short distances between the transmitter and the receivers are usually called conductivity meters and operate at low inductions numbers. The depth of investigation, in such kind of equipment, depends mainly on the transmitter-receiver distance, on the orientations of the magnetic dipoles and the height of the instrument from the ground, in order that a depth sounding can be done changing these parameters in a single measurement location. Making a series of these multi-configuration measurements, two-dimensional, or even three-dimensional surveys, can be performed and, subsequently, inverted in order to produce an image of the subsurface of the earth. Forward modelling and inversion of multi-configuration electromagnetic induction data can be made...

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att fördjupa förståelsen för hur studie- och yrkesvägledare ser på sitt uppdrag med särskilt fokus på hur de uppfattar uppdragets likvärdighet. Intresset för detta område har väckts under vår utbildning till studie- och yrkesvägledare på Stockholms universitet och utifrån de diskussioner kring vägledning och vägledares uppdrag som förs i samhället idag. Genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie med examinerade vägledare erhölls en fördjupad förståelse för studie- och yrkesvägledares syn på sitt uppdrag och likvärdigheten i det. Resultatet visar på att vägledarna upplever att de saknar tid och resurser för att genomföra sitt uppdrag som de skulle önska samt att även om de arbetar så likvärdigt de förmår så upplever de inte att studie- och yrkesvägledningen är nationellt likvärdig idag. Det konstateras också att SOU 2019:4 tas emot mycket positivt av vägledarna och att de önskar att förslagen som denna utredning lägger fram skulle lagstadgas. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån Careershipteorin vilket lett till slutsatsen att vägledarnas syn på sitt uppdrag är tätt sammanlänkat med deras handlingshorisont. / The purpose of this dissertation is to deepen the understanding of how career guidance counsellors view their work assignation in particular how they perceive the equivalence within career guidance. The interest in this topic arose during our education to become career guidance counsellors at Stockholm University and was influenced by the current discourse regarding career guidance and career counsellors' work assignations in general. Through a qualitative interview study with educated career guidance counsellors, an in-depth understanding of career guidance counsellors' views on their work assignation and the equivalence within it was obtained. The study concludes that career guidance counsellors experience a lack of time and resources which prevents them from carrying out their work in the way they would like. Though they try to carry out their assignations with as much equivalence as possible, they do not feel that career guidance and counselling is nationally equivalent today. Furthermore, the study concludes that the SOU 2019:4 is perceived very positively by the career guidance counsellors and that they wish the proposals presented within it would be legislated. The results have been analysed using the Careership theory, which has led to the conclusion that the career guidance counsellors’ views on their work assignation are closely linked to their horizons for action.

This study investigates the Swedish translations of extended premodifiers in a non-fictional German text on pedagogical theory and practice. The aim is to analyse complications and implications connected to different translation options and strategies. The analysis is based on Solfjeld’s (2003, 2004) German-Norwegian translation studies, which propose a classification model for translation strategies for German extended premodifiers with regard to aspects of explicitation and implicitation. The results show relations between postnominal finite target clauses and explicitation on the one hand, and on the other hand between prenominal non-clausal units and implicitation. Explicitation tends to result in sentence splitting which affects the text length and text cohesion.In addition, the study defines three main categories of German extended modifiers. The first category of adverbial extender premodifiers describe time, degree, and perspective and can easily be transferred into Swedish premodifying structures. The second category includes objects or predicatives which must be transferred into postmodifying structures. For the extended premodifiers belonging to the third category, the transferring into pre- or postmodifying target structures is optional. The study shows that the complexity of the extended premodifiers is a crucial factor which determines the choice of translation strategy. While explicifying relative clauses have a high amount of correspondence with Swedish language structures, the analysis emphasizes that implicifying premodifying target structures have less negative impact on text length, sentence splitting and text cohesion.

This thesis present an analysis of pension systems in the Czech Republic and the United States of America, according to the status in 2013. The aim is to make comparison of pension schemes based on defined criteria, that are budgetary responsibility, the quality of life for the elderly, social justice, social solidarity, equivalence and financial sustainability of the pension system. Another objective is to compare each pillar of the pension systems and analyze the different elements of the benefits that are provided from mentioned pillars. Theoretical basis include the Welfare State theory, the theory of public finance and the theory of market, state and civic sector and the criterion anchoring of the reform. The research is devoted to the analysis of pension systems ability to provide an adequate income in retirement, what is the real purchasing power of pensioners, whether the pension systems are due to unfavorable demographic development in the future financially sustainable and how the pension system encourages older workers to remain in the labor market.