Most investigators agree that the posterior pituitary hormone has at least 3 different actions: Oxytocic, antidiuretic and vasopressor. On the other hand there is disagreement regarding the question of the existence of a single fraction having all three activities or that of 3 separate fractions.

Idioms are part of a general class of multiword expressions that convey a figurative interpretation that is not fully determined through an on-demand compositional (syntactic and semantic) analysis of their component words (e.g., kick the bucket, save your skin). Idioms are simultaneously amenable to direct retrieval from memory, and to an on-demand compositional analysis, yet it is unclear which processes lead to figurative interpretations of idioms during comprehension. Idioms also pose challenges for second language learners, who may rely less on direct retrieval than first language users due to reduced L2 experience. In this study, first and second language users (L1 and L2, respectively) read sentences containing idioms followed by figurative- or literal-biased disambiguating regions. The results for L1 readers showed that increased familiarity but not decomposability facilitated comprehension of figurative interpretations. The results for L2 readers showed that cross-language overlap and decomposability facilitated comprehension of figurative interpretations. Thus, consistent with hybrid or multidetermined idiom processing models (Titone & Connine, 1999; Libben & Titone, 2008), first language idiom interpretations arise more from direct retrieval (indexed by familiarity) than compositional analysis. Second language idiom interpretations, however, arise from both. / Les expressions idiomatiques font partie d'une catégorie générale d'expressions à mots multiples qui confèrent une interprétation figurale qui n'est pas entièrement déterminée par une analyse compositionnelle sur-demande (syntaxique et sémantique) des mots qui les forment (par exemple, passer l'arme à gauche, sauver votre peau). Les expressions idiomatiques se prêtent à la fois à une récupération directe en mémoire, et à une analyse compositionnelle sur-demande. Cependant, il n'est pas clair quels processus mènent à l'interprétation figurale des idiomes lors de la compréhension. Les expressions idiomatiques posent également un défi pour les individus apprenant une langue seconde, individus qui, en raison d'une expérience L2 réduite, se basent possiblement moins sur la récupération directe que les utilisateurs de langue maternelle. Dans cette étude, des utilisateurs de langue maternelle et seconde (L1 et L2, respectivement) ont lu des phrases contenant des idiomes suivis de régions désambiguisantes biaisées figuralement ou littéralement. Pour les lecteurs L1, les résultats ont montré qu'une plus grande familiarité, mais pas une décomposabilité, facilite la compréhension des interprétations figurales. Pour les lecteurs L2, les résultats ont montré que le chevauchement translinguistique et la décomposabilité facilitent la compréhension des interprétations figurales. Ainsi, conformément aux modèles hybrides ou multidéterminés de traitement des idiomes (Titone & Connine, 1999; Libben & Titone, 2008), l'interprétation des idiomes de langue maternelle repose davantage sur la récupération directe (indexée par la familiarité) que sur l'analyse compositionnelle. Toutefois, l'interprétation des idiomes de langue seconde repose sur les deux.

The realization that electricity was closely associated to living matter was reported in 1773 when Hunter (21) described the electrical potentials of the Torpedo fish. A few years later Galvani (17) produced a muscle contraction in the frog with a zinc-copper couple. Further research showed that electrical currents were associated not only with animal life but also with plant life. Plants have a potential which is most marked in the growing parts, as near a root tip. [...]

Bile is a product of secretion and excretion of the liver. Its composition and function is most complex. Volumes have been written on various aspects of the biliary tract and bile. One of the most complexing problems has been that of partial biliary obstruction. We are all only too familiar with the clinical course of the “acquired biliary stricture,” and the “post-cholecystectomy syndrome” which result from an impairment of biliary outflow. Because of the rather confusing clinical picture that such conditions present and the difficulty encountered in attempting to follow these cases in a serial fashion, it was felt that an experimental study incorporating well established liver function tests, pathological and bacteriological methods should be attempted.

“Shock is a depression of the vital powers, induced suddenly by external injury and essentially dependent on loss of innervation. It bears the same relation to the nervous system as syncope to the vascular. In the one case, the result is caused by a diminution of the nervous fluid, in the other, by a diminution of the blood.” (94). This thought of Dr. Samuel Gross, 1872, pathologist and surgeon, marks the beginning of the investigation of shock mechanism.

In the past, studies on factors affecting the experimental production of gastric adenocarcinoma have been hampered by the lack of a method which would produce adenocarcinomas of the stomach in a significant number of animals. Until 18 years ago there were no successful authentic cases of experimentally induced gastric adenocarcinoma. During the past 30 years many studies have been carried out, but the results of the best series have been at most disappointing.

Increasing interest has developed in the last few years in the study of plasma. For many years red blood cells have been studied, and techniques developed to make blood transfusion a safe procedure. The fluid part of a transfusion or blood plasma was considered to be useful, because, amongst other things, it contributed to blood volume, and certainly it was long thought to be harmless when taken from another member of the same species.

Theory of mind (ToM) is the knowledge that other people have minds, thoughts, beliefs and values different from our own. Patients with schizophrenia are generally thought to be impaired at tasks requiring this ability. Frith (1992) has proposed that specific signs and symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with dysfunction in ToM ability. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of thought disorder in theory of mind and to tease out the electrophysiological correlates of this phenomenon. Participants partook in an intention attribution task, during which event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Patients with high ratings of thought disorder performed worse than those with low thought disorder and significantly worse than normal subjects. ERP results were unexpected as no differences were detected for ERPs on frontal sites. A significant difference in the P600 component was observed on Pz. Possible explanations for parietal activation are discussed.

Increasing interest in the use of intra-arterial transfusion to combat the more refractory forms of shock has been apparent in the recent literature. Included amongst those forms of shock which react favourably to this form of therapy is the hypotension which occasionally follows an acute myocardial infarction. The easy availability of stored human blood with the advent of community blood banks has resulted in a very marked increase in the amount of blood used both therapeutically and prophylactically.

There have been many attempts to elucidate the dynamics of the repeatedly observed increased urinary nitrogen exertion following the administration of adrenocorticotrophin and adrenal steroids. Dr. J. S. L. Browne postulated that these hormones might exert their effect by mobilizing, or "loosening", the body tissue proteins from the internal body sources for the purpose of supplying protein building materials to loci where they might be needed (1). It was suggested that this hypothesis might be tested in the plasma protein depleted rat by studying the effects of these hormones on the regeneration of plasma protein.