Titel: Magnetfältstyrkans betydelse för personer med multipel skleros eller kliniskt isolerat syndrom - en litteraturstudie Bakgrund: Multipel skleros (MS) är en demyeliniserande autoimmun sjukdom i centrala nervsystemet som debuterar främst hos unga vuxna. MS diagnostiseras utifrån kliniska och radiologiska fynd enligt McDonaldkriterierna där inga krav ställs på vilken fältstyrka som bör användas. Magnetkameror med högre fältstyrkor blir dock vanligare. Syfte: Att undersöka om högre fältstyrka (Tesla, T) gav bättre detektion av lesioner vid magnetresonanstomografiundersökningar av personer med multipel skleros eller kliniskt isolerat syndrom. Metod: I denna litteraturstudie gjordes sökningarna i databaserna PubMed, Web of Science och Scopus mellan 8 och 11 mars 2016. Tio kvantitativa artiklar kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades för att slutligen sammanställas i resultatet. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras under fyra huvudrubriker och totalt tolv underrubriker. Huvudrubrikerna är skillnad mellan fältstyrkor, fältstyrkor och anatomiska regioner, fältstyrkor och pulssekvenser samt artefakter och bildkvalitet. Konklusion: 3T och 7T är bättre än 1,5T och att 7T ofta är bättre än 3T på att detektera lesioner. Dock måste andra aspekter tas i beaktning då det är många parametrar som spelar in vid en magnetresonanstomografiundersökning. Ytterligare studier gällande bland annat optimering av pulssekvenser samt patienters upplevelser av ultrahöga fältstyrkor rekommenderas. / Title: The importance of magnetic field strength for people with multiple sclerosis or clinically isolated syndrome - a literature study. Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system debuting mostly in young adults. MS is diagnosed based on clinical and radiological findings according to the McDonald criteria where no requirements are placed on which field strength that should be used. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners with higher field strengths are however becoming more common. Objective: To investigate whether higher field strength (Tesla, T) gave better detection of lesions at MRI examinations of people with MS or clinically isolated syndrome. Methods: In this literature study searches were made in the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus between the 8th and 11th of March 2016. Ten quantitative articles were examined and analyzed to finally be compiled under the results. Results: The results are presented under four main headings and twelve sub- headings. The main headings are the differences between field strengths, field strength and anatomical regions, field strength and pulse sequences and artifacts and image quality. Conclusion: 3T and 7T are better than 1,5T and 7T is usually better than 3T at detecting lesions. However other aspects need to be taken into account because many parameters come into play during MRI examinations. Further studies regarding optimization of pulse sequences and field strength and patients’ experiences of ultrahigh field strength are recommended, among others.

No description available.

Les trous noirs sont étudiés d'un point de vue théorique. Les propriétés thermodynamiques et quantiques des trous noirs sont abordées à travers des nouvelles perspectives. On explore différents problèmes logiquement reliés: depuis les lois de la mécanique des trous noirs, en passant par la function partition Euclidienne des trous noirs, jusqu'aux modèles microscopiques quantiques et granulaires.L'approche repose sur deux principes: la thermodynamique importante pour les trous noirs se situe près de l'horizon et la géométrie quantique de l'espace-temps est granuleuse.On examine la première loi de la mécanique des trous noirs avec une perspective quasilocal basée sur des observateurs près de l'horizon. Il s'avère que la première loi peut être simplement reformulée comme la variation de l'aire de l'horizon. Ensuite, on examine la fonction de partition Euclidienne à partir de la nouvelle perspective quasilocal, et on reproduit l'entropie de Bekenstein-Hawking ainsi que l'energie quasilocal nouvellement introduite.L'approche quasilocal peut être abordée par un point de vue basé sur les Horizons Isolés. Dans ce cadre, on explore la quantification de l'Horizon Isolé rotatoire, en analysant la structure symplectique, et en utilisant l'espace de Hilbert de la Gravitation Quantique à Boucles.Finalement, on étudie les conséquences macroscopiques du modèle granulaire quantique basé sur la Gravitation Quantique à Boucles. L'accent est mis sur le modèle de trou noir en rotation, les résultats ne sont pas concluants du fait que plusieurs hypothèses doivent être posées. Cependant, la perspective est prometteuse. Certains des résultats, comme l'entropie, peuvent être reproduits. / Black holes are studied from a theoretical point of view. The thermodynamics and quantum properties are addressed from a new perspective. A range of logically connected problems are explored: Starting from the laws of black hole mechanics, going through the Euclidean partition function, to the microscopic quantum granular models.The approach is supported by two guiding principles: What is physically relevant for black hole thermodynamics lays close to the horizon and the quantum geometry of the spacetime is coarse-grained.The first law of black hole mechanics is reviewed from the new quasilocal perspective based on near horizon observers. It turns out that the first law can be reformulated as variations of the area of the horizon. On the same grounds, the semiclassical Euclidean partition function is reviewed from the new quasilocal perspective. The framework reproduces the classic Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and the newly introduced quasilocal energy.The quasilocal approach can also be addressed by using Isolated Horizons. The quantization procedures are explored for the rotating Isolated Horizon starting from a symplectic structure analysis, and using the Loop Quantum Gravity Hilbert space. Finally, through a statistical analysis, the macroscopic consequences of the quantum granular model based on the Loop Quantum Gravity approach are studied. Special emphasis is put on the rotating quantum black hole model, however the results are not conclusive as several assumptions should be made on the way. Nevertheless, the perspective is promising as some of the semiclassical results, for instance the entropy, can be reproduced.

La crise énergétique marquée par une flambée des prix du pétrole et les impératifs d’un développement durable font des énergies renouvelables une alternative qui suscitent aujourd'hui l’intérêt de plusieurs équipes de recherches. Le Sénégal, pays subsaharien, non producteur de pétrole n’est pas épargné par cette crise. Celle-ci se traduit par, une faible couverture du pays (en particulier les zones rurales) par le réseau électrique national. Pour faire face à cela, la nouvelle orientation en matière de politique énergétique met l’accent sur l’utilisation des énergies renouvelables notamment, le solaire et l’éolienne. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de dégager une méthodologie de conception d’un site isolé de production d’énergie électrique à partir des énergies alternatives. Il s'agit à partir des caractéristiques d’un site (ressources d’énergie disponibles, besoins énergétiques) de :- mettre en place une démarche qui permette le choix d’une architecture du réseau et de dimensionner de façon optimale l’ensemble des constituants du réseau (machines, sources et dispositifs de stockage) en tenant compte de toutes les contraintes- concevoir un dispositif de commande des composantes et de gestion des flux d’énergie Cette thèse comprend trois chapitres :- Chapitre 1 : pose la problématique de l’énergie au Sénégal. L’organisation institutionnelle du sous-secteur de l’électricité, les réalisations et les projets en cours sont présentés. Aussi, une étude sur les architectures de micro-réseaux est faite. - Chapitre 2 : traite des outils et logiciels. Une étude comparative des principaux logiciels d’analyse, de conception et simulation des micro-réseaux est réalisée. L’ensemble des composants de notre système ont été modélisées. Les méthodes d’optimisation et des outils de représentation graphique (Bond Graph, GIC et REM) des systèmes ont été présentés. Une enquête menée et une recherche bibliographique nous ont permis d’évaluer le potentiel énergétique du site et les besoins des populations.- Chapitre 3 : il s’agit de l’application de notre outil sur un site isolé identifié au Sénégal (MBoro/Mer). L’optimisation à travers la fonction objectif coût annualisée du système (ACS) nous a permis de dimensionner de façon optimale notre système. Aussi la commande du système avec la Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM) a été conçue.Pour la suite du travail, il faudrait envisager une prise en charge des problèmes de disponibilité du système à travers une surveillance et une supervision du dispositif. Le volet socio-économique aussi est à intégrer dans le futur afin de satisfaire l’évolution des besoins et des habitudes des populations. / The energy crisis characterized by the oil products price rising and the imperatives of sustainable development do that renewable energies are an alternative today witch attract the interest of several research teams. Senegal, sub-Saharan country, not oil producer is not spared by this crisis. The consequence of this is a low coverage of the country (especially rural areas) by the national grid. For solving this, the new orientation of the energy policy focuses on the use of renewable energy particularly solar and wind.The main objective of this thesis is to identify a methodology of design of an isolated site of electrical energy production from alternative energies It is consists on, from site characteristics (energy resources, energy requirements):- to develop an approach that allows the choice of network architecture and sizing optimally all components of the network (machines, sources and storage devices) taking into account all the constraints- to design a device for controlling components and managing the energy flowsThis thesis contains three chapters:- Chapter 1 - poses the problem of energy in Senegal. The institutional organization of the electricity sub-sector and the ongoing projects are presented. Also, a study of micro- architectures networks is made.- Chapter 2 deals with tools and software. A comparative study of the main software of analysis, design and simulation of micro- network is realized. The components of our system have been modeled. Optimization methods and tools for graphical representation (Bond Graph, GIC and EMR) systems were presented. A survey and a literature review allowed us to evaluate the energy potential of the site and the needs of populations.- Chapter 3: This is the application of our tool on an isolated site identified in Senegal (MBoro / Mer). Optimization through the Annualized Cost of the System (ACS) objective function has allowed us to scale our system optimally. As the control system with Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) has been designed.For further work should be considered a treatment of problems of availability of the system through monitoring and supervision of the system. The socio- economic component is also integrated in the future to meet the changing needs and habits of the population.

Certaines applications haute température telles que le forage, l’aéronautique ou l’aérospatial, amènent à repenser la conception des alimentations isolées permettant la commande des éléments de puissance. Ce mémoire s’articule autour de l’étude de la faisabilité et de l’enfouissement d’un convertisseur isolé possédant une forte isolation statique (10kV) et dynamique (<10 pF), pouvant travailler sous de hautes températures (>250°C), dans les gammes de tension de sortie de la dizaine de volts et de puissance de l’ordre du Watt. Pour ne pas être contraint par la température de Curie d’un matériau magnétique, cette alimentation DC/DC se base sur un transformateur à air. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse détaille l’origine, la mesure et l’estimation des éléments du modèle électrique choisi pour le transformateur. Ensuite, afin de maximiser la transmission de puissance, nous constituons un système résonnant en ajoutant des condensateurs en parallèle ou en série avec le transformateur, puis nous développons une méthode permettant d’accorder l’ensemble. La comparaison entre les topologies nous amène ensuite à choisir compensation série-série. Puis nous constatons que la technologie choisie pour les condensateurs, la contrainte d’isolation statique et dynamique peuvent diviser par plus de deux la puissance transmise au travers d’une surface. Enfin, nous abordons comment redresser et réguler la tension de sortie sans affecter la résonnance ou l’isolation apportée, tout en minimisant les pertes générées. Une dernière partie montre que, moyennant un système de dissipation un processus de fabrication adapté, il est possible d’intégrer la structure complète sur silicium / High temperature applications such as deep drilling, aeronautics or aerospace, lead to rework the isolated power supplies used for the control of the power elements. This work study the feasibility of an embedded converter with high static (10kV) and dynamic (<10 pF) insulation, able to work under high temperatures (> 250 ° C), in the ranges of dozens volts for the output voltage and several Watt of transmitted power. To avoid being constrained by a magnetic material Curie temperature of, we use a coreless transformer based DC/DC power supply. First of all, this thesis details the origin, the measurement and the estimation of the elements of the chosen transformer electric model. Then, to maximize the transferred power, we form a resonant structure by adding capacitors in parallel or in series with the transformer, then we develop a method to tune the whole. The comparison between the topologies leads us to choose a serial-serial compensation. Then we note that the technology chosen for capacitors, the static and dynamic insulation constraint can divide by more than two the power transmitted through a surface. Finally, we discuss how to rectify and regulate the output voltage without affecting the resonance or insulation provided, while minimizing the losses generated. A last part exhibit that with a suitable dissipation system and manufacturing process, it is possible to integrate the complete structure on silicon chips

A combinação de coagulação/floculação/sedimentação, filtração lenta em escala domiciliar e adsorção foi ponderada como alternativa de tratamento de águas com Microcystis aeruginosa e microcistina para comunidades isoladas. As Cactáceas Opuntia cochenillifera e Opuntia ficus-indica foram estudadas como coagulantes e a espécie Luffa cylindrica foi estudada como adsorvente. Os coagulantes foram avaliados em ensaios em bancada com água contendo M. aeruginosa. O extrato de O. cochenillifera apresentou melhor desempenho por isso foi selecionado para ensaios de bancada em jarteste seguidos por filtração. Os filtros operados em regime contínuo apresentaram melhores resultados, na remoção de microcistina (75,79%), cor aparente (79,68%) e turbidez (79,15%). Entretanto, os filtros operados em regime intermitente demonstraram melhor eficiência na remoção de M. aeruginosa (96,62% - 1,985 Log). Os ensaios de adsorção mostraram que Luffa cilyndrica in natura, temperatura ambiente e pH neutro não apresentou potencial na adsorção de microcistina. Para os ensaios em escala plena, dois filtros lentos em escala domiciliar (FLD) em policloreto de polivinila (polyvinyl chloride - PVC) foram construídos tomando-se por base o modelo do Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST). Um filtro foi operado em regime contínuo e o outro em regime intermitente. O coagulante e o adsorvente não foram utilizados nessa etapa do trabalho. O filtro operado em fluxo contínuo apresentou resultados superiores para a remoção de M. aeruginosa (99,59% - 1,998 log), cor aparente (97,73%) e turbidez (84,39%). O regime de operação e o tempo de residência nos filtros não influenciaram na eficiência do tratamento. A água filtrada apresentou características em consonância com as previstas na legislação para cor aparente, porém, não para turbidez. A água filtrada apresentou concentrações de microcistina abaixo de 1,0 &#956;g L-1 para ambos os filtros, valor máximo permitido pela Portaria MS 2914/2011 e pelas diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Em ensaios ecotoxicológicos com Chironomus xanthus, a água filtrada não apresentou toxicidade. / The combination of coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation, slow sand filtration at home scale and adsorption was evaluated as an alternative treatment for waters with Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin for isolated communities. The Cactaceae Opuntia cochenillifera and Opuntia ficus-indica were evaluated as coagulants and the species Luffa cylindrica was evaluated as adsorbent. The coagulants were evaluated in bench tests with a study water containing M. aeruginosa cells. O. cochenillifera extract presented better removal performance so it was selected for jartest bench tests followed by filtration. The filters operated in continuous flow showed better results in microcystin removal (75.79%), apparent color (79.68%) and turbidity (79.15%). However, the intermittent flow filters demonstrated a better removal of M. aeruginosa cells (96.62% - 1985 Log). The adsorption tests showed that the use of Luffa cylindrica fibers, at ambient temperature and neutral pH had no potential in microcystin adsorption. In full-scale trials, two PVC home scale slow sand filters were constructed based on the CAWST (Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology) Biosand filter model. One home scale slow sand filters was operated on a continuous flow and another on an intermittent flow. The coagulant and the adsorbent were not used at the fullscale trials. The continuous flow filter showed superior results for cyanobacteria removal (99.59% - 1.998 log), apparent color removal (97.73%) and turbidity removal (84.39%). The filters operating regime and residence time do not influenced the efficiency of the treatment. The filtered water showed characteristics in line with the legislation for apparent color, but not for turbidity. The filtered water had microcystin concentrations below 1.0 &#956;g L-1 for the two filters, maximum value allowed by Directive 2914/2011 and by guidelines of the World Health Organization. In ecotoxicological tests with Chironomus xanthus, filtered water showed no toxicity.

Earlier research has repeatedly shown that individuals with autism spectrum disorders are significantly impaired in emotional recognition of biological motion. This study adopted an approach where the typically developed and the autistic participants rated emotional valence and recognition of isolated gestures in Point-light display. Results revealed that participant groups did not differ in their emotional valence of the gestures but differed in recognition of the gestures. The method of using isolated gestures in Point-light display has not been used in autism emotional research earlier and this paper functions as a pilot of this technique. The results are discussed from a perspective that individuals with autism perceive the world differently and hence understand and interact differently with the world.

Einleitung - Die ethische Rechtfertigung von Tierversuchen ist in unserer Gesellschaft höchst umstritten. Es ist in zunehmendem Maße Gegenstand von wissenschaftlichen Bemühungen, Alternativmethoden zu Tierversuchen zu etablieren. Fragestellung - In dieser Arbeitsgruppe wurde ein Modell zur isolierten Vollblutperfusion kältekonservierter Schlachthoforgane entwickelt. Es wurde anhand von Experimenten mit vasoaktiven Pharmaka der hämodynamische Funktionszustand der isoliert reperfundierten Schweineniere evaluiert. Methoden - 21 Nieren wurden nach einer warmen Ischämiephase von 16,5 min ± 4,3 min und einer Kältekonservierung von 6,6 h ± 1,9 h für insgesamt 150 Minuten normotherm reperfundiert, wovon eine Zeitspanne von 45 Minuten nach einer einstündigen Äquilibrierungsphase bei allen Nieren als interne Kontrolle diente. Daraufhin wurde ohne Pharmakongabe bei 6 Nieren (Gruppe 1, Kontrolle), unter Dauerinfusion von Nitroprussid-Natrium (NN) bei 8 Nieren (Gruppe 2) und von Noradrenalin (NA) bei 7 Nieren (Gruppe 3) für weitere 45 Minuten mit der Perfusion fortgefahren. In 15-minütigen Abständen wurden Blut- und Urinproben entnommen, und so wurden die renalen Funktionsparameter bestimmt sowie der Urin per Gelelektrophorese qualitativ auf Proteinurie untersucht. Anschließend an die Perfusion wurden die Nieren einer pathologisch-histologischen Begutachtung unterzogen, die mittels eines selbstentwickelten Scores quantifiziert wurde. Ergebnisse - Die beiden vasoaktiven Pharmaka entfalteten in der Interventionsphase die ihnen normalerweise zugeschriebenen Primärwirkungen: NA konstringierte die Hauptwiderstandsgefäße der Niere. Der renale Widerstand stieg von 0,61 auf 0,80 mmHg*min/(ml*100gNG). NN dilatierte die Hauptwiderstandsgefäße. Der Perfusionswiderstand sank von 0,74 auf 0,65 mmHg*min/(ml*100gNG). Umgekehrt verhielt sich der Perfusionsplasmafluß. Er sank unter NA von 104,74 auf 87,45 ml/(min*100gNG), während er unter NN von 107,20 auf 121,98 ml/(min*100gNG) stieg. Das Harnzeitvolumen stieg unter NA von 3,01 auf 3,33 ml/(min*100gNG) und sank unter NN von 1,62 auf 1,10 ml/(min*100gNG). Die Kreatininclearance sank sowohl unter NA (von 11,02 auf 9,48 ml/(min*100gNG)), als auch unter NN (von 10,89 auf 6,31 ml/(min*100gNG)). Während die Filtrationsfraktion unter NA konstant blieb, sank sie unter NN von 11,66 auf 6,30 %. Der Natriumtransport sank unter beiden Pharmaka, und zwar unter NA von 1,34 auf 1,14 mmol/(min*100gNG) und unter NN von 1,43 auf 0,84 mmol/(min*100gNG).Die Elektrophorese zeigte qualitativ eine selektive, im späteren Perfusionsverlauf unselektiver werdende Proteinurie bei allen untersuchten Nieren. In der Histologie zeigte sich in der Referenzgruppe tendentiell ein geringer ausgeprägter Ischämie-Reperfusionsschaden als nach Perfusion mit den verwendeten Pharmaka. Unter NN ließ sich hauptsächlich eine vermehrte Vakuolenbildung ausmachen, unter NA eine Dilatation der proximalen Tubuli. Diskussion - An den gemessenen Funktionsparametern konnte eine bevorzugte Wirkung beider Substanzen an den postglomerulären Arteriolen abgelesen werden, wie dies auch von der Literatur fast einhellig bestätigt wird. Die Ergebnisse der Elektrophorese lassen auf einen glomerulären Ischämieschaden schließen. Auch durch die histologische Begutachtung konnte diese Aussage des Ischämie-Reperfusionsschadens mit Ausdehnung auf eine tubuläre Komponente des Schadens bekräftigt werden. Sie steht in direktem Zusammenhang mit den Ergebnissen der Evaluation der Funktionsparameter. Die Ischämie bewirkte in erster Linie eine Erhöhung des renalen Gefäßwiderstandes. Die Verwendung des Kalziumantagonisten Verapamil sollte diesen Effekt einschränken und führte zu einer aufgehobenen Autoregulation. Die Experimente liefern als ein Modell des ischämisch induzierten Nierenversagens reproduzierbare und signifikante Ergebnisse. / Introduction - Ethical justification of vivisection is subject to controverse discussion. It is an issue of scientific effort to establish alternative methods. In this study a model of normothermic reperfusion was established including organs from slaughterhouse animals undergoing cold ischemia before reperfusion. Vasoactive agents were used to determine the state of function of the isolated reperfused pig kidney. Methods - 21 kidneys were reperfused for 150 minutes after a cold ischemia of 6.6 h ± 1.9 h and a warm ischemia of 16.5 min ± 4.3 min. Normothermic conditions were established. After a time span of an hour that served as an equilibration time, 45 minutes of untreated perfusion followed (internal control). After that, 6 kidneys remained untreated for another 45 minutes (group 1), 8 kidneys were continuously treated with sodium nitroprusside (SN) and 7 kidneys with norepinephrine (NE). In intervals of 15 minutes, blood and urine samples were taken. Thus parameters of renal function were determined and the urine was examined with gel electrophoresis. After the perfusion, all kidneys underwent a histopathological examination which was quantified using a self-established score. Results - Both pharmacological substances revealed their primary effects on renal vasculature. NE constricted the main renal resistance vessels. Renal resistance raised from 0.61 to 0.80 mmHg*min/(ml*100g renal weight). SN dilated the main resistance vessels. Perfusion resistance was reduced from 0.74 to 0.65 mmHg*min/(ml*100g renal weight). Perfusion plasma flow was reduced from 104.74 to 87.45 ml/(min*100g renal weight) under NE. It was raised from 107.20 to 121.98 ml/(min*100grenal weight) under SN. Under NE, urine time volume was raised from 3.01 to 3.33 ml/(min*100g renal weight) and it was reduced from 1.62 to 1.10 ml/(min*100g renal weight) under SN. Creatinine clearance was reduced rom 11.02 to 9.48 ml/(min*100g renal weight) under NE as well as under SN (from 10.89 to 6.31 ml/(min*100g renal weight)). Filtration fraction remained constant during infusion of NE, but it was reduced from 11.66 to 6.30 % under SN. Sodium transport was reduced under both substances. NE reduced it from 1.34 to 1.14 mmol/(min*100g renal weight) and from 1.43 to 0.84 mmol/(min*100g renal weight) under SN. Electrophoresis revealed qualitatively selective proteinuria in all examined kidneys, becoming more unselective in the course of the experiment. Histopathological findings revealed a smaller reperfusion injury in the control group than in both other groups (P>0.05). SN led to a vacuolisation in proximal tubular epithelium, NE was mainly responsible for a dilation of the proximal tubuli. Discussion - All measured function parameters revealed that the main effect of both substances was located in the postglomerular sphincter, which is also postulated by most of the literature. The results of urine electrophoresis lead to the assumption that there is a glomerular ischemic injury. Histological findings show also a tubular aspect of the reperfusion injury. It can be seen in direct context with the parameters of renal function. Ischemia was mainly responsible for a raise in renal vascular resistance. The calcium antagonist verapamil hydrochloride was used to diminish this effect and prevented autoregulation. Being defined as a model of ischemically induced renal failure, the experiments reveal reproducible and significant results.

O presente trabalho As Estratégias de Escolarização Primária na cidade de Rio Claro São Paulo (1889-1920), busca mapear as organizações escolares na primeira república, procurando analisa-las nas suas múltiplas estratégias de escolarização primária. A partir da lei da obrigatoriedade do ensino (1874), procuramos entender como as cidades do interior paulista se organizaram para atender a esta imposição legal. O recorte temporal (1889 1920) foi escolhido por tratar-se de uma fase de efervescência na república, principalmente na difusão da escola primária, em 1920, a Reforma Sampaio Dória é indicada como marco delimitador para observar como estas estratégias foram sendo forjadas, por se constituir em um projeto que vai redefinir a estrutura educacional paulista do período, diminuindo o tempo de escolarização oficial ampliando o número de alunos atendidos. Ao utilizarmos o recurso da micro-história e observar com uma lente de aumento as particularidades dessa cidade interiorana, foi possível identificar a criação dos grupos escolares, a expansão das escolas isoladas, as iniciativas particulares implementadas e os sujeitos que circularam nesses espaços. Desta forma, ficou evidente que a escolarização primária nas cidades do interior não estava centrada nos grupos escolares. Os municípios tiveram um papel importante no processo de escolarização e a as escolas isoladas, sejam estas municipais ou estaduais, assim como a iniciativa particular foram fundamentais para atender a população que estava nos locais mais distantes do centro urbano. Reconhecer o papel das organizações civis imigrantes, negros, operários etc e suas reivindicações educacionais, possibilitou discutir a escolarização em sentido mais amplo. Assim, foi possível encontrar uma multiplicidade de estratégias de escolarização primária em Rio Claro, abrindo novas perspectivas de estudos. / This paper \"Strategies for Primary Schooling in the city of Rio Claro - São Paulo (1889-1920)\", seeks to map the school organizations in the first republic, looking analyzes them in its multiple strategies for primary schooling. After of the law of compulsory education (1874), we seek to understand how the cities inside state of São Paulo organized to meet this statutory requirement. The time frame (1889 - 1920) was chosen because it is a phase of effervescence in the republic, mainly in the difusion of primary school in 1920, the reform of Sampaio Dória is indicated as the delimiter sign for observe how these strategies were being forged, for to be a project that will redefine the educational of São Paulo structure in the period, shortening the time of schooling and increasing the number of students served. By using the feature of the micro-history and observing with a magnifying glass the particularities of this town of inside, was possible to identify creation the school groups, the expansion of individual schools, private initiatives implemented and the subjects that circulated in these spaces. Thus, it became evident that the primary education in the inner cities was not centered in the group schooler. Municipalities had an important role in the schooling process and individual schools, of the state, local or the private initiatives, were essential to meet the people that were most distant from the urban center. Recognize the role of civil organizations - immigrants, blacks, workers etc. - and their educational demands, allowed discuss the schooling with the broadest sense. Thus, it was possible to find a multitude of strategies primary enrollment in Rio Claro, opening new studies perspectives.

Ce travail de recherche présente une étude expérimentale de l’influence d’un écoulement tourbillonnaire sur un lit sédimentaire. Les expériences se déroulent dans un canal hydro-sédimentaire à surface libre, à l’Institut P’. Deux dispositifs permettant de générer des tourbillons isolés, d’axe vertical ou horizontal, ont été conçus lors de cette thèse. Ce travail se concentre sur le premier de ces montages : une étude paramétrique par mesures optiques (PIV, PIV stéréoscopique) est menée, notamment avec deux conditions de rugosité de paroi. Des lois de comportements sont ainsi établies. La caractérisation des écoulements tourbillonnaires révèle une forte tridimensionnalité, de même que la présence de structures turbulentes particulières, liées aux phénomènes de transport sédimentaire. Un second axe d’étude s’attache à la description de la mise en suspension de sédiments par un tourbillon d’axe vertical. Les structures turbulentes liées au transport sont étudiées, ainsi que le comportement du panache de sédiments. La reconstruction du lit sédimentaire sur un temps long, par l’utilisation d’une méthode de stéréo-corrélation, met en avant les régions d’affouillement et d’accrétion induites par le passage d’un seul tourbillon isolé. Enfin, une étude numérique basée sur OpenFOAM est proposée. La méthodologie exposée reproduit bien les comportements du fluide et des sédiments : la validation de cet outil permettrait d’aborder de nouveaux paramètres d’étude par la connaissance précise des quantités de sédiments mobilisés. / This research work presents an experimental study on the influence of a vortex flow over a sediment bed. The experiments are conducted in a free-surface water channel in the Pprime Institute. Two specific apparatuses, generating isolated vortices of vertical or horizontal axis, were designed during this project. This study focuses on the vertical device. A parametric study is performed with optical measurements (PIV, stereoscopic PIV), in particular with two conditions for the wall roughness. Some behaviour laws are thus established. The characterization of those swirling flows depicts a strong three-dimensional effect, as well as the presence of specific turbulent structures related to sediment transport phenomenon. The secondary section of this work focuses on the sediment suspension caused by a vertical vortex. Turbulent structures related to transport are studied, like the sediment plume behaviour. Reconstruction of the bed over a long period of time, using a stereo-correlation method, highlights scour and accretion regions, induced by the isolated vortex. Finally, a numerical study based on OpenFOAM is proposed. The suggested methodology reproduces the observed fluid and sediment behaviours. Validation of this numerical tool could bring some new study parameters, providing an in-depth comprehension on the quantity of mobilized sediments.