This study explores language and literacy learning in a multilingual classroom in Ghana. The aims are three-fold: to identify characteristics of an English textbook that facilitate the pupils' literacy development and learning; to investigate how a policy on book use is interpreted and implemented; and to explore how an English-only language-in-education policy functions in a multilingual classroom.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 451-504).

The Internet has become one of the indispensable approaches to information exchange and acquisition in the daily lives of people in most of the world. The emerging Internet and vigorous development of information technology in the recent years have brought us a more convenient and reliable means to access information. With the rapid information transmission, it not only changes the traditional social mode of operations, but also enables immediate commercial activities on the Internet. The development of e-negotiation systems benefit the enterprises in the competitive global environments for saving financial and time costs in travels, transportations and accommodations, as well as assists international negotiators to negotiate with counterparts more efficiently, with no time difference and no boundaries in the global village of e-commerce. While Internet and Information technologies breaking the spaces and limitations in terms of geography, the international negotiators have to break the habits of using native language instead and using the world language ¡V English ¡V to negotiate with their counterparts from different backgrounds and countries with various native languages spoken. Languages and communication are the most important elements in the negotiation, and they affect the success of negotiation processes and outcomes. This research is to explore the impact of language familiarity on negotiators and negotiation strategies, an asynchronous e-negotiation system was developed accordingly and experiments conducted in the groups of native language (Mandarin) and non-native language (English). Research results showed that negotiators who negotiated with native language had higher self-efficacy than the group with non-native language. The language self-efficacy showed significant positive influences on communication efficiency, but revealed negative impact on the relation with anxiety. The findings also indicated that communication efficiency showed statistically positive significance in all the three strategies adapted in this research ¡V Contending strategy, Problem-Solving strategy, and Persuasive strategy. The higher the communication efficiency, the more positively it would impact on the strategies of contending, problem-solving and persuasive. As for anxiety, the results indicated that negotiators with higher anxiety would tend to use contending strategy more, but with no obvious impacts on the relations between anxiety vs. problem-solving, and anxiety vs. persuasive.

With the rapid growth of the Internet, more and more business conducted commercial activities electronically. It brought more and more electronic negotiations. Electronic negotiations solve the time and space problems between negotiators, and they could raise efficiency and effectiveness of negotiation. Furthermore, world-wide Internet access and globalization have increased the amount of international negotiations conducted online. To communicate with others coming from different countries, people maybe force to use non-native language as communication tool. Language usage is an important factor in electronic negotiation. Some studies on language usage on communication and traditional negotiation, and the findings can¡¦t apply to the e-negotiation because of the degree of media richness has been shown to affect negotiations. E-negotiation provides the function of recording negotiation history, and the negotiation history could be used to analyze the negotiation process. This study used content analysis methodology to analyze the strategic behavior of negotiators. This study is an exploration study, and provides four propositions: first, the language usage (native vs. non-native language) will impact e-negotiation behavior. Second, negotiators using native language employ more claiming value strategic behaviors than negotiators using non-native language. Third, compared with non-native language, negotiators will have higher communication effectiveness and efficiency when using native language in negotiation. Forth, compared with non-native language, negotiators will be easier to reach agreement when using native language in negotiation.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Education, 2001. / Bibliography: leaves 145-159.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-50).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-50). Also available in print.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 143-157).

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references.