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Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-04-20T12:11:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Biavati Rizzotto_.pdf: 607786 bytes, checksum: 247982c50aac28576169ac58e8aeb265 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T12:11:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Biavati Rizzotto_.pdf: 607786 bytes, checksum: 247982c50aac28576169ac58e8aeb265 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) entrou em funcionamento no dia 1º de janeiro de 1995, com a finalidade de administrar o sistema multilateral do comércio. A Rodada Doha foi a primeira rodada de negociações da OMC, que iniciou em 2001 e se estende até os dias atuais. Inúmeros impasses no contexto multilateral afloraram das mesas de negociação na OMC, principalmente na área agrícola, de especial interesse para o Brasil. Sendo assim, o objetivo da dissertação é simular reduções de barreiras tarifárias e não tarifárias, no âmbito multilateral, e verificar quais seriam os benefícios para o Brasil, com ênfase sobre o setor primário. Para tanto, foi estimado um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável, por meio do software GTAP, e quatro cenários que incorporaram reduções de barreiras tarifárias e não tarifárias foram realizados. Os resultados mostram que, especificamente para o Brasil, nos cenários em que só são incorporadas reduções de tarifas, o setor primário e de agroindústria seriam os mais beneficiados. Já a redução multilateral das BNTs favoreceria, especialmente, os setores industriais, de maior conteúdo tecnológico. Quando simulados ambos, reduções de BNT combinados com reduções tarifárias, todos os setores aumentariam as exportações, principalmente a pecuária, agroindústria e manufaturas de alta intensidade tecnológica. Em relação ao bem-estar, os cenários que incorporam redução de BNTs ou reduções combinadas de BNTs e tarifas são os mais benéficos para todas as regiões incluídas no estudo, com ganhos mundiais que podem alcançar mais de US$ 1 trilhão. / The World Trade Organization (WTO) officially commenced on January 1, 1995, for the purpose of administering the multilateral trading system. Doha Round was the first round of WTO negotiations, which began in 2001 and extends to the present day. Numerous impasses in the multilateral context have emerged from the negotiating tables in the WTO, especially in the agricultural area, of special interest to Brazil. Thus, the objective of the dissertation is to simulate reductions in tariff and non-tariff barriers at the multilateral level, and to verify the benefits to Brazil, with emphasis on the primary sector. For that, a computable general equilibrium model was estimated using the GTAP software, and four scenarios that incorporated reductions of tariff and non-tariff barriers were performed. The results show that, specifically for Brazil, in the scenarios in which only tariff reductions are incorporated, the primary and agroindustry sectors would be the most benefited. The multilateral reduction of BNTs would favor, especially, the industrial sectors, with greater technological content. When both, BNT reductions combined with tariff reductions were simulated, all sectors would increase exports, especially livestock, agro-industry, and high-tech manufactures. Concerning well-being, scenarios incorporating reductions in BNTs or combined reductions in BNTs and tariffs are the most beneficial for all regions included in the study, with global gains that can reach over $ 1 trillion.

Tendecies to protectionism appeared in all crisis so far. The current one is no exception. Used protecting tools are the characteristics what differentiate them. The most used tools are non-tarrif measures, especially technical. Governments also applied stimulus packages which often included buy-national type of activities. The thesis concetrates on the roots of the changed pattern in the global economy. It investigates the influence of WTO, which liberalizes the world trade on the multilateral basis. On the other hand, the thesis focuses on regionalism and regional integrations, that liberalize trade only among few involved countries. The thesis also reflects the division of the world to developing and developed countries and describes differences in used measures. The case study investigates the North American Free Trade Agreement, which includes one developing and two developed countries. It also includes the world's biggest economy, whose behaviour heavily impacts the development of the global economy as a whole. This example illustrates differences in the measures used by governments of developing and developed coutries. It analyses influence of a regional integration to these measures and compares it to the influence of WTO. The possibilities of further enlargement of the free trade area and of involving the member countries to other integrations are reflected as well.

<p> </p><p>As we know, China is the biggest developing country with a high speed at its economy development. More and more foreign businesspersons have joined in the promising and attractive Chinese market in order to catch some profitable opportunities to do businesses. However, a lot of issues need to be paid attention to in the business operation. Thus, there are some issues to be presented in this thesis regarding what are the effective ways to do business with China? Understanding the China's culture is an important and essential issue for foreign businesspersons. China's entry the WTO opened its door to more foreign investors who have be granted many preferential policies. Meanwhile, it is also a great challenge for the development of China. And Sino-EU business relationship aslo will be presented in this research to explain how it will take effect on the business doing between the two sides.</p><p>This research has been approached through the methods of theoretical studies and interviews. It is quite essential for businesspersons to catch the opportunities to do business in the competitive Chinese market and be familiar with the advantageous factors in order to do business effectively in China.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

As we know, China is the biggest developing country with a high speed at its economy development. More and more foreign businesspersons have joined in the promising and attractive Chinese market in order to catch some profitable opportunities to do businesses. However, a lot of issues need to be paid attention to in the business operation. Thus, there are some issues to be presented in this thesis regarding what are the effective ways to do business with China? Understanding the China's culture is an important and essential issue for foreign businesspersons. China's entry the WTO opened its door to more foreign investors who have be granted many preferential policies. Meanwhile, it is also a great challenge for the development of China. And Sino-EU business relationship aslo will be presented in this research to explain how it will take effect on the business doing between the two sides. This research has been approached through the methods of theoretical studies and interviews. It is quite essential for businesspersons to catch the opportunities to do business in the competitive Chinese market and be familiar with the advantageous factors in order to do business effectively in China.

China's policy makers see international standards as a barrier to their country's economic development, more importantly, as an offence to the country's national pride. This belief has been reinforced by the view that multi-national companies have used international standards to force developing countries to deprive them of the ability to enter the international markets by forcing them to pay high royalty rates, due to the patents incorporated in these standards. Moreover, these standards, as they believe, have been created at international standards setting platforms dominated by multi-national companies and developed countries. In return, China has launched several initiatives to create home-made Chinese standards free from patent claims of these companies. China's home-madestandards, some of which differ significantly from international standards, also reportedly serve to protection of its domestic market. China's accession to the WTO was formally approved in November 2001 and China became the WTO's 143rd member on December 11, 2001. WTO membership opened a new era for China. In spite of the international expectations for removal of all trade protection mechanisms which are incompatible with the international trade regime, China is reported to have sought to reform its policies by employing new strategies concerning IPR and standards. The thesis of this report is that China has not diverged significantly from developing home-made Chinese standards after the country’s entry into the WTO, but Chinese authorities have adopted more flexible strategies to implement this policy. Accordingly, this report is about change in policy strategies. I argue that China has continued to enforce its own will upon foreign companies with a strong self-confidence stemming from its ability to negotiate on unequal terms with foreign companies, owing to its sheer market size. However, China's new strategies have been shaped by weak coordination and disagreement among government agencies and institutions. To illustrate the potential explanatory power of this account, I have examined two important home-made standards initiatives by China; Wireless Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) and Audio Video Coding Standards (AVS). From the examination of the WAPI and AVS cases, I conclude that China's strategies have continued to evolve through disagreements and negotiations between Chinese government institutions within policy boundaries set by China's WTO membership and increasing international criticism. / text

Submitted by Menanes Cardoso (menanes@gmail.com) on 2015-03-10T12:16:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV_Dissertacao_MPE_MenanesCardoso_v3.3_Final.pdf: 287251 bytes, checksum: a19c5bc3454eedb450648fb6e7d2e8ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-03-10T16:15:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV_Dissertacao_MPE_MenanesCardoso_v3.3_Final.pdf: 287251 bytes, checksum: a19c5bc3454eedb450648fb6e7d2e8ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-10T16:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV_Dissertacao_MPE_MenanesCardoso_v3.3_Final.pdf: 287251 bytes, checksum: a19c5bc3454eedb450648fb6e7d2e8ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-09 / The technology advance and the easy and fast access of people to the information and the products are contributing to the increase of the trade competition among companies and even among the countries. However, it’s necessary to create controls and measures to ensure the quality of local and imported goods and services for the population, without compromising the competitive market equilibrium. So, the present study evaluates the impacts of Non-Tariff Barriers used by importers of Brazilian products over the Brazilian exports in 2013, in particular the use of the type of technical and sanitary barriers. The use of this tool has increased since it was created and so, with overall decrease of tariffs, it has received more attention from Institutions and policy makers of trade and economy. It was found that there is significant impact of this measure on exported Brazilian goods in general as well as for each type of measure. Controlled by other factors, the impact of the measure is positive that suggests an increase in the exports. This same result was observed in the technical barrier. However, it was observed the opposite in the sanitary barrier, suggesting that this type of measure contributes to decrease the Brazilian exports. / O avanço da tecnologia e o acesso fácil e rápido das pessoas à informação e a produtos estão contribuindo para o aumento da competição comercial entre empresas e até mesmo entre países. Contudo, é necessário criar controles e medidas para garantir a qualidade de produtos e serviços domésticos e importados para a população, sem que se comprometa o equilíbrio de mercado competitivo. Assim, o presente trabalho avalia os impactos de Barreiras Não Tarifárias utilizadas pelos importadores de produtos brasileiros sobre as exportações brasileiras no ano de 2013, em particular o uso dos tipos de barreiras técnicas e sanitárias. O uso desse tipo de instrumento tem aumentado desde que foi criado e assim, com a diminuição global de tarifas alfandegárias, tem recebido mais atenção por parte de Instituições e formuladores de políticas econômicas e comerciais. Encontrou-se que é significativo o impacto desse tipo de medida sobre os produtos brasileiros exportados de um modo geral, bem como por tipo de medida. Controlado por outros fatores, o impacto da medida é positivo, que sugere um aumento nas exportações. Esse mesmo impacto foi observado na medida do tipo técnica; todavia, foi observado o oposto na medida do tipo sanitária, o que sugere que esse tipo de medida contribui para a redução das exportações brasileiras.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLGEBC.pdf: 972232 bytes, checksum: 9a8115b314938fa8bc8a979555f4ed85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-27 / The fruit sector is found in expansion, being considered one of the fastest emerging and potential in the Brazilian agribusiness. The fruit chain has been affected by the increase in global competitiveness, where the big producers and retailers, focusing on the strengthening of their competitive position have amplified their strategies and acquisitions leading to a greater market concentration, a greater asymmetry of power and more complex configuration of this chain worldwide. The mango is in the spotlight in the Brazilian fruit culture, it is the third best exported fruit (113 thousand tons) in 2005. Brazil was eighth in worldwide production of mango in 2005, producing 850.000 tons. The northeast was the main productive area, responsible for 66% of all national production. The fruit sector is strongly affected by non-tariff barriers (NTBs), especially technical and phytosanitary. The restrictions have represented serious obstacles to the Brazilian fruit culture expansion in the international market. Therefore, the general goal of this research was analyze the productive chain of the exported Brazilian mango, focusing on the imposition of non-tariff barriers in the production, harvest, post harvest and distribution of national producers of mango in natura, where the study of case was selected as a more adequate method for the research and thus as multicase study was carried through. Some results found stand out: the technical barriers (having a phytosanitary state) are more frequent in mango exportation; the fruit is sold indirectly; the agriculture practice and non-tariff barriers are interrelated and finally, the consume behavior in different markets and consumers interfere in the process and practices adopted by the producers. / O setor frutícola encontra-se em expansão, sendo considerado um dos setores de maior potencial do agronegócio brasileiro. A cadeia de frutas tem sido afetada pelo aumento da competitividade global, onde as grandes empresas produtoras de frutas e as redes varejistas, visando ao fortalecimento de suas posições competitivas, têm ampliado suas estratégias de fusões e aquisições conduzindo à maior concentração de mercado, à maior assimetria de poder e à configuração mais complexa dessa cadeia em nível mundial. A manga ocupa um lugar de destaque na fruticultura brasileira, sendo a terceira fruta mais exportada (113 mil toneladas) em 2005. O Brasil ocupou a oitava posição na produção mundial de manga em 2005, produzindo 850.000 toneladas, sendo o nordeste a principal região produtora, responsável por 66% da produção nacional. O setor frutícola é fortemente afetado por barreiras não-tarifárias (BNT´s), especialmente de caráter técnico e fitossanitários. Tais restrições têm representado sérios entraves à expansão da fruticultura brasileira no mercado internacional. Sendo assim, o objetivo geral dessa pesquisa foi analisar a cadeia produtiva da manga brasileira para exportação, tendo como foco os efeitos da imposição de barreiras não-tarifárias nas práticas de produção, colheita, pós-colheita e distribuição dos produtores nacionais de manga in natura, onde elegeu-se o estudo de caso como método mais adequado para a pesquisa e foi realizado um estudo multicaso. Dentre os resultados encontrados destacam-se: as barreiras técnicas (de caráter fitossanitário) são a de maior incidência nas exportações de manga; a fruta é comercializada de forma indireta; as práticas agrícolas e as barreiras não-tarifárias estão inter-relacionadas e por fim, o comportamento de consumo dos diferentes mercados e consumidores interferem nos processos e práticas adotadas pelos produtores.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Objetiva analisar o comportamento da cadeia produtiva da manga exportada para os Estados Unidos, por meio da utilizaÃÃo de indicadores privados e sociais, sob a perspectiva da Matriz de AnÃlise PolÃtica (MAP), no corredor Petrolina-PE ao porto de Salvador; assim como a atuaÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas sobre a cadeia estudada. Dessa forma, mostra-se um arcabouÃo da Matriz de AnÃlise PolÃtica com o intuito de oferecer suporte teÃrico e prÃtico à pesquisa. A busca exploratÃria foi o guia condutor deste estudo, aplicada por meio de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa e desenvolvida com base em dados primÃrios e secundÃrios associados ao estudo de caso que foram estruturados por meio de matrizes contÃbeis organizadas em planilhas eletrÃnicas, desenvolvidas no software Excel - Microsoft 2010. Esses dados foram fornecidos por uma cooperativa e pelos cooperados produtores de manga, transportadoras, despachantes aduaneiros e instituiÃÃes de pesquisa, e coletados no MunicÃpio de Petrolina-PE. A lucratividade relacionada aos custos privados e sociais e polÃticas governamentais ofereceu os conceitos que fundamentaram as anÃlises realizadas neste estudo. Os produtores estudados no caso foram divididos, por estratos de Ãrea, em trÃs grupos. Foram calculadas seis matrizes contÃbeis, utilizando dados dos trÃs grupos, considerando e desconsiderando os gastos com as barreiras nÃo tarifÃrias relacionados Ãs exportaÃÃes da fruta ao mercado dos EUA. Desta forma, a anÃlise dos resultados obtidos permite concluir que, no conjunto dos elos da cadeia, a lucratividade privada e social e a eficiÃncia econÃmica do sistema sÃo positivas para todos os grupos, considerando ou nÃo os gastos com as barreiras nÃo tarifÃrias, mesmo ocorrendo transferÃncia de renda do produtor para a sociedade e taxaÃÃo na cadeia. Sendo assim, os trÃs grupos analisados denotam vantagens competitivas e comparativas, mesmo com a atuaÃÃo de efeitos negativos de polÃticas pÃblicas e de barreiras nÃo tarifÃrias impostas pelo Governo americano para a importaÃÃo da manga brasileira. A competitividade poderia ser maior caso nÃo houvesse as exigÃncias de importaÃÃo dos Estados Unidos. Consequentemente, a cadeia produtiva da manga voltada para a exportaÃÃo exprime perspectivas favorÃveis e tendÃncia de expansÃo, apesar dos "desincentivos". / The present study aimed to analyze the behavior of the production chain of mango exported to the United States, through the use of private and social indicators, from the perspective of Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), in Petrolina-PE corridor to the port of Salvador; as well as the role of public policy on the studied chain. Thus, it presents a framework of Policy Analysis Matrix in order to provide theoretical and practical support to the research. Exploratory research was the guide to this study, applied by means of qualitative and quantitative approach and developed based on primary and secondary data associated with the case study that were structured through accounting matrices organized in spreadsheets developed using Excel - Microsoft 2010. These data were by cooperative mango producing companies, carriers, customs brokers and research institutions, and collected in the city of Petrolina-PE. The profitability related to the private and social costs and government policies, offered the concepts that underlie the analyzes performed in this study. The producers that have been studied in the case were divided in three groups. Six accounting matrices were calculated using data from three groups considering and excluding expenses on non-tariff barriers related to the fruit exportation to the US market. Thus, the analysis of the results shows that, in all the links of the chain, the private and social profitability and economic efficiency of the system are positive for all groups considering whether or not spending on non-tariff barriers, even occurring producer income transfer to society and taxation in the chain. Thereby, the three groups analyzed have competitive and comparative advantages, even with the performance of negative effects of public policies and non-tariff barriers imposed by the US government for the import of Brazilian mango. The presented competitiveness could be higher if there were the US import requirements. Consequently, the productive chain of mango aimed at exports has favorable prospects and expansion trend, despite the "discouragement".

This paper critically evaluate the effectiveness of the non -tariff barriers legal framework under the SADC Protocol on Trade. In the same vein it identifies and discus a list of non-tariff barriers to trade that are still prevalent in the SADC region despite the prohibition for their use under the Protocol. The list of these NTBs is made up of quantitative restrictions, customs procedures and administrative requirements, technical standards, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, government participation in trade, lack of infrastructure, restrictive rules of origin and anti-dumping measures. Their impact is also addressed using some case studies based on the experience of businesses and people trading in the region. The paper concluded that the widespread and continued existence of NTBs in the region is as a result of a weak regulatory framework aimed at addressing them. To this end the paper single out the provisions relating to the granting of derogations from complying with the Protocol, the rules of origin, antidumping provisions and rules relating to the protection of infant industries as some of the weak points in the Protocol. To assess the compatibility of the rules regulating NTBs under the Protocol with the WTO rules one of the chapter is dedicated to a discussion on the WTO legal framework for NTBs. The paper also gives the reader an opportunity to have a grasp of the progress made in the SADC Free Trade Area by providing a section which focuses on the NTBs Monitoring and Elimination Mechanism. Problems associated with the mechanism are also clearly laid down in this paper. Recommendations are made at the end of the paper as way of providing solutions to some of the issues identified as weaknesses on the NTBs legal framework. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted