The liquid crystal displays itself has a lot of advantages, such as thin thickness, slight weight and high brightness, etc. It is an important target for many engineers to develop the high brightness, uniformity, low power consumption and thin backlight module. Due to the temperature raising of the cold cathode fluorescence lamp (CCFL) in a backlight module of a LCD under long-term lighting state, the micro-optic-structure will deform and cause an uneven luminance phenomenon. In this research, was provided a method of creating a model with thermal deformation and how to draw this model by using PRO/EINGINEER. Then, one can transform the model into the optical software, ASAP, to make optical analysis. Finally, the thermal module can be studied.

The connection between the devices of optical fiber system is an important part of optical communication equipment. For reducing the power loss in single transfer process, we couple the light from one device to another by connecting with splicer and connector. In the optical fiber communication system, the fiber must be coupled with light source or detectors and optical amplifier. The way connect fiber by fusion splice is different from the mechanical connectors, which is small joint volume, higher mechanical strength and much stable after connecting. It is more suitable to apply on micro-package optical communication device. In the study, we confer with the temperature profile and thermal stress of fusion splice module during splicing Cr4+¡GYAG crystal fiber and single mode fiber by numerical simulations. Through adjusting the parameters, like fusion current, fusion place and the processes of splice to examine the trend of change of temperature and thermal stress.

The current packaging trend toward to smaller and thinner has pushed the manufacturing technology to the limits. During the assembly processes of IC packages, delamination at interfaces and mechanical breakage of components are common mode of failure. The induced thermal stress within the package is one of the major contributions to these failures. According to the disparity of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between different components, internal thermal stress and warpage will be induced when the package undergoes temperature excursion. In this paper, the Die attach epoxy curing and encapsulation curing process induced warpage and thermal stress were studied by finite element software Marc & Mentat. As comparison, two kinds of Molding materials of the package considered, and the result will compared with the experimental data. Finally, studied the effect of the material thickness and the impact significance of each design variable on the design objective will also be discussed.

The main purpose of this study is to simulate and analyze the temperature and contact pressure of the disc brake plate of a motorcycle during braking by the finite element method. By utilizing the software package Mentate and Marc which are signified with drawing and construction of the brake model to do the analysis of thermal and contact problem. In accordance with the result of analysis, the researcher discussed and compared the three-dimensional model and the two dimensional axial symmetrical model for the temperature, pressure and stress distribution of the brake. Finally, the researcher made some suggestions for the improvement of the mechanism of disc brake plate of a motorcycle.

The effects of different ferrule length and epoxy layer thickness of the module of optical fiber connector under thermal cycling are investigated in this thesis. The finite element method package, MSC. MARC, is used in this study and the coupled thermal-elastic-plastic model is employed in the analysis. The mechanical behavior and life prediction with different length of ferrule and thickness of epoxy layer are considered. It is shown that the thickness of epoxy layer has the major effect on the life of the module. The stress and strain in the fiber and epoxy layer are decreasing with increasing of ferrule length, and the life of the module is increasing with increasing of thickness of epoxy layer. Finally, we recommend the ferrule length can be designed between 7.89mm ~10.5mm.

A 3D 8-component thermal compositional simulation study has been performed to evaluate the merits of steam-propane injection and a novel vertical-smart horizontal well system for the Lombardi reservoir in the San Ardo field, California. The novel well system consists of a vertical steam injector and a horizontal producer, whose horizontal section is fully open initially, and after steam breakthrough, only one-third (heel-end) is kept open. A 16x16x20 Cartesian model was used that represented a quarter of a typical 10acre 9-spot inverted steamflood pattern in the field. The prediction cases studied assume prior natural depletion to reservoir pressure of about 415 psia. Main results of the simulation study may be summarized as follows. First, under steam injection, oil recovery is significantly higher with the novel vertical-smart horizontal well system (45.5-58.7% OOIP at 150-300 BPDCWE) compared to the vertical well system (33.6-32.2% OOIP at 150-300 BPDCWE). Second, oil recovery increases with steam injection rate in the vertical-smart horizontal well system but appears to reach a maximum at about 150 BPDCWE in the vertical well system (due to severe bypassing of oil). Third, under steam-propane injection, oil recovery for the vertical-smart horizontal well system increases to 46.1% OOIP at 150 BPDCWE but decreases to 51.6% OOIP at 300 PDCWE due to earlier steam breakthrough that resulted in reduced sweep efficiency. Fourth, for the vertical well system, steam-propane injection results in an increase of oil recovery to 35.4-32.6% OOIP at 150-300 BPDCWE. Fifth, with steam-propane injection, for both well systems, oil production acceleration increases with lower injection rates. Sixth, the second oil production peak in the vertical-smart horizontal well system is accelerated by 24-50% in time for 150-300 BPDCWE compared to that with pure steam injection.

Due to the Columbia Space Shuttle Accident of February 2003, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board determined the need for an on-orbit inspection system for the Thermal Protection System that accurately determines damage depth to 0.25". NASA contracted the Spacecraft Technology Center in College Station, Texas, for a proof-of-concept photogrammetric system. This system involves a high quality digital camera placed on the International Space Station, capable of taking high fidelity images of the orbiter as it rotates through the Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver. Due to the pitch rotation, the images are tilted at different angles. The tilt causes the damage to exhibit parallax between multiple images. The tilted images are therefore registered to the near-vertical images using visually striking features on the undamaged surface of the Thermal Protection System that appear in multiple images taken at different tilt angles. The images become relatively oriented after registration, and features in one image are ensured to lie on the epipolar line in the other images. Features that do not lie on the undamaged surface, however, are shifted in the tilted images. These pixels are matched to the near-vertical image using a sliding-window area-matching approach. The windows are matched using a least-squares error method. The change in location for a pixel in a tilted image from its expected location on the undamaged surface is called the pixel disparity. This disparity is linearly scaled using the tilt angle and the pixel sampling to determine the depth of the damage at that pixel location. The algorithm is tested on a set of damaged tiles at the Johnson Space Center in Houston and the photogrammetric damage depth is then compared to a set of truth data provided by NASA. The photogrammetric method shows promise, with the 0.25" error limit being exceeded in only a few pixel locations. Once the camera properties are fully known from calibration, this systematic error should be reduced.

A new correlation for the prediction of the Countercurrent Flow Limitation (CCFL) in a large diameter tube with a falling water lm is proposed. Dierent from previous correlations, it predicts the onset of ooding by considering the relative velocities of the working uids and the lm thickness of the liquid layer. This provides a more complete accounting of the physical forces contributing to CCFL. This work has been undertaken in order to provide a better estimate of CCFL for reactor safety codes such as MELCOR, MAAP, and SCDAP/RELAP. Experiments were conducted to determine the CCFL for a 3-inch inner diameter smooth tube with an annular liquid lm and air injection from the bottom. The size of the test section and the range of working uid ow rates were based on a scaling analysis of the surge line of a PressurizedWater Reactor pressurizer. An experimental facility was designed and constructed based on this analysis in order to collect data on the CCFL phenomenon. In order to capture some of the physical phenomena at the onset of ooding visual pictures were taken at high speed. These pictures provided a new understanding of the process of transition to ooding. The facility also produced a new set of ooding data. This can also lead to a more comprehensive mechanistic model.

Fuel cells are the direct energy conversion devices which convert the chemical energy of a fuel to electrical energy with much greater efficiency than conventional devices. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is one of the various types of available fuel cells; wherein the major components are made of inherently brittle ceramics. Planar SOFC have the advantages of high power density and design flexibility over its counterpart tubular configuration. However, structural integrity, mechanical reliability, and durability are of great concern for commercial applications of these cells. The stress distribution in a cell is a function of geometry of fuel cell, temperature distribution, external mechanical loading and a mismatch of thermo-mechanical properties of the materials in contact. The mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion and elastic moduli of the materials in direct contact results in the evolution of thermal stresses in the positive electrode/electrolyte/negative electrode (PEN) assembly during manufacturing and operating conditions (repeated start up and shut down steps) as well. It has long been realized and demonstrated that the durability and reliability of SOFCs is not only determined by the degradation in electrochemical performance but also by the ability of its component materials to withstand the thermal stresses. In the present work, an attempt has been made to evaluate the thermal stresses as a function of thermal and mechanical properties of the component materials assuming contribution from other factors such as thermal gradient, mechanical loading and in-service loading conditions is insignificant. Materials used in the present study include the state of art anode (Ni-YSZ), electrolyte(YSZ) and cathode materials(LM and LSM) of high temperature SOFC and also the ones being suggested for intermediate temperature SOFC Ni-SCZ as an anode, GDC and SCZ as electrolyte and LSCF as the cathode. Variation of thermo-mechanical properties namely coefficient of thermal expansion, and elastic and shear moduli were studied using thermo-mechanical analyzer and resonant ultrasound spectroscope respectively in 25-900°C temperature range. A non-linear variation in elastic and shear moduli- indicative of the structural changes in the studied temperature range was observed for most of the above mentioned materials. Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was also found to increase non-linearly with temperature and sensitive to the phase transformations occurring in the materials. Above a certain temperature (high temperature region- above 600°C), a significant contribution from chemical expansion of the materials was also observed. In order to determine thermal stress distribution in the positive electrode, electrolyte, negative electrode (PEN) assembly, CTE and elastic and shear moduli of the component materials were incorporated in finite element analysis at temperature of concern. For the finite element analysis, anode supported configuration of PEN assembly (of 100mm x 100mm) was considered with 1mm thick anode, 10μm electrolyte and 30μm cathode. The results have indicated that cathode and anode layer adjacent to cathode/electrolyte and electrolyte/anode interface respectively are subjected to tensile stresses at the operating temperature of HT-SOFC (900°C) and IT-SOFC (600°C). However, the magnitude of stresses is much higher in the former case (500MPa tensile stress in cathode layer) when compared with the stress level in IT-SOFC (178MPa tensile stress in cathode layer). These high stresses might have been resulted from the higher CTE of cathode when compared with the adjacent electrolyte. However, it is worth mentioning here that in the present work, we have not considered any contribution from the residual stresses arising from fabrication and the stress relaxation from softening of the glass sealant.

The main purpose of this research is to design a thermal energy conversion device, which is aimed to collect unused heat produced by nature. In order to achieve high-efficiency conversion, some novel devices will be studied to convert heat energy into mechanical power. A simple heat exchanger as well as heat engine device is proposed in this study. Dichloromethane is used as an important factor due to its physical properties. Finally, the concept of a tubular linear generator will be adopted to generate electric power. The feature of the proposed simple thermal energy conversion device is that we can use unused heat sources as input, such as solar energy and waste heat from car engines. Besides, the system is capable to work under the condition of low-temperature difference