Este artigo visa investigar os determinantes econométricos da oferta de trabalho voluntário no Brasil. Nas últimas décadas, foram realizados estudos empíricos buscando explicitar os fatores que levam os indivíduos a trabalhar voluntariamente em alguns países, mas nenhuma averiguação desse caráter foi feita entre os brasileiros ainda. De fato, pouco se sabe a respeito dos trabalhadores voluntários no Brasil. Utilizando dados da PNAD/IBGE, esta pesquisa mostra que eles eram cerca de 208 mil em 2012, o equivalente a 0,17% da população de 15 a 64 anos de idade no país, e trabalhavam em média 21 horas por semana. Os resultados do pooled Probit e Tobit indicam que pessoas com menores rendimentos potenciais do trabalho (custo de oportunidade) têm maior probabilidade de serem voluntárias e dedicam mais tempo ao voluntariado. A oferta de trabalho voluntário também aumenta com a renda domiciliar dos demais moradores e a escolaridade, e sua relação com a idade tem formato de U. Entre os homens, a renda não proveniente do trabalho é outro fator que exerce uma influência positiva sobre a decisão de despender algumas horas por semana em atividades voluntárias. Já entre as mulheres, a disponibilidade para trabalhar voluntariamente diminui com a presença de crianças no domicílio. De maneira geral, a magnitude dos efeitos obtidos através do modelo Probit é mais relevante. / This paper aims to investigate the econometric determinants of volunteer labor supply in Brazil. In recent decades, empirical studies trying to identify the factors that lead individuals to volunteer have been conducted in some countries, but no investigation of such character has been made in Brazil so far. Indeed, little is known about the nation\'s volunteer workers. Using data from PNAD/IBGE, this research shows that they were about 208 thousand in 2012, or 0.17% of the Brazilian population aged 15-64 years, and worked on average 21 hours a week. The pooled Probit and Tobit results indicate that people with lower potential wages (opportunity cost) are more likely to volunteer and devote more time to voluntary activities. Volunteer labor supply also increases with the income of other household members and higher levels of education. Furthermore, there is a U-shaped relation between volunteering and age. Among men, income from other sources than wages is another factor that has a positive influence on the decision to spend some hours a week volunteering. Among women, having a child at home diminishes the willingness to volunteer. In general, the magnitude of the effects of the Probit model is more relevant.

Happiness is consistently cited as one of the things that people consider most important in their lives and yet is a slippery concept about which it is difficult to establish a shared understanding. There is increasing agreement that Gross National Product (GDP) is not a sufficient indicator of progress and that alternative measures may need to include the subjective aspects of wellbeing, or happiness. However, if policy makers and development workers are to seriously consider happiness, clarity is required about what it means to different people and such clarity must be grounded in the everyday experiences of the people whose lives social and development polices aim to improve. Despite increasing interest in the concept of happiness within Laos, academic research focusing upon positive subjective experience is limited. Young Lao people who volunteer with Non-Profit Associations (NPAs) in Vientiane occupy a unique position at the crossroads of a country that continues to be affected by a complex political legacy, a rapidly modernising capital city and a newly visible civil society. The findings from the current research provide rich data from 18 months of ethnographic and participative fieldwork with this specific group of young people in Vientiane. The research addresses the following questions:  What do the ways that young Lao volunteers in Vientiane express happiness tell us about the ways that they conceptualise happiness?  What do young volunteers in Vientiane say makes them happy?  What beliefs do young volunteers in Vientiane have about happiness?  How do these beliefs about happiness fit with young volunteers’ expressed experiences of happiness? This thesis identifies three key conceptual models that research participants used to express happiness including ‘Being Happy’ (happiness is a present moment choice), ‘Becoming Happy’ (happiness is something to be achieved) and ‘Happy Being With Others’ (happiness is located in relationships between people). Further, three culturally constructed ‘happiness scripts’ that research participants share are outlined and discussed. The three scripts are: “The way to be happy is to be a good Lao person”, “I will be happy if I have the things that I need to be comfortable and to have an easy life” and “I am happy when I follow my heart”. These scripts each combine a conceptual mode of happiness with a focus on specific aspects of their lives that research participants say make them happy and a set of shared beliefs about happiness. These three scripts offer normative accounts of different pathways that research participants believe will lead to happiness. The research demonstrates, however, how research participants hold multiple scripts simultaneously and looks at the interactions and tensions between the scripts and between the scripts and participants’ lived experiences. The research concludes that the socially constructed nature of the happiness scripts and the multiple conceptual models of happiness used by the research participants emphasise the need for self-awareness and transparency in conversations about happiness. Any consideration of happiness at policy level must include open and critical discussion about the happiness script that is being promoted. At the individual level participants valued positive opportunities to become aware of and challenge their own assumptions about the things that are most important in their lives were beneficial to their happiness. The thesis, therefore, recommends a shift in policy focus from solely measuring happiness to promoting positive conversations about happiness at policy, community and individual levels. Happiness is both an important experience and a slippery concept. It is both critical that we consider it and vital that we remain critical of it.

Youth’s perceptions of international development and its related themes are being shaped through the messages relayed in the marketing of volunteer sending organizations. This research explores how one voluntourism sending organization, ME to WE, packages and portrays themes of international development and contributes to Heron’s “helping imperative” (2007), which is a desire to go abroad and make change by asserting one’s own values of development. It uses qualitative content analysis from ME to WE’s online youth trip pages and explores how the organization uses a discourse that focuses on the notion of “doing” development, selling adventure, the allure of the proximity to poverty, and leadership and social justice training. The research situates the findings in the scholarly debates on international volunteering and voluntourism and draws heavily on postcolonial analysis. It examines how ME to WE uses a rhetoric that promotes sustainable development, partnerships, building leaders, and global citizenship, however upon deeper analysis this promotion is superficial in that the themes in the discourse point to a lack of critical reflexivity in meaningful, thick conceptions of global citizenship education, an overwhelming support for egoistic motivations over altruism in youth going abroad, a consumer-first, consumption-based mentality, and a reinforcing of unequal power structures between the Global North and Global South, reverting back towards charity as opposed to solidarity.

The aim of this Master's thesis is to describe the motives and opinions on volunteering among university students, whether they volunteer or not. The theoretical part deals with the basic concepts and the most important information from this area and form the basis for practical part of this thesis. The practical part is processed by a questionnaire and focuses on the situation in volunteering among university students and detects whether there is any link between chosen subject of study and relation to volunteering. In the final summary of the research and thesis the benefits of thesis are evaluated and recommendations for practice are formulated.

The traditional paper-based method of field data collection has always been a time-consuming and cumbersome process. Agency personnel in the field complete a standard evaluation form, which is then returned to the office and entered into a computer database for storage and analysis. Throughout this process, data can easily be lost or misinterpreted. As data requirements continue to expand, field data collection can quickly overwhelm a regulatory agency's manpower and resources, which only serves to exacerbate these problems. Recent technological developments can help agencies and organizations keep up with this growing demand and have begun to change the method of data collection and management. The overall goal of this study is to develop, demonstrate, and evaluate a digital protocol for the use of technology in a volunteer stream monitoring application and draw conclusions on its applicability as a more effective means of data collection in a wide variety of fields. The protocol includes digital evaluation forms and integrated help files for use in the field. The digital evaluation forms are based on paper evaluation forms developed by researchers conducting a stream corridor assessment of Stroubles Creek in Blacksburg, Virginia. The protocol was developed using available hardware and software. Collected data can be downloaded directly from a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and stored on a hard drive or system server. The data can then be input directly into a Geographic Information System (GIS) database to enhance the visualization and usefulness of the information. The GIS allows surveyors to view the relationships among the many factors affecting the stream, as well as preparing the data for advanced analysis. Two examples are provided: a field application of the protocol on streams currently listed for Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) development; and an environmental education setting in a Virginia elementary school. Conclusions drawn from these applications are also described. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Within societies at war, the source of social change is not confined to the front lines of battle or the political leadership, nor are the sole effects of warfare the violent loss of life and political upheaval. War also leads to shifts in social relations and narratives through processes driven by civilian actors. In this dissertation, I examine how social life was transformed during war through the case of civilian volunteering in the Donbas conflict by drawing upon feminist scholarship on war, the sociology of gender, postsocialist studies, and the sociological literature on volunteering. This study is grounded in qualitative research conducted in Kyiv, Ukraine from September 2015 through June 2016, including eighty-two semi-structured interviews with volunteers, participant observation in volunteer networks, and secondary data derived from social media, news organizations, and government releases. My research expands what it means to study wartime change by bringing civilians’ lives and experiences into the center of such research. As volunteering entered the forefront of social life in Ukraine, it became a site for reimagining state-society relations alongside ideals of civic engagement and state care. I argue that the hybrid discourses of volunteers reflected a combination of neoliberal concepts and socialist demands that were characteristic of a borderlands, where multiple cross-cutting discourses are negotiated by local actors. The central role of volunteers within the war effort in Ukraine also brought visibility and status to the contributions of women, who are often invisible or constructed as secondary within wartime narratives. In effect, volunteering marked a space of gendered change during the Donbas conflict. I argue that women’s volunteering both challenged and reinforced hierarchical gender structures while creating a societal space for experiencing human connection amidst conflict. My research contributes to the global study of gender and war by investigating paths towards transforming gender hierarchies. I further work to shift the feminist focus to the local realities of wartime actors, and not just questions of women’s empowerment.

The subject of this thesis focuses on the early development of Volunteers in Portland Schools. Commonly referred to as VIPS, this program was designed to coordinate and optimize the use of volunteers throughout the school district. VIPS is jointly sponsored by the Portland Public Schools and the Portland Council, P.T.A . and is funded by the Portland Public Schools. The VIPS concept was conceived by the author of this thesis in August 1968. A proposal for a cooperative school volunteer progrcnn was written in the fall of that year with the endorsement of the School Board and the assistance of school district personnel. This proposal was approved and adopted by the Board February 1969 and the author was directed to coordinate a VIPS pilot project in the Cleveland High School area from February until June 1969. In June the School Board expanded the program citywide and hired a part-time director. The author continued in the role of section coordinator for the Cleveland High School area during the school year 1969-1970. T'he discussion of the VIPS program in this thesis is essentially historical and is based on the direct experiences of the author.

Viewing motivation to volunteer through an attachment theory perspective may enhance understanding of volunteering motivations. A questionnaire was administered to (N=155) emerging adult college students using a Lykert-type scale (1 - 7) to assess attachment (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) and motivation to volunteer (Omoto & Snyder, 1994). Five forward linear regression analyses were conducted to identify significant predictors of attachment style on motivation to volunteer. For each analysis, one of the five motivations to volunteer variables (values, understanding, esteem enhancement, personal development, community concern) was regressed on the combination of four attachment style variables (secure, avoidant, anxious ambivalent, dismissing avoidant). Findings indicate that Secure significantly predicted Values, Understanding, and Community Concern; Anxious Ambivalent predicted Understanding, Personal Development, Community Concern, and Esteem Enhancement; and Dismissing Avoidant predicted Understanding. These findings partially support the hypothesized notion that securely individuals would likely report selfless motivations; whereas, insecure individuals would likely report self-serving motivations.

Volunteer leaders are an underutilized resource in nonprofit organizations. However, as volunteer directors are stretched to their capacity, others in the organization must provide leadership to volunteers. One way for nonprofit organizations to increase their capacity is to develop the leadership skills of identified volunteer leaders. Because time and resources are limited in nonprofit organizations, the purpose of this study was to determine if identifying and training volunteer leaders is beneficial to the outreach of organizations they serve. This study was conducted in three parts. A Delphi study, was conducted with volunteer directors in the community to identify leadership competencies for volunteer leaders. At the conclusion of three rounds of iteration, 42 competencies were identified. A volunteer leader training and assessment instrument was developed based on those 42 competencies. Next, social network analysis was used to identify volunteer leaders in three groups at a nonprofit organization. ForceAtlas2 analysis was used to generate networks of nodes (volunteers) and edges (connections) to determine leaders within each group. The identified leaders were compared to leaders identified by the volunteer director of the organization. Overall, the volunteer leaders selected by the director matched those identified by the social network analysis with the exception of one outlier in one of the volunteer groups. Lastly, the identified volunteer leaders were invited to the volunteer leader training developed from the competencies identified by the Delphi. Participants were assessed prior-to, and following, the training by their peer volunteers based on their ability to demonstrate the identified competencies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine if a there was a difference between the participants’ demonstration of the competencies after the training compared to before. The results of the analysis indicated there was no statistically significant increase in participant’s ability to demonstrate the leadership competencies and skills as a result of the workshop. However, there was an overall increase for participants’ ability to demonstrate 31 of the competencies covered in the training. The researcher suggests revising the workshop into a comprehensive series of shorter trainings and replicating the study to determine if additional competencies can be improved upon.

Volunteer tourism as an alternative to mass tourism has grown significantly since the 1970s, sparking research interest in the subject. However, there is little research that has examined future potential volunteer tourists' various perceptions, needs and wants. The purpose of this study was to understand how and in what way various potential volunteer tourists' beliefs, including attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy and motivation, influence their future intended participation in a volunteer tourism experience using the revised theory of planned behavior. Moreover, the potential moderating effect of past volunteer tourism experience was examined as well. The study collected 291 usable responses from potential volunteer tourists who were active members of volunteer tourism organizations. The study used second order confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling and hierarchical multiple regression analysis to test study hypotheses. The study also used meta-analysis to examine the effect size of the predicting variables and compared it with that of previous tourism research. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that two constructs, both attitudes and subjective norms, appeared to be statistically significant, while self-efficacy and motivation were not statistically significant in predicting potential volunteer tourists' intended participation. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis found a moderating effect of past volunteer tourism experience on motivation toward intended participation in a negative direction. In addition, the motivation factor "altruism" moderated in a negative direction. Meta-analysis found a large effect of attitudes, a medium effect of subjective norms, and a small effect of self-efficacy in relation to intended participation. In conclusion, the results did not validate the theory of planned behavior in the context of volunteer tourism research. Interestingly, the theory of reasoned action was found to be validated. Implications for volunteer tourism providers and organizations are also discussed. / Ph. D.