A construction is given for which the Hausdorff measure and dimension of an arbitrary abstract compact metric space (X, d) can be encoded in a spectral triple. By introducing the concept of resolving sequence of open covers, conditions are given under which the topology, metric, and Hausdorff measure can be recovered from a spectral triple dependent on such a sequence. The construction holds for arbitrary compact metric spaces, generalizing previous results for fractals, as well as the original setting of manifolds, and also holds when Hausdorff and box dimensions differ---in particular, it does not depend on any self-similarity or regularity conditions on the space. The only restriction on the space is that it have positive s₀ dimensional Hausdorff measure, where s₀ is the Hausdorff dimension of the space, assumed to be finite. Also, X does not need to be embedded in another space, such as Rⁿ.

Estudamos a Mecânica Quântica não-relativística de sistemas físicos caracterizados pela presença de um grau de liberdade extra, que não comuta com a coordenada temporal. Na linguagem da Geometria Não-Comutativa, tratamos de sistemas descritos por uma álgebra da forma F(Q) X \"A IND.\"teta\"\"(R X \"S POT.1\"), onde F(Q) é a álgebra de funções sobre o espaço de configurações usual \"Q\" e \"A IND.\"teta\"\"(R X \"S POT.1\") é uma deformação de F(R X \"S POT.1\"), conhecida como cilindro não-comutativo. Do ponto de vista geométrico, os geradores do cilindro não-comutativo correspondem à coordenada temporal e a uma coordenada espacial (extra) compacta, em analogia com o caso das teorias do tipo Kaluza-Klein. Mostramos que, como resultado da não-comutatividade entre o tempo e a dimensão extra, a evolução temporal dos sistemas descritos por F(Q) X \"A_t(R X S 1) é discretizada. Ao desenvolver a teoria de espalhamento para sistemas definidos nesse espaço-tempo, verificamos o aparecimento de um efeito inexistente no caso usual: transições entre um estado \"in\" com energia \"E IND.\"alfa\"\" e um estado \"out\" com energia \"E IND.\"beta\"\" (diferente de \"E IND.\"alfa\"\") passam a ser possíveis. Mais especificamente, transições serão possíveis sempre que \"E IND.\"beta\" -\" E IND.\"alfa\" = 2\"pi\"/\"teta\"n, com n \'PERTENCE A\' aos inteiros. As conseqüências desse fato são investigadas de maneira qualitativa, no caso específico de uma barreira uni-dimensional do tipo delta. Essa análise é baseada na aproximação de Born para a matriz de transição / We study the nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics of physical systems characterized F(Q) X \"A IND.\"teta\"\"(R X \"S POT.1\"), by the presence of an extra degree of freedom which does not commute with the time coordinate. In the language of Noncommutative Geometry, we deal with systems described by an algebra of the form F(Q) X \"A IND.\"teta\"\"(R X \"S POT.1\"),, where F(Q) is the algebra of functions over the usual con¯guration space \"Q\" e \"A IND.\"teta\"\"(R X\"S POT.1\") is a deformation of F(R X \"S POT.1\"), known as noncommutative cylinder. From a geometric viewpoint, the generators of the noncommutative cylinder correspond to the time coordinate and to an extra compact spatial coordinate, just like in Kaluza-Klein theories. We show that because of the noncommutativity between the time coordinate and the extra degree of freedom, the time evolution of systems described by F(Q) X \"A_t(R X S 1) is discretized. We develop the scattering theory for such systems, and verify the presence of a new e®ect: transitions from an in state with energy \"E IND.\"alfa\"\" and an out state with energy \"E IND.\"beta\"\" (diferente de \"E IND.\"alfa\"\") are now allowed, in contrast to the usual case. In fact, transitions take place whenever \"E IND.\"beta\" -\" E IND.\"alfa\" = 2\"pi\"/\"teta\"n,, with n \'PERTENCE A\'. The consequences of this result are investigated in the case of a one-dimensional delta barrier. Our analysis is based on the Born approximation for the transition matrix.

Introduzimos o conceito de estrutura de Poisson não comutativa em álgebras associativas e mostra como este conceito se relaciona com o caso clássico, quando a álgebra em questão é a álgebra de funções em uma variedade de Poisson. Mostramos como quocientes simpléticos, não necessariamente suaves, fornecem exemplos de estruturas de Poisson não comutativas. / We introduce the concept of noncommutative Poisson structure on associative algebras and shows how this concept is related to the classical case, that is, the algebra under study is the algebra of functions on a Poisson manifold. We also show how symplectic quotients, not necessarily smooth, provides examples of noncommutative Poisson structures.

<p>Quantum chromodynamics has interesting limits both in the low and the high-energy region. In the low energy region one has phenomenology of meson interactions which are still not clearly understood. In the high-energy region one wants to find a new theory which will envelope gravity and the standard model in the quantum framework, possibly via some kind of string theory.</p><p>In this thesis some aspects are touched upon including both these limits. On the one hand we look at meson scattering close to threshold and try to describe cross sections via phenomenological models such as the two-step model. We then go on and dwell upon noncommutative geometry, a framework which has been successful in describing certain aspects of the theory of strings.</p><p>The low-energy calculations gave some insight into the need for finding better understanding of the theories of mesons. The work on noncommutative geometry was on the other hand fruitful in gaining understanding of certain connections between different star products and their relations on a local level.</p>

Quantum chromodynamics has interesting limits both in the low and the high-energy region. In the low energy region one has phenomenology of meson interactions which are still not clearly understood. In the high-energy region one wants to find a new theory which will envelope gravity and the standard model in the quantum framework, possibly via some kind of string theory. In this thesis some aspects are touched upon including both these limits. On the one hand we look at meson scattering close to threshold and try to describe cross sections via phenomenological models such as the two-step model. We then go on and dwell upon noncommutative geometry, a framework which has been successful in describing certain aspects of the theory of strings. The low-energy calculations gave some insight into the need for finding better understanding of the theories of mesons. The work on noncommutative geometry was on the other hand fruitful in gaining understanding of certain connections between different star products and their relations on a local level.

In dieser Arbeit wird die analytische Fortsetzung von Quantenfeldtheorien auf dem nichtkommutativen Euklidischen Moyal-Raum mit kommutativer Zeit zu entsprechenden Moyal-Minkowski Raumzeit (Wick Rotation) erarbeitet. Dabei sind diese Moyal-Räume durch eine konstante Nichtkommutativiät gegeben. Einerseits wird die Wick Rotation im Kontext der algebraischen Quantenfeldtheorie, ausgehend von einer Arbeit von Schlingemann, hergeleitet. Von einem Netz Euklidischer Observablen wird die Lorentz’sche Theorie durch alle Bilder der fortgesetzten Poincare Gruppenwirkung auf der Zeit-Null Schicht erhalten. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass die Vorgänge der nichtkommutativen Deformation und der Wick Rotation kommutieren. Andererseits ist so eine analytische Fortsetzung ebenfalls für Quantenfeldtheorien, die durch einen Satz von Schwingerfunktionen definiert ist, möglich. Durch die Gültigkeit einer Kombination aus Wachstumsbedinungen, die aus der Wick Rotation von Osterwalder und Schrader bekannt sind, kann der Übergang zu einer deformierten Wightman-Theorie gezeigt werden. Abschließend beinhaltet diese Arbeit ergänzende Resultate zu den physikalischen Eigenschaften der Kovarianz und der Lokalität.

An analogue of the Riemannian structure of a manifold is created for an ultrametric Cantor set using the techniques of Noncommutative Geometry. In particular, a spectral triple is created that can recover much of the fractal geometry of the original Cantor set. It is shown that this spectral triple can recover the metric, the upper box dimension, and in certain cases the Hausdorff measure. The analogy with Riemannian geometry is then taken further and an analogue of the Laplace-Beltrami operator is created for an ultrametric Cantor set. The Laplacian then allows to create an analogue of Brownian motion generated by this Laplacian. All these tools are then applied to the triadic Cantor set. Other examples of ultrametric Cantor sets are then presented: attractors of self-similar iterated function systems, attractors of cookie cutter systems, and the transversal of an aperiodic, repetitive Delone set of finite type. In particular, the example of the transversal of the Fibonacci tiling is studied.

Orientador: José Francisco Gomes / Banca: Galen Mihaylov Sotkov / Banca: Abraham Hirsz Zimerman / Banca: Paulo Teotônio Sobrinho / Banca: Márcio José Martins / Resumo: Nesta fase construísmo e estudamos uma nova classe de modelos integráveis (relativístico e não relativístico) em duas dimensões, associados à álgebra afim 'A IND.3 POT.(1)'. Estes modelos apresentam sólitons tipológicos os quais portam duas cargas elétricas U(1) X U(1). O modelo de Toda afim (relativístico) é construído a partir do modelo WZNW mediante a calibração da ação Swznw e corresponde ao primeiro membro de grau negativo q = -1 de uma hierarquia de modelos cKP do tipo dyon. O modelo mais simples não relativístico dentro desta hierarquia corresponde ao grau q = 2 positivo. As soluções de 1-sóliton para ambos modelos foram construídas e relações explícitas entre ambas soluções (assim como entre as cargas conservadas) foram encontradas. Outro modelo integrável com simetrias não abelianas locais SL(2) X U(1) é introduzido. Numa aproximação à integrabilidade em espaços não-comutativos estudamos generalizações não comutativas no plano dos modelos integráveis bidimensionais sine-, sinh-Gordon e U(N) Quiral Principal. Calculando a amplitude de espalhamento à nível de árvore de um processo de produção de partículas provamos que a versão não-comutativa do modelo de sinh-Gordon que se obtém mediante a deformação Moyal da respectiva ação não é integrável. Por outro lado, a incorporação de vínculos adicionais que são obtidos a partir da generalização da condição de curvatura nula, tornam o modelo integrável. O modelo Quiral Principal generalizado a partir da deformação Moyal da ação, preserva a sua integrabilidade, ao contrário dos modelos sinh-Gordon e sine-Gordon. / Abstract: In this thesis we have constructed and studied a new class of two-dimensional integrable models (relativistic and nonrelativistic), related to the affine algebra 'A IND.3 POT.(1)'. These models admit U(1) X U(1) charged topological solitons. The affine Toda relativistic model is constructed from the gauged WZNW action and corresponds to the first negative grade q = -1 member of a dyonic hierarchy of cKP models. The simplest nonrelativistic model corresponds to the positive grade q = 2 of this hierarchy. The 1-soliton solutions for both models were constructed and explicit relations between them (and the conserved charges as well) were found. Another integrable model with local nonabelian SL(2) X U(1) simetries is introduced. In the context of integrability on noncommutative spaces, we have studied noncommutative generalizations on the plane of the two-dimensional integrable models sine-, sinh-Gordon and U(N) Principal Quiral. By computing for the sinh-Gordon model, the tree-level amplitude of a process of production of particles, we proved that the noncommutative generalization of this model that it is obtained by the Moyal deformation of the corresponding action is not integrable. On the other hand, the addition of extra constraints, obtained by the generalization of the zero-curvature method, renders the integrability of the model. The generalization of the Principal Quiral model by the Moyal deformation of the action preserves the integrability, contrary to the previous case / Doutor

In this thesis an algebraic structure, called real calculus, is used as a way to represent noncommutative manifolds in an algebraic setting. Several classical geometric concepts are defined for real calculi, such as metrics and affine connections, and real calculus homomorphisms are introduced. These homomorphisms are then used to define embeddings of real calculi representing manifolds, anda notion of minimal embedding is introduced. The motivating example of the thesis is the noncommutative torus as embedded into a localization of the noncommutative 3-sphere, where it is shown that the noncommutative torus is a minimal embedding of the noncommutative 3-sphere for certain perturbations of the standard metric.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cabreracarnero_i_dr_ift.pdf: 1015322 bytes, checksum: 915c6683e6c1c022f54ca1d9f5a03904 (MD5) / Nesta fase construísmo e estudamos uma nova classe de modelos integráveis (relativístico e não relativístico) em duas dimensões, associados à álgebra afim 'A IND.3 POT.(1)'. Estes modelos apresentam sólitons tipológicos os quais portam duas cargas elétricas U(1) X U(1). O modelo de Toda afim (relativístico) é construído a partir do modelo WZNW mediante a calibração da ação Swznw e corresponde ao primeiro membro de grau negativo q = -1 de uma hierarquia de modelos cKP do tipo dyon. O modelo mais simples não relativístico dentro desta hierarquia corresponde ao grau q = 2 positivo. As soluções de 1-sóliton para ambos modelos foram construídas e relações explícitas entre ambas soluções (assim como entre as cargas conservadas) foram encontradas. Outro modelo integrável com simetrias não abelianas locais SL(2) X U(1) é introduzido. Numa aproximação à integrabilidade em espaços não-comutativos estudamos generalizações não comutativas no plano dos modelos integráveis bidimensionais sine-, sinh-Gordon e U(N) Quiral Principal. Calculando a amplitude de espalhamento à nível de árvore de um processo de produção de partículas provamos que a versão não-comutativa do modelo de sinh-Gordon que se obtém mediante a deformação Moyal da respectiva ação não é integrável. Por outro lado, a incorporação de vínculos adicionais que são obtidos a partir da generalização da condição de curvatura nula, tornam o modelo integrável. O modelo Quiral Principal generalizado a partir da deformação Moyal da ação, preserva a sua integrabilidade, ao contrário dos modelos sinh-Gordon e sine-Gordon. / In this thesis we have constructed and studied a new class of two-dimensional integrable models (relativistic and nonrelativistic), related to the affine algebra 'A IND.3 POT.(1)'. These models admit U(1) X U(1) charged topological solitons. The affine Toda relativistic model is constructed from the gauged WZNW action and corresponds to the first negative grade q = -1 member of a dyonic hierarchy of cKP models. The simplest nonrelativistic model corresponds to the positive grade q = 2 of this hierarchy. The 1-soliton solutions for both models were constructed and explicit relations between them (and the conserved charges as well) were found. Another integrable model with local nonabelian SL(2) X U(1) simetries is introduced. In the context of integrability on noncommutative spaces, we have studied noncommutative generalizations on the plane of the two-dimensional integrable models sine-, sinh-Gordon and U(N) Principal Quiral. By computing for the sinh-Gordon model, the tree-level amplitude of a process of production of particles, we proved that the noncommutative generalization of this model that it is obtained by the Moyal deformation of the corresponding action is not integrable. On the other hand, the addition of extra constraints, obtained by the generalization of the zero-curvature method, renders the integrability of the model. The generalization of the Principal Quiral model by the Moyal deformation of the action preserves the integrability, contrary to the previous case