The conflict in the Pacific Northwest between competing visions of how federal forests should be managed resulted in a political stalemate in the early 1990s. The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) was initiated to resolve the demands for maintaining ecosystem processes and biological diversity with the social and economic needs for timber harvest. The foundation for the plan rested with the development of ecosystem management. The intent of this research is to explore the events which led up to the adoption of the NWFP, how it was implemented by the US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management and the subsequent reactions to and consequences of the plan. The primary research consisted of thirty-eight semi-structured interviews with individuals responsible for the development of the initial plan, those tasked with implementing the plan and current federal agency personnel from the land management agencies and regulatory agencies. With the use of thematic analysis, key meanings were captured as expressed by the interviewees. The data was analyzed using institutional theory, capturing the organizational relations within the organizational field of the land management agencies. Research findings suggest that the NWFP was unsuccessful in meeting the goal of addressing the social and economic issues as well as the goals for ecosystem management. This dissertation explores the organizational practices and cultural meanings that led to the final instantiation of the plan. It seeks to shed light on the reasons why these goals were not met and how future forest plans can move beyond the current stalemate between conservation and preservation.

We present a tree-ring based reconstruction of water-year (October–September) streamflow for the Manasi River in the northern Tien Shan mountains in northwestern China. We developed eight Tien Shan spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.) chronologies for this purpose, which showed a common climatic signal. The hydroclimatic forcing driving tree growth variability affected streamflow with a three- to four-year lag. The model used to estimate streamflow is based on the average of three chronologies and reflects the autoregressive structure of the streamflow time series. The model explains 51% of variance in the instrumental data and allowed us to reconstruct streamflow for the period 1629–2000. This preliminary reconstruction could serve as a basis for providing a longer context for evaluating the recent (1995–2000) increasing trends in Manasi River streamflow and enables the detection of sustained periods of drought and flood, which are particularly challenging for managing water systems. Several of the reconstructed extended dry (wet) periods of the Manasi River correspond to reconstructed periods of drought (flood) in Central Asia in general and in other Tien Shan mountain locations in particular, suggesting that the analysis of Tien Shan spruce could contribute significantly to the development of regionally explicit streamflow reconstructions.

The purpose of the diploma thesis is total characteristic of economic development of the Northwestern region of Russian Federation nowadays, objective evaluation of economic potencial and presentation of possibilities and directions of cooperation between Russia and European Union. In this work there is an analysis of existing economic problems in partnership of the European states and Northwestern Russian region, of perspective projects in different fields and realized projects in some sectors of economy. Separate capitol is devoted to the present situation and perspectives of transit connections between EU and NW region of Russian federation.

Climate variability in the North Atlantic has been linked in part to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO influences marine ecosystems in the northwestern Atlantic and the transport variability of the cold Labrador Current (LC). Understanding historic patterns and predicting future changes in LC transport require long-term and high-resolution climate records that are not available from instrumental data sets. This thesis presents the first century-scale sea surface temperature (SST)reconstructions from the Northwestern Atlantic using Mg/Ca ratios in the long-lived crustose coralline algae Clathromorphum compactum. which is characterized by a high Mg-calcite skeleton exhibiting annual growth increments. Results indicate strong correlations between interannual variations in Mg/Ca ratios and instrumental SST. The 131-year algal Mg/Ca record reveals NAO-type periodicities and evidence of past cold events and warming periods associated with basin-wide ecosystem shifts. Negative correlations between LC volume transport and algal Mg/Ca reflect the cooling influence of the LC on eastern Canadian shelf ecosystems.

Climate variability in the North Atlantic has been linked in part to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO influences marine ecosystems in the northwestern Atlantic and the transport variability of the cold Labrador Current (LC). Understanding historic patterns and predicting future changes in LC transport require long-term and high-resolution climate records that are not available from instrumental data sets. This thesis presents the first century-scale sea surface temperature (SST)reconstructions from the Northwestern Atlantic using Mg/Ca ratios in the long-lived crustose coralline algae Clathromorphum compactum. which is characterized by a high Mg-calcite skeleton exhibiting annual growth increments. Results indicate strong correlations between interannual variations in Mg/Ca ratios and instrumental SST. The 131-year algal Mg/Ca record reveals NAO-type periodicities and evidence of past cold events and warming periods associated with basin-wide ecosystem shifts. Negative correlations between LC volume transport and algal Mg/Ca reflect the cooling influence of the LC on eastern Canadian shelf ecosystems.

Healthy coral reefs have become increasingly rare, and their continuous degradation has serious implications for loss of marine biodiversity. There is an urgent need to assess the strength of top-down versus bottom-up effects on reef communities, to better understand how food web alterations can change the structure and function of these vulnerable marine systems. In this study, I used fatty acid (FA) analysis to investigate the trophic and ecological relationships among potential key forage species of the critically endangered monk seal in the Hawaiian archipelago. A series of multivariate tests performed on groups of closely related and ecologically equivalent species of fishes and invertebrates using a restricted number of FAs revealed that FA differences among groups primarily reflected diet, but could also be related to habitat and ecology. The same groups were subsequently analysed using an alternate method in quantitative FA signature analysis (QFASA) simulations, which allowed for the effects of using various subsets of FAs to be evaluated. Overall, species groups were relatively well characterized using both methods. When present, overlap in FA composition principally occurred among groups with similar diet/ecology, and were more prominent at higher trophic levels. A last set of analyses which combined the multivariate and QFASA simulation methods revealed that despite taxonomical relatedness and similarities in trophic ecology, individual species of carnivorous fish could be reliably distinguished using FAs. Therefore, while increasing the number of FAs used in the analyses might be useful to refine the resolution of distinctions, using a restricted number of FAs can also result in reliable differentiation among species. My results suggested that despite tremendous diversity, finer scale variations in FA composition could be detected among groups, and among species which shared the same diet and trophic ecology. These findings have important implications for the study of food web interactions in the Hawaiian archipelago, as they provide the foundation for using the same species groups in diets estimations of monk seal, as well as other top predators in this ecosystem. Moreover, they provide a framework for using multiple approaches to link FA patterns to the foraging ecology of individual species.

The Neoproterozoic was a time of major change in Earth’s surficial history, including a major rise in atmospheric oxygen, the first appearance of complex metazoan life, and a series of worldwide glaciations. A particular interesting element of these so called “snowball Earth” glacial deposits is the presence of iron formation, a distinctive Precambrian rock type that is largely absent from the post-Paleoproterozoic record. Despite being relatively poorly studied with respect to their geochemistry and sedimentology, Neoproterozoic iron formations are used to support many models for the record of oxygen concentrations of the Earth. The classical example of Neoproterozoic iron formation is the Rapitan iron formation of northwestern Canada. This hematite-jasper iron formation is associated with glaciogenic turbidites and diamictites. Despite being the archetype, the Rapitan iron formation has not been studied in the context of recent ideas about the Neoproterozoic. In this thesis, the stratigraphy, geochemistry, and basin architecture of the Rapitan iron formation are reassessed. Using the REE+Y and the redox-sensitive elements Mo and U, it is shown that the Rapitan iron formation was deposited in a partially restricted basin from biogenically reduced iron under variable redox conditions. Elemental Re and Mo isotopes further show that although oxic and ferruginous conditions predominated during deposition of the iron formation, a transition towards a sulfidic water column locally terminated deposition. Finally, regional stratigraphy and geochemistry show that the iron formation was preferentially deposited in deep, newly formed basins that were protected from significant siliciclastic sedimentation. These basins were delimited by inferred crustal-scale faults trending roughly perpendicular to the axis of the rift basin, and allowed significant changes in thickness and sedimentological character over short distances along strike. These factors help build an overall geotectonic regime under which Neoproterozoic iron formations were deposited: young, deep rift basins that had undergone marine incursion, and were intermittently sealed by an ice shelf, allowing for the generation of an anoxic, iron-rich water column. The absence of the Eu anomaly and the heavy Mo isotopic signature indicate that the open ocean was fully oxygenated at the time of Rapitan iron formation deposition, as opposed to ferruginous as previously suggested.

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής εργασίας μελετώνται οι υδρογεωλογικές και υδροχημικές συνθήκες που επικρατούν στο βορειοδυτικό τμήμα της Πελοποννήσου. Συγκεκριμένα, η περιοχή μελέτης αποτελεί την βόρεια απόληξη της εκτεταμένης πεδινής έκτασης Πύργου- Αμαλιάδας- Κάτω Αχαΐας, ενώ δίνεται έμφαση στη μελέτη του προσχωματικού υδροφόρου της περιοχής. Η περιοχή μελέτης γεωλογικά χαρακτηρίζεται από την επικράτηση αποθέσεων του Νεογενούς (Πλειόκαινο) και του Τεταρτογενούς, με τοπικές εμφανίσεις των αλπικών σχηματισμών της Ιόνιας ζώνης, στην οποία ανήκει η περιοχή, σύμφωνα με την γεωτεκτονική διαίρεση του Ελληνικού χώρου. Οι Πλειοτεταρτογενείς αποθέσεις αποτελούνται από εναλλαγές υδροπερατών, ημιπερατών και υδατοστεγανών σχηματισμών και χαρακτηρίζουν την ανάπτυξη της υπόγειας υδροφορίας που παρουσιάζεται με τη μορφή επάλληλων υπό πίεση ή μερικώς υπό πίεση υδροφόρων οριζόντων. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκαν γεωτρήσεις που υδρομαστεύουν στρώματα σε διαφορετικά βάθη. Έτσι στις βαθιές γεωτρήσεις το βάθος φτάνει μέχρι και 170 μέτρα, ενώ στις αβαθείς δεν ξεπερνά τα 40 μέτρα. Η κύρια τροφοδοσία των μελετηθέντων υδροφόρων γίνεται κατά κύριο λόγο από την απευθείας κατείσδυση του νερού των βροχοπτώσεων κυρίως δια μέσου των υπερκείμενων τεταρτογενών αποθέσεων και από τη διήθηση του από τις κοίτες του δικτύου ρεμάτων. Για την υδροχημική έρευνα χρησιμοποιήθηκε πυκνό δίκτυο δειγματοληψίας νερού σε 21 αρδευτικές γεωτρήσεις της περιοχής έρευνας. Τα νερά των βαθύτερων γεωτρήσεων κατατάσσονται κατά Piper στις εξής ομάδες: α) Κανονικά γαιοαλκαλικά νερά-οξυανθρακικά (Ca-HCO3), β) Κανονικά γαιοαλκαλικά νερά- οξυανθρακικά – θειϊκά (Ca-HCO3-SO4) γ) Γαιοαλκαλικά νερά με υψηλό ποσοστό αλκαλίων - οξυανθρακικά (Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3) και δ) Αλκαλικά νερά- χλωριοθειϊκά (Na-Cl-SO4). Στην τελευταία κατηγορία κατατάσσεται γεώτρηση του Ι. Γ. Μ. Ε με θερμομεταλλικό χαρακτήρα, που πιθανόν να συνδέεται με τις θερμομεταλλικές εμφανίσεις στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της χερσονήσου της Κυλλήνης. Παρατηρείται τοπικά αύξηση της αγωγιμότητας (κυρίως στο βορειοανατολικό τμήμα της περιοχής μελέτης) με παράλληλη αύξηση των ιόντων χλωρίου, λόγω υφαλμύρινσης του νερού του υδροφόρου. Επίσης, παρουσιάζουν αυξημένες συγκεντρώσεις των ιχνοστοιχείων Fe και Mn, που πιθανή προέλευσή τους μπορεί να θεωρηθούν οι κόνδυλοι σιδήρου και μαγγανίου που βρίσκονται μέσα στους κερατόλιθους της ζώνης της Πίνδου, οι οποίοι αναπτύσσονται ανατολικά της περιοχής έρευνας. Αντίστοιχα, τα νερά των αβαθών γεωτρήσεων ομαδοποιούνται ως εξής: α) Κανονικά γαιοαλκαλικά νερά – οξυανθρακικά (Ca-HCO3), β)Κανονικά γαιοαλκαλικά νερά- οξυανθρακικά – θειϊκά (Ca-HCO3-SO4), γ) Γαιοαλκαλικά νερά με υψηλό ποσοστό αλκαλίων - οξυανθρακικά (Ca-Na-HCO3, Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3-SO4) και δ) Αλκαλικά νερά- χλωριοθειϊκά (Na-Ca-Cl). Αξίζει να υπογραμμίσουμε ότι διαπιστώθηκε σημειακή ρύπανση στο βόρειο και κυρίως στο νοτιοανατολικό τμήμα της περιοχής μελέτης από νιτρικά, λόγω αφ’ενός των κτηνοτροφικών αποβλήτων, και αφ’ετέρου των λιπασμάτων που χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως στην περιοχή. Παράλληλα, παρατηρείται αύξηση προς τα κατάντη (στο βόρειο τμήμα της περιοχής μελέτης) τόσο της αγωγιμότητας όσο και των ιόντων νατρίου και χλωρίου λόγω της υφαλμύρινσης του υδροφόρου ορίζοντα, συνέπεια των υπεραντλήσεων που συμβαίνουν στην περιοχή. Μεταξύ των βαθιών και αβαθών γεωτρήσεων παρατηρείται σημαντική διαφοροποίηση ως προς τη θερμοκρασία, με τα νερά των βαθύτερων να εμφανίζουν υψηλότερες θερμοκρασίες λόγω γεωθερμικής βαθμίδας. Όσον αφορά την ποιότητα του νερού σε σχέση με την άρδευση τα νερά τόσο των βαθιών όσο και των αβαθών γεωτρήσεων χαρακτηρίζονται από μέτρια ποιότητα, καθώς παρουσιάζουν μικρή επικινδυνότητα νατρίου και μέση έως μεγάλη επικινδυνότητα αλατότητας. / In the frame of the present thesis the hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditions that prevail in the the north-western department of Peloponnese are analyzed and interpreted. Concretely, the region of study constitutes the northern ending of extensive flat extent of Pirgos-Amaliada-Kato Achaia. The study emphasizes in the unconfined aquifer of the region. The geology of the research area is characterized by the predominance of depositions of Neogene (Pliocene) and Quaternary, with local appearances of Alpine shapings of Ionian zone, in which belongs the region, according to the geotectonic division of Greek space. Plio-Quaternary depositions are constituted by alternations of shapings with small or medium permeability or without permeability and they characterize the growth of the aquifer system that is presented like equitant layers under pressure or partially under pressure of water wagon horizons. In the present work were studied drillings which are collecting water from layers in different depths. Thus in the deep drillings the depth reaches until 170 meters, while in the drillings of smaller depth it does not exceed 40 meters. The main catering of studied water wagon becomes in the first place from the direct percolation of water of rainfalls mainly via means of hypertexts of quaternary depositions and from his filtering from the watercourses of network of streams. For the hydrochemical research was used dense network of sampling of water in 21 irrigatory drillings of region of research. The waters of deeper drillings are classified at Piper in the following teams: a) Regularly waters (Ca-HCO3), b) Regularly waters- sulphurous (Ca-HCO3-SO4) g) Waters with high percentage of alkalis - (Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3) and [d]) Alkaline waters (Na-Cl-SO4). In the last category is classified drilling of Institute of Geological and Mineral Research with geothermal mineral’s character, that likely it is connected with the appearances of geothermal mineral’s waters in the wider region of the spring of Kyllinis. It’s locally observed increase of conductivity (mainly in the north-eastern department of region of study) with parallel increase of ions of chloride, because of sea water intrusion and as result catio-exchange phenomena took place. Also, they present increased stockings of trace elements Fe and Mn, that likely the cause of their existense can be considered the condyles of iron and manganese that finds in the cherts of area of Pindos, which are developed easternly of the region of research. Respectively, the waters of shallow drillings are grouped as follows: a) Regularly waters - (Ca-HCO3), b) Regularly waters - sulphurous (Ca-HCO3-SO4), g) Waters with high percentage of alkalis - (Ca-Na-HCO3, Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3-SO4) and [d]) Alkaline waters (Na-Ca-Cl). It deserves we underline that was realised specific pollution in the nothern and mainly in the south-eastern department of region of study from nitric, because on the one hand the veterinary surgeon waste, and on the other hand the fertilizers that are used widely in the region. At the same time, it is observed increase of the conductivity, in the northern department of region of study, with high quantities of ions of sodium and chloride because of the sea water intrusion, consequence of overpumpings that happens in the study area. Between the deep and shallow drillings is observed important differentiation as for the temperature, with waters of deepest they present higher temperatures because geothermal rung. With regard to the quality of water concerning the irrigation the waters of so much deep what shallow drillings are characterized by mediocre quality, while present small venturousness of sodium and middle until big venturousness of salinity.

Technological Production and Identity during the Inka Domination in Northwestern ArgentinaInka domination in the Yocavil valley of Northwestern Argentina implied a complex articulation between central and local social formations power. Using technology production as the field to explore ways and results of struggle between state and subordinated sector interests, we analize some aspects of the changes and continuities in Santa Maria metallurgy and pottery in their technical and expressive aspects. From such analysis, we conclude that, as the circulation of material within the empire operated by restricted channels, the traditional forms of production persisted. Interpreting evidence from the perspective of cultural resistence, we propose that, in order to achieve production targets for the region, state administrators must have respected some elements of the local system of representation that were related to the specific organizational qualities of social formations in the region. / La dominación incaica en el valle de Yocavil del Noroeste Argentino implicó una espinosa articulación entre el poder central y el de las formaciones sociales complejas locales. Considerando a la producción tecnológica como un campo adecuado para explorar las formas y resultados del enfrentamiento entre los intereses estatales y los de los sectores subordinados, se analizan algunos aspectos de los cambios y continuidades en la metalurgia y alfarería santamarianas, tanto en sus aspectos técnicos como expresivos. De dicho análisis se desprende que, así como la circulación de materiales asociados al imperio operó por canales restringidos, el "modo de hacer" tradicional, en términos amplios, mantuvo vigencia. Interpretando la evidencia en el marco de fenómenos de resistencia cultural, se propone que, para alcanzar los objetivos programados para la región, los administradores estatales debieron respetar determinados elementos del sistema de representaciones autóctono, a su vez vinculados con cualidades organizativas de las formaciones sociales.

<p>У овој дисертацији су студиозно сагледане могућности унапређења туристичке понуде северозападне&nbsp; Црне&nbsp; Горе(општине&nbsp; Жабљак,&nbsp; Пљевља,&nbsp; Плужине,&nbsp; Шавник)&nbsp; на&nbsp; бази недовољно&nbsp; искоришћених&nbsp; природних&nbsp; туристичких&nbsp; вредности.&nbsp; Управо&nbsp; разноврстан, хоризонтално&nbsp; и&nbsp; вертикално&nbsp; рашчлањен&nbsp; рељеф&nbsp; и&nbsp; веома&nbsp; сложен&nbsp; геолошки&nbsp; састав, специфичне климатске&nbsp; карактеристике, потом реке и бројна планинска језера, те богат биљни и животињски свет, представљају оне природне вредности које потенцијално чине&nbsp;основу унапређења туристичке понуде овог дела Црне Горе базираног и на заштићеним природним добрима (Национални парк&bdquo;Дурмитор&ldquo;, Регионални парк&bdquo;Пива&ldquo;). Посебан акценат је дат у сагледавању и оцени нивоа искоришћености природних туристичких вредности,&nbsp; као&nbsp; примарних&nbsp; туристичких&nbsp; мотива&nbsp; у&nbsp; границама&nbsp; истраживаног&nbsp; простора. Истовремено су уз процену и вредновање ових ресурса предложене поједине активности за&nbsp; њихово&nbsp; квалитетније&nbsp; уклапање&nbsp; у&nbsp; туристичку&nbsp; понуду&nbsp; северозападне&nbsp; Црне&nbsp; Горе.<br />Реализација таквих активности би требала утицати на унапређење туристичке понуде које се може постићи, генерално само развојем туризма који је у сагласности са еколошким нормама, нарочито ако се имају у виду постојећа заштићена природна добра на територији подручја. Такође је у разматрању наведене проблематике презентовано актуелно стање постојеће укупне туристичке понуде истраживаног подручја која укључује или би требала<br />укључивато поједине антропогене вредности. Оне практично нису укључене у понуду локалних&nbsp; туристичких&nbsp; агенција,&nbsp; с&nbsp; обзиром&nbsp; на&nbsp; то&nbsp; да&nbsp; су&nbsp; агенције&nbsp; готово&nbsp; искључиво&nbsp;&nbsp; усмерене на програме валоризације природних вредности (рафтинг, планинарење и др.). Ове вредности јесу основа унапређења туристичке понуде подручја, али су антропогене вредности&nbsp; њена&nbsp; потенцијално&nbsp; адекватна&nbsp; допуна&nbsp; која&nbsp; уз&nbsp; одговарајуће&nbsp; активности надлежних&nbsp; субјеката&nbsp; може&nbsp; утицати&nbsp; једним&nbsp; делом&nbsp; на&nbsp; садржајну&nbsp; диверзификацију туристичке понуде подручја. SWOT анализом се кроз њене саставне факторе указало на&nbsp;<br />значајне претпоставке у формирању туристичке понуде истраживаног подручја, као што се указало и на прагове ограничења, али и на могућности које могу послужити за умањење или&nbsp; превазилажење&nbsp; неких&nbsp; од&nbsp; њих.&nbsp; За&nbsp; реализацију&nbsp; тих&nbsp; могућности&nbsp; је&nbsp; потребна&nbsp; свест локалне заједнице о томе да се резултати појединих негативних процеса на делу подручја (изразити пример НП&bdquo;Дурмитор&ldquo;) који су мотивисани краткорочним потребама морају са аспекта квалитета природних вредности, одразити на исте кроз дугорочне импликације.<br />Осим&nbsp; овом&nbsp; анализом,&nbsp; значајна&nbsp; сазнања&nbsp; су&nbsp; добијена&nbsp; и&nbsp; из&nbsp; анкетног&nbsp; истраживања спроведеног&nbsp; на&nbsp; узорку&nbsp; од200 случајно&nbsp; изабраних&nbsp; туриста&nbsp; на&nbsp; више&nbsp; локација&nbsp; унутар подручја.&nbsp; Резултати&nbsp; овог&nbsp; истраживања&nbsp; су&nbsp; послужили&nbsp; као&nbsp; веома&nbsp; валидан&nbsp; индикатор предности&nbsp; и&nbsp; недостатака&nbsp; актуелне&nbsp; туристичке&nbsp; понуде,&nbsp; али&nbsp; и&nbsp; нивоа&nbsp; задовољства анкетираних туриста чиме је такође указано на смернице унапређења појединих сегмената туристичке понуде. Наглашеним апликативним карактером овај део истраживања пружа одговарајући&nbsp; информативни&nbsp; допринос&nbsp; надлежним&nbsp; туристичким&nbsp; субјектима&nbsp; којим&nbsp; се<br />указује&nbsp; на&nbsp; анкетним&nbsp; истраживањем&nbsp; утврђен&nbsp; степен&nbsp; афирмативности&nbsp; места,&nbsp; односно подручја&nbsp; у&nbsp; целини.&nbsp; Истовремено,&nbsp; резултати&nbsp; поменутог&nbsp; истраживања&nbsp; пружају,&nbsp; између осталог, и значајне информације које се односе на остварен квалитет, као и на израженије преферирање неких сегмената туристичке понуде при чему исто може послужити делом и као полазна основа у прилагођавању појединих сегмената понуде потребама туриста. Истраживањем&nbsp; у&nbsp; оквиру&nbsp; израде&nbsp; дисертације&nbsp; је&nbsp; констатоватована&nbsp; присутност&nbsp; одређене<br />дискоординације услед различитости у нивоима надлежности и неуједначености у погледу централизације/децентрализације управљања над појединим организационим субјектима. У вези са тим, а на основу резултата проистеклих из целокупно спроведеног истраживања кроз интердисциплинарни приступ дошло се до сагледавања потребе реализације више конкретних мера међу којима је једна од њих потреба формирања Регионалне туристичке организације&nbsp; што&nbsp; је&nbsp; једна&nbsp; од&nbsp; предиспозиција&nbsp; које&nbsp; су&nbsp; од&nbsp; значаја&nbsp; у&nbsp; просецу&nbsp; бољег позиционирања истраживаног подручја као туристичке дестинације.</p> / <p>U ovoj disertaciji su studiozno sagledane mogućnosti unapređenja turističke ponude severozapadne&nbsp; Crne&nbsp; Gore(opštine&nbsp; Žabljak,&nbsp; Pljevlja,&nbsp; Plužine,&nbsp; Šavnik)&nbsp; na&nbsp; bazi nedovoljno&nbsp; iskorišćenih&nbsp; prirodnih&nbsp; turističkih&nbsp; vrednosti.&nbsp; Upravo&nbsp; raznovrstan, horizontalno&nbsp; i&nbsp; vertikalno&nbsp; raščlanjen&nbsp; reljef&nbsp; i&nbsp; veoma&nbsp; složen&nbsp; geološki&nbsp; sastav, specifične klimatske&nbsp; karakteristike, potom reke i brojna planinska jezera, te bogat biljni i životinjski svet, predstavljaju one prirodne vrednosti koje potencijalno čine&nbsp;osnovu unapređenja turističke ponude ovog dela Crne Gore baziranog i na zaštićenim prirodnim dobrima (Nacionalni park&bdquo;Durmitor&ldquo;, Regionalni park&bdquo;Piva&ldquo;). Poseban akcenat je dat u sagledavanju i oceni nivoa iskorišćenosti prirodnih turističkih vrednosti,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; primarnih&nbsp; turističkih&nbsp; motiva&nbsp; u&nbsp; granicama&nbsp; istraživanog&nbsp; prostora. Istovremeno su uz procenu i vrednovanje ovih resursa predložene pojedine aktivnosti za&nbsp; njihovo&nbsp; kvalitetnije&nbsp; uklapanje&nbsp; u&nbsp; turističku&nbsp; ponudu&nbsp; severozapadne&nbsp; Crne&nbsp; Gore.<br />Realizacija takvih aktivnosti bi trebala uticati na unapređenje turističke ponude koje se može postići, generalno samo razvojem turizma koji je u saglasnosti sa ekološkim normama, naročito ako se imaju u vidu postojeća zaštićena prirodna dobra na teritoriji područja. Takođe je u razmatranju navedene problematike prezentovano aktuelno stanje postojeće ukupne turističke ponude istraživanog područja koja uključuje ili bi trebala<br />uključivato pojedine antropogene vrednosti. One praktično nisu uključene u ponudu lokalnih&nbsp; turističkih&nbsp; agencija,&nbsp; s&nbsp; obzirom&nbsp; na&nbsp; to&nbsp; da&nbsp; su&nbsp; agencije&nbsp; gotovo&nbsp; isključivo&nbsp;&nbsp; usmerene na programe valorizacije prirodnih vrednosti (rafting, planinarenje i dr.). Ove vrednosti jesu osnova unapređenja turističke ponude područja, ali su antropogene vrednosti&nbsp; njena&nbsp; potencijalno&nbsp; adekvatna&nbsp; dopuna&nbsp; koja&nbsp; uz&nbsp; odgovarajuće&nbsp; aktivnosti nadležnih&nbsp; subjekata&nbsp; može&nbsp; uticati&nbsp; jednim&nbsp; delom&nbsp; na&nbsp; sadržajnu&nbsp; diverzifikaciju turističke ponude područja. SWOT analizom se kroz njene sastavne faktore ukazalo na&nbsp;<br />značajne pretpostavke u formiranju turističke ponude istraživanog područja, kao što se ukazalo i na pragove ograničenja, ali i na mogućnosti koje mogu poslužiti za umanjenje ili&nbsp; prevazilaženje&nbsp; nekih&nbsp; od&nbsp; njih.&nbsp; Za&nbsp; realizaciju&nbsp; tih&nbsp; mogućnosti&nbsp; je&nbsp; potrebna&nbsp; svest lokalne zajednice o tome da se rezultati pojedinih negativnih procesa na delu područja (izraziti primer NP&bdquo;Durmitor&ldquo;) koji su motivisani kratkoročnim potrebama moraju sa aspekta kvaliteta prirodnih vrednosti, odraziti na iste kroz dugoročne implikacije.<br />Osim&nbsp; ovom&nbsp; analizom,&nbsp; značajna&nbsp; saznanja&nbsp; su&nbsp; dobijena&nbsp; i&nbsp; iz&nbsp; anketnog&nbsp; istraživanja sprovedenog&nbsp; na&nbsp; uzorku&nbsp; od200 slučajno&nbsp; izabranih&nbsp; turista&nbsp; na&nbsp; više&nbsp; lokacija&nbsp; unutar područja.&nbsp; Rezultati&nbsp; ovog&nbsp; istraživanja&nbsp; su&nbsp; poslužili&nbsp; kao&nbsp; veoma&nbsp; validan&nbsp; indikator prednosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; nedostataka&nbsp; aktuelne&nbsp; turističke&nbsp; ponude,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; i&nbsp; nivoa&nbsp; zadovoljstva anketiranih turista čime je takođe ukazano na smernice unapređenja pojedinih segmenata turističke ponude. Naglašenim aplikativnim karakterom ovaj deo istraživanja pruža odgovarajući&nbsp; informativni&nbsp; doprinos&nbsp; nadležnim&nbsp; turističkim&nbsp; subjektima&nbsp; kojim&nbsp; se<br />ukazuje&nbsp; na&nbsp; anketnim&nbsp; istraživanjem&nbsp; utvrđen&nbsp; stepen&nbsp; afirmativnosti&nbsp; mesta,&nbsp; odnosno područja&nbsp; u&nbsp; celini.&nbsp; Istovremeno,&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; pomenutog&nbsp; istraživanja&nbsp; pružaju,&nbsp; između ostalog, i značajne informacije koje se odnose na ostvaren kvalitet, kao i na izraženije preferiranje nekih segmenata turističke ponude pri čemu isto može poslužiti delom i kao polazna osnova u prilagođavanju pojedinih segmenata ponude potrebama turista. Istraživanjem&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru&nbsp; izrade&nbsp; disertacije&nbsp; je&nbsp; konstatovatovana&nbsp; prisutnost&nbsp; određene<br />diskoordinacije usled različitosti u nivoima nadležnosti i neujednačenosti u pogledu centralizacije/decentralizacije upravljanja nad pojedinim organizacionim subjektima. U vezi sa tim, a na osnovu rezultata proisteklih iz celokupno sprovedenog istraživanja kroz interdisciplinarni pristup došlo se do sagledavanja potrebe realizacije više konkretnih mera među kojima je jedna od njih potreba formiranja Regionalne turističke organizacije&nbsp; što&nbsp; je&nbsp; jedna&nbsp; od&nbsp; predispozicija&nbsp; koje&nbsp; su&nbsp; od&nbsp; značaja&nbsp; u&nbsp; prosecu&nbsp; boljeg pozicioniranja istraživanog područja kao turističke destinacije.</p> / null / <p>The dissertation deals with the advancement possibilities of tourist offer in north western part of Montenegro (municipalities of Žabljak, Pljevlja, Plužine, &Scaron;avnik) based &nbsp;on insufficiently utilised natural tourism values. Natural tourism values such as diverse, horizontally and vertically segmented relief, extremely complex geological formation, specific climate features, rivers and numerous mountain lakes, bio-diversity &nbsp;of flora and fauna form the prospective ground for tourism offer advancement in this part of Montenegro jointly with protected natural assets (National Park Durmitor and Regional Park Piva). There is special emphasis on comprehension and evaluation of utilization level of natural tourism assets, as primary tourist motives within the boundaries of the researched area. Simultaneous to estimation and evaluation of the resources, certain activities have been proposed for their qualitative integration into the tourist offer of north western part of Montenegro. Realisation of the activities should impact the&nbsp;tourist offer advancement that can be achieved only by means of tourism development that is in concordance with ecology principles, especially related &nbsp;to existing natural assets of this area. Moreover, the study of the issues describes the current condition of the total tourist offer which implies or should imply certain anthropogenic values of the researched area. In practice anthropogenic values were not included into the offer of the local travel agents. Instead, there was exclusive orientation towards the valorisation programmes of natural values (rafting, mountaineering, etc.). Natural values do create the basis for tourist offer advancement in the area, but anthropogenic values create prospective adequate complement to the &nbsp;tourist offer which together with appropriateactivities of the subjects in charge may in return partly impact the content diversification of the tourist offer in the area. SWOT analysis by means of its constituent factors specifies the presuppositions in tourist offer creation of the researched area, identifies&nbsp;restriction factors and also the possibilities that may help to alleviate or surpass some of them. Furthermore, the realisation of the possibilities demands higher awareness of the local community on the issue that the results of certain negative processes in the part of the researched area (prominent example National Park Durmitor) motivated by short-termed needs must have long-termed impact on natural values in terms of quality. Apart from this analysis, important findings have been obtained by the questionnaire conducted on the sample of 200 randomly&nbsp;selected tourists on several locations within the area. The &nbsp;results of the research serve as a valid indicator of strengths and weaknesses of the current tourist offer and the level of satisfaction of the respondents, which also indicates the directions for future improvement of certain segments within the tourist offer. This part of the research offers appropriate informative contribution to the tourism subjects by means of its highlighted applicative potential and defined level of affirmative features of the total area. At the same time the results of the research offer significant information on the achieved quality level and preferred segments of tourist &nbsp;offer that may partly&nbsp;serve as the basisfor adaptation of certain segments within the offer to tourist needs.&nbsp;The research conducted for doctoral thesis highlighted certain discoordination due to differences&nbsp; between the levels of responsibility and unevenly&nbsp; entralised/decentralised management of organisational subjects. Related to this and based on the results of the research based on interdisciplinary approach several measures have been highlighted, among which the need to form Regional tourist organisation as one of the predispositions for the process of better positioning of the researched area as a tourist destination.</p>