Materiais cerâmicos à base de óxidos de manganês, de níquel e de cobalto foram preparados por meio de mistura de óxidos seguida de homogeneização e sinterização controlada em 1250 °C. Os óxidos foram caracterizados por meio das técnicas de difração de raios X, fluorescência de raios X, termogravimetria e determinação de distribuição de tamanho de partículas por espalhamento laser. A caracterização dos corpos sinterizados foi feita por meio de análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios X e fluorescência de raios X. O comportamento termistor foi estudado por meio de medidas de resistividade elétrica pela técnica dc de duas pontas de prova entre temperatura ambiente e 220 °C. Os principais resultados mostram ser possível a preparação de termistores em ampla faixa de resposta elétrica por meio da variação da composição relativa dos óxidos de manganês, de níquel e de cobalto. / Ceramic tliermistors based on manganese, nickel and cobalt oxides were prepared by mixing these oxides followed by pressing and sintering at 1250 °C range. The oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, and by the determination of particle size distribution by laser scattering. After sintering. X-ray diffraction. X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analyses were carried out. The thermistor behavior was studied by two-probe dc electrical resistivity measurements in the room temperature-220 °C range. The main results show the possibility of designing thermistors with the required electrical response by suitable choice of the relative concentrations of the precursor oxides.

Materiais cerâmicos à base de óxidos de manganês, de níquel e de cobalto foram preparados por meio de mistura de óxidos seguida de homogeneização e sinterização controlada em 1250 °C. Os óxidos foram caracterizados por meio das técnicas de difração de raios X, fluorescência de raios X, termogravimetria e determinação de distribuição de tamanho de partículas por espalhamento laser. A caracterização dos corpos sinterizados foi feita por meio de análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios X e fluorescência de raios X. O comportamento termistor foi estudado por meio de medidas de resistividade elétrica pela técnica dc de duas pontas de prova entre temperatura ambiente e 220 °C. Os principais resultados mostram ser possível a preparação de termistores em ampla faixa de resposta elétrica por meio da variação da composição relativa dos óxidos de manganês, de níquel e de cobalto. / Ceramic tliermistors based on manganese, nickel and cobalt oxides were prepared by mixing these oxides followed by pressing and sintering at 1250 °C range. The oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, and by the determination of particle size distribution by laser scattering. After sintering. X-ray diffraction. X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analyses were carried out. The thermistor behavior was studied by two-probe dc electrical resistivity measurements in the room temperature-220 °C range. The main results show the possibility of designing thermistors with the required electrical response by suitable choice of the relative concentrations of the precursor oxides.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michel Valenca Gabriel.pdf: 465513 bytes, checksum: 942d92f812d9d94a2f9910b710ac55f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-01-30 / In this work we present a study on the sensitivity of anemometers based on thermoresistive sensors heated to a constant temperature. The configurations that makes the thermoresistive sensor heated to a constant temperature are composed of a Wheatstone bridge using a feedback operational amplifier. The substitution measurement method is used, where an electrical quantity, the operational amplifier output voltage, varies in accordance to the variation of the quantity of interest, in such a way that the electrical quantity compensates the effect of the former in the sensor. In our case, the quantity to be measured is the speed of the wind and the quantity of substitution is operational amplifier output voltage. Studies were carried out considering two types of sensors, the metallic PTC and the thermistor NTC. An analysis of the measurement circuits was carried out for each sensor type, taking into account the constants and variables that influence the measurement process. For these circuits, simulation results are presented which make possible to evaluate the measurement system behavior. An analysis of the sensitivity of the measurement circuits output voltage with respect to the wind speed is also carried out. This analysis made possible the development of a procedure for determining the operation point for the NTC-based circuit that yields the maximum sensitivity. From the analysis of the measurement configurations sensitivity, it was observed that the NTC-based configuration presents higher sensitivity compared to the PTC-based configuration, for relatively low operating temperatures, above the ambient temperature. The equivalent sensitivity for the PTC-based configuration occurs only for temperatures much higher than that for achieving the maximum sensitivity for the NTC. This characteristic can be used for implementing anemometers that operates at a temperature much closer to the ambient temperature. / Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo sobre a sensibilidade de anemômetros baseados em sensores termo-resistivos aquecidos a temperatura constante. A configuração que faz com que o sensor termo-resistivo seja aquecido a uma temperatura constante é composta de uma ponte de Wheatstone realimentada usando um amplificador operacional [1]. O método de medição utilizado é o de substituição, em que uma grandeza elétrica, a tensão de saída do amplificador operacional, varia de acordo com a variação da grandeza de interesse, de forma a compensar seu efeito no sensor. Neste caso, a grandeza a ser medida é a velocidade do vento e a grandeza de substituição é a tensão de saída do amplificador operacional. Foram feitos estudos considerandos dois tipos de sensores, o PTC metálico e o termistor NTC. Faz-se uma análise dos circuitos de medição para cada tipo de sensor, levando em conta as constantes e as variáveis que interferem no processo de medição. Para tais circuitos são apresentados resultados de simulações em computador que nos possibilitaram avaliar o comportamento do sistema de medição. Para os circuitos de medição, faz-se uma análise da sensibilidade da tensão de saída do amplificador operacional com relação à velocidade do vento. Essa análise possibilitou desenvolvimento de um método para cálculo do ponto de maior sensibilidade e ponto de operação do circuito baseado no NTC. Observou-se que a configuração com NTC apresenta uma maior sensibilidade do que a configuração com PTC para temperaturas de operação do sensor relativamente baixas, mas acima da temperatura ambiente. A sensibilidade equivalente da configuração com o PTC ocorre para temperaturas bem acima do ponto de máxima sensibilidade do NTC. Essa característica pode ser aproveitada para implementações de anemômetros aquecidos que operam com temperaturas mais próximas da temperatura ambiente.

No description available.

Over the last decade, General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs) have garnered a substantial attention in the research community due to their extensive thread-level parallelism. GPGPUs provide a remarkable performance improvement over Central Processing Units (CPUs), for highly parallel applications. However, GPGPUs typically achieve this extensive thread-level parallelism at the cost of a large power consumption. Consequently, Near-Threshold Computing (NTC) provides a promising opportunity for designing energy-efficient GPGPUs (NTC-GPUs). However, NTC-GPUs suffer from a crucial Process Variation (PV)-inflicted performance bottleneck, which is called Choke Point. Choke Point is defined as one or small group of gates which is affected by PV. Choke Point is capable of varying the path-delay of circuit and causing different forms of timing violation. In this work, a cross-layer design technique is proposed to tackle the performance impediments caused by choke points in NTC-GPUs.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:42:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdisonLuizSalgadoSilva.pdf: 3033456 bytes, checksum: 5e84d69fb23291317b8839b858970322 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-30 / In this work it was characterized the microstructure and the electrical parameters of NTC temperature sensors, based on the mechanical mixing of niquel and cobalt oxides. Different proportions of this two materials (mol), was prepared and sintered at 1150C, 1200C, 1250C and 1300C. The microstructure was characterized by x-ray diffraction, MEV and EDS referring to the fases formed during the sintering, as well as, regarding grain size, the distribution of the chemical elements of this two oxides and the porosity of the final ceramic product. For the proportions of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 e 90 (mol) of NiO on C3O4, and sintered on the four temperarures, it was obtained solid solution between niquel and cobalt oxides. Spinel phase, NiC2O4, was formed in the composition with 70 NiO (mol) at 1250C and 1300C, with segregation of CoO phase between the grain boundaries. The one phase composition with 60 (mol) NiO, sintered at 1250°C, and the composition with 70 (mol) NiO, sintered at 1300C, showed the best thermistor characteristics, by DC characterization. The values of beta factor, sensitivity and activation energy for the conductivity process (Ea), of the composition with 70 NiO was respectively 6203 K-1; -4,0 at (120C) and 0,53 eV. / No presente trabalho foi caracterizada a microestrutura e os parâmetros elétricos de sensores de temperatura do tipo NTC, a partir de mistura mecânica de óxidos de níquel e cobalto. Foram preparadas diferentes composições ( em mol ) entre os dois materiais e sinterizados nas temperaturas de 1150, 1200, 1250 e 1300C. A microestrutura foi caracterizada pela técnica de raios X, por MEV e EDS, no que se refere às fases formadas durante a sinterização, assim como, com respeito ao tamanho de grão, distribuição dos elementos e da porosidade do corpo cerâmico final. Para as composições de 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 e 90 em mol de NiO em C3O4, e sinterizadas nas quatro temperaturas, obteve-se a formação de soluções sólidas entre os óxidos de níquel e de cobalto. A composição de 70 em mol de NiO apresentou a formação da fase do espinélio NiC2O4, nas temperaturas de 1250 e 1300 C, com a segregação da fase de CO na região intergranular. As melhores características termistoras, obtidas pela caracterização elétrica DC, foram encontradas para a composição monofásica de 60 em mol de NiO, sinterizada a 1250C, e para a composição de 70 em mol de NiO sinterizada a 1300C. A composição de 70 de NiO apresentou uma constante termistora de 6203 K-1, sensibilidade igual a -4,0 (a 120C) e energia de ativação (Ea) para o processo de condução eletrônica de 0,53 eV.

Le carbure de silicium (SiC), grâce à sa légèreté, son caractère réfractaire, sa tolérance à l’oxydation et sa faible absorption des neutrons, constitue un candidat intéressant pour des applications comme l’aéronautique, l’aérospatiale ou le nucléaire du futur. Cependant, son comportement fragile est un inconvénient majeur qu’il convient de dépasser pour ces applications. La réduction de la taille des grains à une échelle nanométrique pourrait contribuer à améliorer son comportement mécanique pour être utilisé sous forme monolithique, en tant que revêtement ou bien encore en tant que matrice dans un compositeCette thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte, et s’intéresse à l’élaboration et à l’étude des propriétés thermomécaniques de composites à matrice SiC nanostructurée renforcée par des nanotubes de carbone. Dans un premier temps les travaux se sont portés sur l’élaboration et l’étude de l’effet de la nanostructuration de la matrice seule de SiC frittée sans ajout de frittage. Des échantillons nanostructurés (taille moyenne des grains de 100 nm) et denses à plus de 95,5% ont été obtenus grâce à la mise en place d’un procédé de dispersion efficace et à l’étude des effets des paramètres de frittage. Associés à ces hautes densités, de très bonnes duretés (jusqu’à 2200 Hv) et des ténacités convenables (3,0 MPa.m1/2) ont été atteintes. Ces travaux ont également montré l’importance primordiale de l’effet de polluants fréquemment rencontrés dans les poudres (oxygène et carbone) sur la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques du SiC. Si l’oxygène, présent sous forme de silice ou d’oxycarbure de silicium semble favoriser les mécanismes de densification, un excès de carbone libre (3,5%m) provoque au contraire une diminution de la taille des grains et des densités. Les propriétés mécaniques (950 Hv et 2,4 MPa.m1/2) sont également sensiblement affectées. Une telle dégradation est expliquée par la localisation spécifique du carbone structuré entre les grains de SiC. La deuxième partie des travaux s’est concentrée sur l’ajout de Nanotubes de Carbone (NTC) dans la matrice SiC nanostructurée dans le but d’améliorer les propriétés mécaniques et de compenser la forte réduction de la conductivité thermique, détériorée par l’augmentation importante de la densité de joints de grains. Des crus chargés jusqu’à 5%m en NTC individualisés et répartis de façon homogène ont été réalisés. De manière similaire au carbone libre, la localisation spécifique des NTC cause une diminution de la taille des grains. L’établissement d’un réseau de percolation de NTC au-dessus de 1%m, associé à la méthode de frittage non conventionnel SPS, permet cependant d’améliorer les densités jusqu’à 97%. L’apport de NTC contribue également à l’obtention de dureté (jusqu’à 2550 Hv) et de ténacité (4,0 MPa.m1/2) plus élevées. Malgré les bonnes propriétés thermiques des NTC, l’augmentation de la densité des joints de grains amoindrit la conductivité thermique de nos composites. / Ceramic carbides materials such as SiC, due to their refractory nature and their low neutron absorption are believed to be promising candidates for high temperature nuclear or aerospace applications. However, SiC brittleness has limited its structural application. In this context this work examines in a first part the possibilities to perform dense nanostructured SiC matrix by SPS without the use of sintering additive. Indeed a reduction of grain size (below 100 nm) accompanied by a high final density seem to be the solutions to counteract the brittleness and thus to improve mechanical properties. Dense (95%) and nanostructured (grain size around 100 nm) SiC samples were obtained thanks to the realization of an effective dispersion technique and the study on the sintering parameters effect. High hardness (2200 Hv) and decent fracture toughness (3.0 MPa.m1/2) were achieved. This first work also showed the preponderant influence of recurrent pollutants (oxygen and carbon) found in SiC powders on the final microstructure and mechanical properties of sintered samples. The oxygen as silica or silicon oxycarbide seems to promote densification mechanisms while free carbon (3.5%wt) causes lower grain size and densification state. Mechanical properties with carbon are also negatively impacted (950 Hv and 2.4 MPa.m1/2). Such degradation is due by the specific localization of carbon structure between the grains. In return of the expected mechanical properties improvement by reducing the grain size, the thermal conductivity is drastically decrease of due to the phonon scattering at the grain boundaries. With the aim of reducing this effect, a second study was initiated by introducing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into the SiC matrix. The MWCNTs by exhibiting a high toughness could also help to enhance the mechanical properties. Green bodies with different amounts of well dispersed MWCNTs (0%wt to 5%wt) were realized. Like free carbon, MWCNTs are located between the grains and induce a reduction of grain size. However the appearance of CNTs percolation for an amount above 1%wt, with the SPS sintering technique, allows an improvement of densification up to 97%. Hardness (up to 2550 Hv) and fracture toughness (4.0 MPa.m1/2) are also achieved with the SiC/NTC composites. Despite the good thermal properties of MWCNTs, the increase of grain boundary decreases the thermal conductivity of these composites.

Cette thèse est dédiée à l'étude des membranes verticales d'Alumine Anodique Poreuse (AAP) et leur application pour l'organisation nanométrique et la fabrication de composants. L'objectif principal a été de développer une méthode d'anodisation d'Al permettant une fabrication réproductible des AAPs qui rend possible la réalisation des nano-structures poreuses complexes et l'organisation de nano-matériaux. La fabrication des AAPs, et donc l'anodisation, a été étudiée profondément à partir de différents substrats sur lesquels une couche d'Al a été déposée au départ. Nous avons pu contrôler précisément la vitesse de fabrication d'AAP. Des AAPs ont été fabriquées utilisant de très forts acides à basse température, ce qui a permis à réaliser des diamètres de pores d'environ 4.2 nm et des densités de pores jusqu'à 7.2*1011cm-². En plus, une méthode unique a été développée pour le traitement de la couche barrière au fond des pores appliquant une décroissance exponentielle de la tension d'anodisation. Cela permet le contrôle et la variation de l'épaisseur de la couche barrière et, en même temps, le contrôle de l'uniformité et de la distribution de cette épaisseur. En se basant sur les résultats fondamentaux concernant la fabrication des AAPs, nous avons pu établir une technique d'électrodéposition dans des AAPs qui permet le dépôt de particules de Ni d'une taille variable (d'environ 10 nm à 2.5 μm) à différentes densités souhaitées dans une gamme de 2.3 109 cm-2 to 7.1 x 1010 cm-2 dans des AAPs avec un diamètre de pores de 40 nm. La croissance des NTCs a été étudiée dans des AAPs aussi bien que sur des surfaces structurées par des AAPs. La variabilité de la densité des particules de catalyseur implique la possibilité de la variation de la densité des NTC. Cela nous a permis la réalisation des échantillons d'émission de champ à partir des NTCs, avec lesquelles on a pu obtenir une émission de champ de 1 mA/cm². Qui plus est, nous avons démontré la faisabilité d'une structure multi-couche poreuse à partir d'une gravure anisotrope utilisant des AAPs comme masque de gravure. Cela pourrait permettre d'envisager de nouveaux composants

No description available.

Les nanotechnologies offrent la possibilité de miniaturiser et réduire la consommation et le coût de fabrication des composants actuels. Elles permettent aussi de développer de nouvelles fonctionnalités afin de réaliser des systèmes intégrés de hautes performances pour des applications dans les domaines de l'électronique et des télécommunications. Les nanotubes de carbone sont particulièrement appropriés à être intégrés dans des NEMS, en raison de leurs dimensions et leurs propriétés mécaniques et électriques. Leur fréquence de résonance se situe dans la bande des GHz, ce qui les rend intéressants pour des systèmes micro-onde. Leur localisation directement sur dispositifs par la technique CVD (dépôt chimique en phase gazeuse) de croissance de NTC ouvre une voie pour la fabrication des NEMS à base de NTC. Toutefois il est intéressant de connaître le module de Young des NTC afin de dimensionner ces systèmes. Il est donc important de développer une technique caractérisation in-situ des NTC. Les travaux de cette thèse ont un double objectif : (1) l'extraction du module de Young des NTC obtenus par CVD et (2) la réalisation d'une brique de base permettant de lever les verrous technologiques liés à l'intégration des NTC. Une micro pince électrostatique à base de faisceaux de NTC verticaux a ainsi été modélisée et réalisée pour la première fois. La mesure expérimentale de la tension de pull-in de cette pince, associée à modèle électromécanique développé dans cette thèse, et qui prend en compte la densité des NTC a permis l'extraction du module de Young.